Had Gate, also known as Wenming Gate and Haidai Gate, was built in 1268 and has a history of nearly 800 years during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Because it is a special passage for transporting wine into the imperial city, it is called "Jiumen", also known as "Wine Road", is famous all over the world. "Wine Tao" is the ultimate achievement in Chinese wine culture. The homophonic name is also called "Hadamen", and the official name is "Chongwenmen". It is called the "Luck Gate" because it is the only gate that talented people must pass through in order to take the exam. It is also called the "Wealth Gate" because the tax department was established here during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is one of the most prestigious gates among the nine gates in Kyoto. . Because of the reputation of the famous family, many businesses realize its value and actively develop the Hardmen culture. Among them, Qingdao Haidaimen Liquor Co., Ltd. has registered the "Hadaimen" wine trademark for wine marketing. The nationally renowned "Hadaimen Cigarettes" have a history of more than 80 years and are a national famous brand product.

Reference: Random Talk about Chongwenmen

Shen Xinfu

Chongwen District, one of the four major urban districts in Beijing, is undoubtedly named after Chongwenmen. Chongwen Gate was originally one of the eleven city gates of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty (named Wenming Gate at that time), and it was the easternmost of the three gates in Nancheng. During the Ming Dynasty, the city of Beijing was rebuilt and the eleven gates were changed to nine; although the position of Wenming Gate remained unchanged, it was renamed Chongwen Gate. The Qing Dynasty continued to use this name until today. There are many ironclad anecdotes in this process.

The capital city of the Yuan Dynasty was made of rammed earth (called "banzhu" in ancient times), wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, standing tall and majestic. Construction started in 1267 (the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty) and was completed in 1276 (the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty), a full ten years. Because it was made of rammed earth, the problem arose of how to prevent rainwater from scouring the city soil. Later, Wang Qingrui, the official name of Qianhu, suggested "weaving it with reeds, starting from the bottom up." It is covered with reed curtains from bottom to top, like a person wearing a coir raincoat. It is called Reed City or coir raincoat for short, and a yin field is set up outside the gate of civilization. "Analysis of Jin Zhi" records: "Reeds must be collected to cover the city" every year, amounting to "millions" (loads). Today, the names of Caochang Toutiao to Shitiao in Chongwen District, as well as the South, North, and Middle Reed Gardens (formerly known as Reed Gardens) are all related to the reed harvesting fields of the Yuan Dynasty. Later, due to the struggle for the throne in the Yuan Dynasty, the defenders of the city were afraid that the other party would attack the city with fire, so they removed the reed curtains.

Why did Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty open eleven gates, three in the south, two in the north, and three in the east and west? There is no record in official history. "Farm Yuhua" (author unknown) written in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties said, "Yancheng was customized by Liu Taibao, with eleven gates in the shape of Nezha City with three heads, six arms and two feet." Later, Zhang Yu also wrote: "There are eleven gates around most of the capital, and Nezha City is built with thatch and earth." In this way, the eleven gates are symbolized by the image of Nezha in the legend. The three gates entering the city are "three heads", the two gates in the north city are "two legs", and the three east and west gates are "six arms". "There are eleven buildings and eleven gates, and the carriages and horses are like clouds of smoke" ("Jintai Collection" written by Qing Naixian), which shows that most of them are very lively. As for the "Liu Taibao" who designed Dadu into eleven city gates, it was Liu Bingzhong. He served as a monk, his Buddhist name was Zicong, and after becoming an official, he changed his name to Liu Bingzhong. The supreme ruler of the Yuan Dynasty believed in Buddhism. Liu was introduced by a monk named Haiyun and met Kublai Khan, who had not yet succeeded to the throne. Liu followed Kublai Khan to attack Yunnan and conquer the Southern Song Dynasty, and was highly valued by Kublai Khan. After Kublai Khan won the throne, he appointed Liu as Taibao and participated in national affairs. Although Liu Bingzhong was a Buddhist, he carefully studied Taoist doctrines. He was fond of talking about Tai Chi, Liang Yi, Four Symbols, and Bagua in the Book of Changes, as well as the "Xiantian Xiangshu" in Shao Yong's "Book of Classics" of the Song Dynasty. He was one of the main persons responsible for the construction of the metropolis, especially in terms of planning and design. Therefore, in order to cater to the arrogant and superstitious mentality of the supreme ruler of the Yuan Dynasty that "the country's fate will last forever", and to develop his own theories and ambitions, he promoted baseless "Shinto teachings" based on the design of the number of city gates. It's also entirely possible. Liu was buried in Marco Polo Bridge after his death.

