1. It is the abbreviation of intellectual property, which means intellectual property (full name: intellectual property right).

2. It is the abbreviation of English Internet Protocol, which means "protocol for interconnection between networks", which is a protocol designed for computer networks to communicate with each other. In the Internet, it is a set of rules that enable all computer networks connected to the Internet to communicate with each other. It stipulates the rules that computers should abide by when communicating on the Internet. Computer systems produced by any manufacturer can interconnect with the Internet as long as they comply with the IP protocol. It is precisely because of the IP protocol that the Internet has rapidly developed into the world's largest and open computer communication network. Therefore, the IP protocol can also be called "Internet Protocol".

——How does IP realize network interconnection? Network systems and equipment produced by various manufacturers, such as Ethernet, packet switching network, etc., cannot interoperate with each other. The main reason why they cannot interoperate is because of the basic unit of data they transmit (technically called "frame"). The format is different. The IP protocol is actually a set of protocol software composed of software programs. It uniformly converts various "frames" into "IP datagram" format. This conversion is one of the most important features of the Internet, enabling all kinds of computers to All can achieve interoperability on the Internet, that is, they have the characteristics of "openness".

——So, what is a "datagram"? What are its characteristics? Datagrams are also a form of packet switching, which means that the transmitted data is segmented into "packets" and then sent out. However, unlike traditional "connection-type" packet switching, it is "connectionless". Each "packet" (group) is sent out as an "independent message", so it is called "data". "Report". In this way, there is no need to connect a circuit before starting communication, and each datagram is not necessarily transmitted through the same path, so it is called "connectionless". This feature is very important as it greatly improves the robustness and security of the network.

——Each datagram has two parts: header and message. The header contains necessary content such as the destination address, so that each datagram can accurately reach the destination without going through the same path. . Reassemble and restore the original sent data at the destination. This requires IP to have the functions of packet packaging and collection assembly.

——During the actual transmission process, the datagram must also be able to change the length of the datagram according to the packet size specified by the network it passes through. The maximum length of the IP datagram can reach 65535 bytes.

——There is another very important content in the IP protocol, which is that every computer and other device on the Internet is assigned a unique address, called an "IP address". Because of this unique address, it is ensured that users can efficiently and conveniently select the objects they need from thousands of computers when operating on connected computers.

——Now the telecommunications network is integrating with the IP network. New technologies based on IP are popular technologies. For example, the technology of using IP network to transmit voice (VoIP) is very popular. Others such as IP over ATM, IP over SDH, IP over WDM, etc. are all the focus of research on IP technology. (IP Global Network)

IPv6 is the abbreviation of "Internet Protocol Version 6", also known as the next generation Internet protocol. It is designed by the IETF team (Internet Engineering Task Force). A new IP protocol to replace the current IPv4 (current IP) protocol.

We know that all hosts on the Internet have a unique IP address. The IP address uses a 32-bit binary number to represent a host number. However, the 32-bit address resources are limited and cannot meet the needs of users. Some Internet research organizations have released a new host identification method, namely IPv6. In RFC1884 (RFC is the abbreviation of Request for Comments Document.

RFC is actually some standards for Internet services). The prescribed standard syntax recommends writing the 128 bits (16 bytes) of the IPv6 address as eight 16-bit unsigned integers, each integer using four hexadecimal digits. Indicates that these numbers are separated by colons (:), for example: 3ffe:3201:1401:1280:c8ff:fe4d:db39

IPv6 has the following characteristics compared to current IP (i.e. IPv4): < /p>

Extended addressing capabilities

IPv6 extends the IP address length from 32 bits to 128 bits, supporting more levels of address hierarchies, more addressable nodes, and simpler The address is automatically configured. Improved scalability of multicast routing by adding a "scope" field to the multicast address. A new address type is also defined, called an "anycast address", for sending packets to any one of a group of nodes;

Simplified header format

Some IPv4 header fields have been removed or made optional to reduce the cost of routine processing in packet processing and limit the bandwidth consumed by IPv6 headers;

Improvements in extended header and option support

Changes in the encoding of IP header options can improve forwarding efficiency, make restrictions on option lengths more relaxed, and provide greater flexibility in introducing new options in the future;

The ability to identify flows

A new capability has been added that makes it possible to identify packets belonging to a specific communication "flow" that the sender requires special handling (such as non-default quality of service or "real-time" service);

IPv6 specifies extended capabilities that support authentication, data integrity, and (optionally) data confidentiality.

