Author: Autolink Date: September 8, 2004
Car, that is to say, someone is riding a manned vehicle.
Every day, facing the dawn, I look at the traffic all over the street. Cars crowded the streets like locusts, and drivers and passengers were anxious. Cars dominate the transportation market. The negative influence of modern civilization is brought into full play in the world of "cars". Can the development of car instead of walking arouse people's nostalgia for cars? Those primitive and backward means of transportation, accompanied by the comfortable psychology of riders and rickshaw pullers, are very rare.
In all the historical changes, the changes of cars are closely related to people's lives, all of which have the characteristics of the times and represent a cultural background and taste. From simple to complex, from human (animal) to machinery, from slow to fast ... I can't research the vicissitudes of its "car". It is said that it has a history of thousands of years in China.
In ancient times, heroes were hired to ride horses to the battlefield, leaving many thrilling myths. Later, people invented a two-wheeled cart pulled by horses (or cows and donkeys) to meet the needs of the emperor's trip or war, which can be confirmed from the unearthed toilets and many murals of historical sites. "Gouzi's" Jie Mao ":"Xi Zhong works as a car. " Xi Zhong and Xia's car, yes. When the Yellow Emperor has clothes, it is called Xuanyuan ". Xuan is an ancient car with a high front roof. It is a tent for people above doctors. How admirable is the scene of Du Mu's "Epang Palace Fu", "The east porch is whistling" and "The moon is flying on the porch": "From the beginning of thunder, the palace car passed by and went away." "Cars are stuck in traffic jams and passengers are full" is another common scene. Chariot is one of the ancient personnel carriers. It is a four-wheeled vehicle, covered with raw cowhide, and can accommodate ten people. You can also move around to fill the gap and take siege as the main task. Chariots are ancient sleeping cars. It is said that Qin Shihuang died outside and was transported back to the palace by chariot. CNR is an ancient cart with a curtain, which can be used for carrying goods or sleeping cars. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty says," Clouds block the road, and more than 3,000 people ride. " I can't help but think of the war scene in Ma Xiaoxiao in Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop. In a word, the ancients were quite clever and invented many kinds of cars. Most of these "cars" symbolize the identity and status of the rich and powerful. However, most of these cars are pulled by animals.
In the Han Dynasty, a kind of "chicken cart" appeared in Sichuan, which was made of hardwood and was 4 feet long. Its frame is installed on both sides of a handcart and pushed by two handlebars supported by one person. Sometimes it can be pulled forward and pushed back to transport people and goods. Although this car is small, it can carry two or three hundred kilograms. "Jigong Car" is an economical and practical means of transportation, which is superior to human load and animal load. It is an important invention in the history of human transportation, and it is still exerting its "waste heat" for several years, and it still exists in rural areas and construction sites. When studying the history of bicycle development, contemporary Japanese scholars think that "chicken cart" is the ancestor of bicycle.
During the Three Kingdoms period, when Zhuge Liang came out of Qishan, he invented the means of transportation of "herding cattle and Liu Ma" in Huanghe Town, Shaanxi County. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (No.102) explained this matter, with the title "Sima Yi occupied the north and called it a bridge, and Zhuge Liang was a horse." Compared with the "chicken cart", it is a big step forward, and it can climb hills and hurdles. Relying on it, the grain crops produced in Chengdu Plain can continuously cross the majestic Qinling Mountains, where "apes want to cross the sorrow and climb". As for the form and principle of "building a wooden cow, connecting two rings, walking six feet and driving", it is still an eternal mystery.
The second change of "chicken cart" was in the Song Dynasty. At that time, it was called a "double car", which changed from one person to two people in front and back, two people on both sides holding crutches and pulling donkeys in front. The third change was in the Ming Dynasty, when an arched mat was added as the top to attract customers, which was called "double unicycle". The fourth revolution was in the Qing dynasty, when sails were added and the wind was skillfully used. "Chicken cart" later crossed the river and Huaihe River and spread to the Central Plains. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, the "chicken cart" carried grain, hay and trench to the front, and made outstanding achievements.
At the beginning of the 20th century, two-wheeled rickshaws appeared in cities as the main "passenger transport" tools. Rickshaws are divided into "road cars" and "street cars". The task of "road car" is "long-distance passenger transport"; The streetcar is dedicated to "running" and "short-distance passenger transport" in the city. It can run all over the city, but it also has a "stop", which is equivalent to the station where buses are put now. In the old society, rickshaw drivers had low status and were often bullied. Gendarmerie and police can use rickshaws at will without paying money.