The Civilization Gate of the Yuan Dynasty was also called Hada Gate at that time. "Rixia Jiuwen Kao" Yinxijin Zhi says: "The palace of King Hada is inside the gate, hence its name." The identity of King Hada cannot be tested. "Hada" was also mistakenly pronounced as "Hada" and "Had". Until the liberation, there were Hadamen brand cigarettes. In the Yuan Dynasty, the name Hada Gate surpassed that of Wenming Gate. When some intellectuals were writing, they thought "Hada" and "Hada" were not elegant enough. On the one hand, they took advantage of their homophony and on the other hand, they took advantage of the geographical location of Wenming Gate at the east end of the south city and wrote it as "Haidai Gate". "Chang'an Hakka" written by Jiang Yikui of the Ming Dynasty said: "Taishan and Bohai all end in the east of the city. In the Yuan Dynasty, the famous sect "Haidai" was named here." Hai refers to Bohai and East China Sea; Dai refers to Daizong, Daizong That is Mount Tai.

Du Fu, a great poet of the Tang Dynasty, has a poem in "Looking at the Mountains" that says, "How can I hurt my clan husband? Qilu is still young." Both of these places are in the east, so the explanation makes more sense. In the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Yang Congqing's "Beijing Situation Outline" also said: (Chongwenmen) "It is also called Haidai, saying that the mountains, seas and seas are all stairways to pay tribute, and the tax department is here." This is just from the history of the Ming Dynasty. Xuan's "History of the Old Capital" states that "the nine gates of the capital are all taxed and unified under the Chongwen Division". Since Chongwenmen has a general taxation department, it is extremely far-fetched to interpret "Haidai" as "Shanzuo Haiyao". But regardless of the interpretation of the word "Hai Dai", the literati of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and even the highest rulers, often did not use the words "civilization" or "Chongwen", but "Hai Dai". For example, Zhuo Mingqing of the Ming Dynasty "Deng Chongwen Tower" "Poetry: "The first night at the top of the city is pure, Haidai is clearly visible, my eyes are open, I sit down when the purple air is in the air, and the sound of autumn is on the stage. "Ascending Haidai Gate, the autumn air is high, the purple air comes from the east, the eyes are opened thousands of miles away, how majestic it is! "Baihuatang Poems" written by the Qing Dynasty: "Haidai gate is high when you look at it, but you are miserable and humble. "Using his "lowness" to set off and praise the towering Haishangmen. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were many dignitaries and celebrities living in the Chongwenmen area. For example, "Chenyuan Shilue" records: Wang Yan, the censor of the Yuan Dynasty, was in Wenmingmen A few miles to the southeast, there are villas built in a "garden setting", and there is also a "Shuimu Qinghua Pavilion", which is particularly outstanding. At that time, Xu Youren recorded that he climbed up to this pavilion and "looked north at the city gate". , five clouds and mist; looking to the west, the boats (referring to the boats on the Tonghui River) are scattered among the vast smoke and jagged clouds and trees." This shows the grand scene near the gate of civilization at that time. Yongzheng Jinshi who was given the title of "Wenzheng" after his death , Liu Tongxun, a scholar of Dongge University and the crown prince's Taibao (according to the law of the Qing Dynasty, "Wenzheng" was the most difficult and least difficult), Yongzheng gave him the imperial poem "Haidai Gaofen", which means that Liu lived in Haidaimen "Shuicao Qingxia Lu" also records that the famous calligrapher Zhang Zhao (also known as Detian) also lived outside Chongwenmen, "Zhanyu has a large and deep nanmu hall", which was very particular in the Qing Dynasty. Chongwenmen is no longer the southernmost site of the capital in the Yuan Dynasty and the capital in the early Ming Dynasty, but has become a more lively inner city.