Intellectual property rights refer to the exclusive rights that citizens, legal persons or other organizations enjoy in accordance with the law over the intellectual achievements completed by creative labor in science and technology or culture and art.

IP (abbreviation for Intellectual Property) Intellectual Property

Intellectual property includes industrial property and copyright (called copyright in our country). Industrial property rights include patents, trademarks, service marks, manufacturer names, names of origin, suppression of unfair competition, etc. Copyright is the legally stipulated right for a certain unit or individual to print, publish and sell a certain work. Anyone who wants to copy, translate, adapt or perform must obtain the permission of the copyright owner, otherwise it will be an infringement of the rights of others. Behavior. The essence of intellectual property rights is to treat human intellectual achievements as property.

Trademark rights refer to the exclusive rights granted by the trademark authorities to trademark owners in accordance with the law to protect their registered trademarks under national laws. A trademark is a commercial sign used to distinguish goods and services from different sources. It consists of words, graphics, letters, numbers, three-dimensional signs, color combinations, or a combination of the above elements. The acquisition of trademark rights in my country must go through the trademark registration procedures, and the first-to-file principle is implemented.

Copyright is a civil right enjoyed by the original creator of literary, artistic, scientific and technological works in accordance with the law.

Patent rights and patent protection refer to an invention-creation that submits a patent application to the National Patent Office. After passing the examination in accordance with the law, the patent applicant is granted the patent rights for the invention-creation within a specified period of time. entitled. After an invention is granted a patent, the patentee has exclusive rights to the invention. No unit or individual may exploit the patent without the permission of the patentee, that is, they may not manufacture, use, offer for sale, or sell the invention for production and business purposes. Sells and imports its patented products. Exploiting the patent without the permission of the patentee will infringe upon the patent right. If a dispute arises, it shall be resolved by the parties through negotiation; if the parties are unwilling to negotiate or the negotiation fails, the patentee or a closely related person may sue the People's Court or request management. The department handles patent work. Patent protection adopts a protection model of "two channels, parallel operations, and judicial protection" of judicial and administrative law enforcement. Administrative protection in this region adopts the form of patent enforcement in the form of roving enforcement and joint enforcement, concentrating efforts and focusing on intensifying the crackdown on group infringement, repeated infringement and other phenomena that seriously disrupt the patent legal environment.

Three characteristics of intellectual property rights

1. The exclusivity of intellectual property rights, that is, exclusivity or monopoly;

2. The regional nature of intellectual property rights , that is, it is only valid within the confirmed and protected territory;

3. The temporal nature of intellectual property rights, that is, it is only protected within the specified period.

IP address

IP address is the basis for data transmission in the IP network. It identifies a connection in the IP network. A host can have multiple IP addresses. The IP address in the IP packet remains unchanged during network transmission.

1. Basic address format

Today’s IP network uses 32-bit addresses, expressed in dotted decimal notation, such as 172.16.0.0. The address format is: IP address = network address + host address or IP address = host address + subnet address + host address.

Network addresses are uniformly allocated by the Internet Authority (InterNIC) to ensure the global uniqueness of network addresses. Host addresses are assigned by the system administrator of each network. Therefore, the uniqueness of the network address and the uniqueness of the host address within the network ensure the global uniqueness of the IP address.

2. Allocation of reserved addresses

According to different uses and security levels, IP addresses can be roughly divided into two categories: public addresses and private addresses. Public addresses are used on the Internet and can be accessed anywhere on the Internet. Private addresses can only be used within the internal network and can communicate with the Internet only through a proxy server.

To connect to the Internet, an organization or network must apply for a public IP address. However, considering special circumstances such as network security and internal experiments, three areas are reserved as private addresses in the IP address. The address range is as follows:

10.0.0.0/8: 10.0.0.0～10.255. 255.255

172.16.0.0/12：172.16.0.0～172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0/16：192.168.0.0～192.168.255.255

Use reserved A network of addresses can only communicate internally and cannot interconnect with other networks. Because the reserved addresses in this network may also be used by other networks, if the network is interconnected, problems will arise when searching for routes because the addresses are not unique. However, these networks that use reserved addresses can interconnect with external networks by translating reserved addresses within the network into public addresses. This is also one of the important ways to ensure network security.

The general trend may be the network address. . .