The history of human-powered passenger tricycles is not long, and it only appeared in the early days of liberation. Compared with rickshaws, it has taken a big step forward, and it can also be said that it has opened a new chapter in urban passenger transport. It is still a beautiful scenery for urban passenger transport, with convenient traffic, flashy downtown, more pleasing to the eye than cars, and quite popular with tourists. It seems that rickshaws will not be "extinct" in a short time, but will be "beautiful" for a while.
Speaking of "cars", there are many anecdotes. The world's earliest automobile "windmill" was invented and manufactured by Dutch engineer C. Sven in 1600, with a tailwind speed of 30km/h, and the world's earliest steam car 1769 was manufactured by Juneau, a technical officer of the French Army, in six years, with a speed of 4km/h. The earliest gasoline car in the world was German engineer Karl? Ben Ci and gottlieb? Daimler has also made a new type of car, which is driven by a light and fast gasoline engine. This is a modern car. At this time, the car is very rough and its performance is very poor. Often the car will go wrong soon after it leaves, and it will be pushed down when it goes uphill. 19 14 years, Mr. Ford of the United States created the first automobile production line, and one was produced in 10 second. 1997 Americans sent cars to the moon again. With the rapid development of human science and technology, cars change with each passing day.
China's first car came out in Shenyang in May, 1929, which was manufactured by Liaoning Mortar Factory headed by General Zhang Xueliang. Zhang Xueliang asked Li Yichun, director of Minsheng Factory, to buy a complete car from Xue Rui as a sample car from the United States. Li Yichun disassembled the whole vehicle, and then redesigned and manufactured other parts except the rear axle of the engine, electrical devices and tires. 193 1 May last for two years, and finally successfully trial-produced the first car in China, named Minsheng Brand 75, which opened the precedent for China to build its own car. After all, it is admirable.
The earliest imported cars in China were in 190 1 year (the 27th year of Guangxu reign), and it was Hungarian Rein who brought two cars to Shanghai. One is a caravan, the other is a folding hood, two-wheeled seats in the front row, and the wheels are made of wood and covered with solid rubber tires. The steering wheel, steering belt and trapezoidal structure are used to control the driving direction. Kerosene lamps are used for lighting, and speakers are pressed by hand. The two cars paraded in the cities of Shanghai, causing a sensation.
Since1July, 1953, the first automobile factory started construction, and1July, 1956 was put into production. 1In July, 1957, China produced the first fully loaded Jiefang car.1In May, 1958, China No.1 Automobile Factory independently developed, designed and produced the first car that fluctuated with the political situation at that time. For decades, China's automobile industry has developed rapidly. Especially since the reform and opening up, automobile production has adopted various high-tech and humanized safety and convenience facilities and absorbed the essence of foreign automobile research. It not only takes the traditional three-dimensional modeling, but also has the soft and charming style of fashionable cars, with smooth lines and comfortable driving. The new favorite of "car" is constantly born.
Attach other automobile development history.
The history of cars
History of automobile development-early period
Vehicles in ancient China
The first car in human history was invented by the ancestors of the Chinese nation. According to historical records, in the Dayu era in the early summer of more than 2000 BC, a man named Xi Zhong invented a car with two wheels to set up an axle. The axle is fixed on the frame with a shaft, and a suitcase is attached to the frame for loading goods. This is the first car in the world.
The original means of transportation were all human-driven, and they were called rickshaws. Later, people began to use cattle and horse-drawn carts, which were called animal-drawn carts. According to legend, the animal-drawn cart was invented by Shang Tang's ancestors Xiangtu and Wang Hai.
In the development of vehicles in past dynasties, the south guide car and the drum car in mind also have important technical value.
During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a skilled technician named Ma Jun who invented the compass. The South Guide Car is a kind of two-wheeled single-wheeled car, on which stands a Woodenhead, with his arm extended to the south. As long as you start driving, Woodenhead's arm always points to the south, no matter whether you turn east or west.
The drum car in memory is an instrument for recording mileage first invented by China in the 3rd century. Unfortunately, the original structure was lost, and it was only in the Song Dynasty that it was successfully recreated by Yan Su.
The guided car and drum car in memory all work by gear transmission principle. Its appearance reflects the high level of China's vehicle manufacturing engineering technology more than 700 years ago, and it is an outstanding achievement of China's ancient technology.