The story goes like this: Zhu Yu, the king of Yan in the Ming Dynasty, originally sealed it. After seizing the throne of his nephew Emperor Jianwen, the reign name was Yongle, and he decided to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, so from 1406 (the fourth year of Yongle), Beijing was rebuilt on the basis of the capital city of the Yuan Dynasty. It was built in the 18th year of Yongle. First, the Nancheng site of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty was moved 0.8 kilometers south. The original Nancheng site of Dadu was approximately located in the northern section of Tiananmen Square today. It became what it is now. At the same time, the North City was demolished, and part of the East and West City was demolished, and another North City was built. There are also the remains of the Tucheng of the Yuan Dynasty outside Andingmen and near Jimen Bridge. It is a brick city. Although the earthen city of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty was covered with "coir raincoats", the reed curtains could not withstand the rain. Therefore, in the Yuan Dynasty, some "city collapse" happened frequently. Within thirty years, the city collapsed eight times. Each time it was repaired, a large number of people were mobilized, and the people and money were wasted. The brick city rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty was also slightly trapezoidal, wide at the bottom and narrow at the top. Between the rows of bricks, there is a slight recess upward to facilitate the flow of rainwater. Third, the eleven gates in Dadu of Yuan Dynasty were changed to nine gates. The three gates in the south city remained the same. Only the name of the city gate was changed, such as Wenming Gate. It was changed to Chongwenmen, which remains today.

In 1552 AD (the 31st year of Jiajing reign in the Ming Dynasty), in order to prevent the invasion of northern ethnic minorities, it was planned to build another outer city outside Beijing. Due to lack of financial and material resources, they only built a long and narrow city wall from east to west outside the south city, which is today's outer city starting from Guangqumen in the east and ending at Guangningmen in the west. In this way, the southernmost part of Beijing in the past. Chongwenmen became the inner city. Streets and shops were home to more and more officials and merchants coming and going.

After the Qing Dynasty passed away, it followed the Ming system in city construction to accommodate the Manchus in Beijing. The income of officials is "all taxed by the nine gates of the capital, and is unified under the Chongwen Division" (see Ming Shixuan's "Old Capital Legacy"). At first, it was stipulated in the "Tax Rules of the Ministry of Household Affairs" that luggage was not included in the tax collection. "However," Foreign officials often have taxable items, such as silk and satin cloth, etc." Therefore, "private money was collected as tax-free capital", and even "even if there was no goods, they were collected." The officials "went out on patrol again, and if they found out they were tax evaders, they would be fined twice as much" (see "Tiangui Ouwen" for all the above).