History of automobile development-early period
The first steam car
1765, the Englishman watt invented the steam engine, leading mankind into the "steam engine era". Many inventors also applied Watt's invention to the design of "bicycle".
1769 It took France six years to build the world's first steam car with practical value. This strange car has a hardwood frame supported by three iron wheels that are more than one person high. There is a pear-shaped boiler with a volume of 50L in front of the car, and there are two cylinders with a volume of 1 1 gallon behind the boiler. The boiler transmits the movement of the piston to the front wheel through a simple crank, which makes the front wheel rotate. At the same time, the front wheel is still the steering wheel. Because there is a heavy boiler on the front wheel, it is very difficult to control the steering rod.
This steam car has a fatal flaw. After walking for 15 minutes, the pressure of the boiler is exhausted, so we have to stop and add water to boil it into steam, and the maximum speed is only 4 km/h.
Due to the difficulty in steering the steering rod, the car had many accidents during the test run. When I was going downhill near Sannu Arsenal, I bumped into the wall of the Arsenal because I couldn't turn in time. The world's first memorable car was hit beyond recognition.
(1): automobile development history
The Golden Age of Early Steam Cars (1)
At the end of 18, there was an upsurge of research and manufacture of steam cars in European and American countries, and various steam cars came out one after another. The car body and other mechanisms are also improving rapidly. 19th century is the heyday of steam cars.
180 1 year, Richard trey witrich built the earliest steam car in Britain. Two years later, Dai made a steam car that looked like a coach. This bus can take 8 people, setting a world record of 9.6km/h on a flat road and 6.4km/h on a ramp.
1825, the duke of England made the first steam bus. The engine of this car is installed at the rear, driven by the rear axle and steered by the front axle. It uses a clever special steering shaft design, the first two wheels do not bear the weight of the car, and the driver can easily steer by using the steering tiller, and then the front axle is guided by a shaft, which makes the steering easy and comfortable.
183 1 year, Jianei started the world's earliest bus operation with this car, so this car is also considered as the world's earliest bus.
(2): Golden Age of Early Steam Cars (1)
1828, Hagel became a steam bus with excellent performance in Yoga Yu, and started public transportation. His car can carry 22 passengers at a speed of 32km/h, and it is very popular after operation. 1834, the earliest bus transportation company in the world-"Scottish Steam Company" was established.
(3): automobile development history
The Golden Age of Early Steam Cars (Ⅱ)
1805, American Evans made an amphibious car with a steam engine for the first time. This amphibious vehicle was commissioned by the Port Authority of Philadelphia to clean up the port of Philadelphia. At first, it intended to build a dredger. Unexpectedly, after the ship was built, because the working place was not on the coast, the steam ship had to be transported to a place with a port. Evans installed four wheels at the bottom of the boat and drove them with the steam engine on board. In this way, the ship was transported to the port. Therefore, dredgers have become amphibious vehicles. It has also become the originator of modern amphibious vehicles.
1928, the French cooperated with Quayle to build a steam-driven car. For the first time, the car adopts the general arrangement scheme that the engine is placed at the front end of the car and driven by the rear axle. It is driven by a chain between the engine and the rear axle. In order to steer flexibly, the rear shafting consists of two half shafts connected by a differential. This is the first differential invented. In addition, the two small front wheels are elastically connected with the frame, which is called independent suspension. This independent suspension design was of epoch-making significance at that time. The design of Quayle's chain drive, differential and independent suspension has made great contributions to the development of automobiles and is still widely used in automobiles.
(4): automobile development history
The decline of early steam cars
In the initial development period of steam cars, their design was very simple, that is, installing a steam engine on the chassis and wheels. In order to achieve a certain output power, it is necessary to have a boiler as large as possible; In order to achieve a certain journey, we must have enough water and coal; When the car body is heavy, a solid underframe and solid wheels are needed. In this way, the vicious circle, the car is getting heavier and heavier, and the operation is getting harder and harder.
Therefore, these large steam trucks are only suitable for scheduled round-trip driving, with fixed routes and coal and water supply along the way. Even so, there are still many inevitable defects, such as difficult braking, heavy car, narrow wheels, large inertia and insensitive steering. Sometimes you know you have to slow down and turn, but you can't slow down and turn. You can only watch the car hit an obstacle, or brake too hard and the axle is broken. What is even more frightening is that the boiler pressure is too high, which is difficult to control for a while, and boiler explosions often occur.