"Lang Qian Jiwen" written by Chen Kangqi of the Qing Dynasty records: "When Lu Zhongcheng of Wujiang came to see His Majesty as the Chief Envoy of Shandong, the officials (referring to the Chongwenmen Tax Bureau) asked for excessive luxuries, but he could not give them back, so he left his clothes and quilt outside and brought a servant with him. Qianxing said, "I have body and ears, so why tax me?" After entering, he borrowed a quilt from his old friend, returned it after finishing the work, and left. "When tax was collected, there were many procedures, and there was a lot of questioning. It was delayed. General small vendors also have to wait in line. As time went by, the small traders came up with a way: according to the amount of their goods, they put the tax on the brim of their hats, walked to the pass, and the customs officer took off the money and released it immediately. Zha Siwei, a man of the Qing Dynasty, once wrote a poem: "Nine courses are required for each subject, and the tracks of horses and carriages are connected with each other. The envoys take flowers for themselves to pay taxes, and they plunder two coins from the court." This money is the private property of the officials. . The Chongwenmen Taxation Bureau has a lot of revenue. In order to prevent other officials from being jealous, it is held in the name of "dedicating fresh food" every March. Yellow croakers were given to the emperor and ministers, and winter bamboo shoots and whitebait were given in October, which became a disguised form of sharing the spoils. At that time, it was also stipulated that no "hot pot" restaurants were allowed in the city. All foreign alcoholic drinks were sold by officially designated wine merchants. Eighteen hotels were designated in Chongwenmen, and they were responsible for unified collection and sales and unified taxation. They were commonly known as "eighteen hotels". The wine tax is very heavy. In order to make ends meet, small wine-making workshops often hang pig urine necks filled with wine on their chests at night and secretly climb over the city walls to avoid paying high taxes. This is "carrying moonshine". Carrying moonshine is very hard and dangerous. They pressed their backs against the city wall, used their feet and hands to step on and scratch the slightly protruding parts of each row of city bricks, and "climbed" up little by little. When they reached the city, they tied their bodies down with ropes. The severe exploitation by the feudal rulers forced the people to risk their lives to find a way out. Therefore, the Chongwen Tax Bureau was called the "Ghost Gate" at that time.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, the outside of Chongwen Gate has been quite lively, with vendors of all sizes and busy traffic. The water of the moat is clear, there are bridges on the river, and there are painted boats in the middle reaches of the river. There are trees and flowers planted on both sides of the bank. Green willows welcome the wind, and red flowers welcome the moon. It is very beautiful. Dong Xuan of the Ming Dynasty wrote a poem "Outside the Gate of Civilization in Summer": "Outside the civilized city, there are shades of willows, and hundreds of yellow pengs send good news." When we walk through the moat and look back, we can see the Phoenix Pavilion as deep as five clouds. "Not far across the bridge is the Hua'er Market." There is a market on the fourth day of each month, selling daily necessities and farm equipment. The four alleys to the north are all necessary for the decoration of the boudoir, with green feathers, bright ornaments, and fake flowers in buns, all in abundance" (see "Tianjie Ouwen"). Along the moat to the east is the Taiping Palace, commonly known as the Peach Palace. Every year in March, "people from all over the country gather together to fly and visit here", "people sleep in the green grassland", and "arrows scatter (throwing pots) on the green poplar slopes" (see Pan Rongbi's "Imperial Capital" written by Pan Rongbi in the early Qing Dynasty). Zhen Gou, a man of the late Qing Dynasty, also said that "Taipinggong Temple Market is the most prosperous", "The land is close to the river bank, there is no market, the spring waves are green, the soft soil is red, hundreds of operas are performed, and the embankment is in tune. , Fragrant clothes and figures, swaying in the spring breeze, "every three miles". In winter, there is another scenery on the moat: "It is freezing in the winter, and the bed is made of wood with steel bars underneath. One person can lead the rope in front, and three or four people can sit on it. Walking on the ice is like flying, which is called dragging the bed. With the snow and clouds remaining, the scenery becomes even more picturesque. Those who skate on the ice have iron teeth on their shoes. When they are on the ice, they move like stars and lightning, competing to win first. This is called skating. People from all over the city gathered under the moats to rub their feet, dragging their beds when going back and forth. The mowing bed is even connected to one place, where people can drink and sing, and can be pulled by two or three people, making it as convenient as flying. "Compared with riding in a carriage, it's much better" (see "The Record of Victory in the Imperial Capital"). Later, the water in the moat gradually became silted up, and the Qing government and the warlords of the Republic of China did not dredge more. The scenic spots of the past were gone forever. Arrival at Chongwenmen The traffic in Pantao Palace was changed to riding donkeys; donkeys knew the way and did not need to be led by others. The donkeys would pick up pedestrians at their destinations without any mistakes.

Today, the Chongwenmen city wall has been demolished, and the moat water has been replaced by an underground ditch. Along the city wall site, a wide and clean asphalt road has been paved on the ground, with cars and horses walking around day and night; tall buildings stand on both sides of the road, and embroidery is used. Thousands of families live in the curtains. There is a ring railway built underground, which extends in all directions and handles hundreds of thousands of people every day.