And riding this kind of car depends on the weather: on rainy days, the car cover is not tight, the road is muddy and unsafe; It is difficult to boil water in cold weather, easy to turn off the fire and drive slowly; No one wants to sit next to the boiler in hot weather; It depends on the wind direction on a windy day. When the wind is downwind, the smoke at the rear of the car will make passengers breathless.
(5): automobile development history
Re-prosperity and final decline of early steam cars
/kloc-at the end of 0/9, with the development of capitalist industry and commerce, European and American governments deeply felt that carriages could no longer meet the needs of the times, so they began to vigorously promote electric locomotives. Under this call, the steam industry in various countries has developed rapidly like dew after a long drought.
1872, a Frenchman, Amede Parisian, built a four-wheeled steam bus, which was equipped with two V-shaped steam engines and equipped with a transmission and steering wheel similar to modern cars.
1883, a Frenchman, Dion Pudong, set up an automobile company to manufacture three-wheeled steam cars. Since then, the steam car has entered the stage of industrial production from a single trial production.
With the development of passenger cars, steam trucks have also developed. Trucks need great traction and can climb hills. The typical style of early steam trucks was that the engine was driven by front and rear wheels, and there was a spacious car slot.
(6): Four milestones in the history of automobile development.
The first gasoline-powered car
1885, German engineer karl benz developed a tricycle with a gasoline engine of 0.85 HP. Another German engineer, Godlib Daimler, has also developed a four-wheeled vehicle, which is driven by a gasoline engine with 1. 1 horsepower.
The first mass-produced car
1908, the first four-wheeled vehicle in automobile history-Ford Model T was born in the United States. Ford Model T changed the shape of previous vehicles and horses, combined with the innovation and improvement of functional configuration, and became the best personal transportation in the city at that time. In the first year of listing, it sold 65,438+09,000 vehicles. 150,000 T-cars were produced when they rolled off the assembly line in 920.
The first car marked automatic time.
The success of Volkswagen Beetle is well known: it broke the production record of Ford Model T.. At present, Volkswagen has introduced a new beetle, which has aroused great interest. Its advantages are durability, no luxury and popular price.
The first mini-car
1959 "Mini (mi? Ni) "The automobile triggered the revolution of automobile technology. This small car has made a breakthrough in concept, and won many championships in car races at the same time. Today, 40 years later, this car is still popular, and almost all companies have imitated the design of "mini-car", making it the most family-oriented car.
(7): The development history of several major automobile companies.
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company is one of the top ten automobile industry companies in the world. Is a comprehensive multinational monopoly industrial group mainly producing automobiles, and its business scope covers electronics, aviation, steel, military industry and so on. 190 1 was founded in Detroit, USA. At present, the company is headquartered in dearborn, Michigan, USA, with 370,000 employees. The company has an engineering research institute? ⒅⒅ ⑸ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁ ⒁? Do 9？ Mirror? Where is the pit address? What's the significance of this play? Hey? Pastoral care, washing and cleaning, milling sheath and diarrhea? ⑶ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼ ⑼?
Ford I, the founder of the company, is the son of a farmer. He is called the founder of modern automobile. He designed the Ford Model T and assembled it on the assembly line. One car can be produced every 10 second, which greatly reduces the production cost and creates a production record of 20 years150,000 vehicles. At the same time, Ford can produce 65,438+0965,438+065,438+0 ~ 65,438+0927 cars.
Old Ford founded the car company twice and failed. The third time, he hired experts to predict the market, put forward the idea of cheap cars for him and established a widely distributed sales system. The designer who enjoys the reputation of "mechanical genius" designed the production line for him. With the completion of these tasks, his Model T has been continuously integrated into the market. When he achieved decisive success and ascended the throne of "automobile king", he turned a deaf ear to these heroes and started personal dictatorship and family monopoly. At that time, none of the company's more than 500 senior staff had received higher education. Financial chaos to the point of continuing to pay the dead employees. As a result, GM came from behind. At the time of the company crisis, Ford II, with a high degree of education, took office with a group of think tanks. The company's operating conditions are gradually improving. But the family's bad habits made Ford II repeat the same mistakes. He went his own way and fired Yaka, an automobile talent who created hundreds of millions of dollars for him, which shocked the ruling and opposition parties.
In just two years from 1980 to 1982, the company lost $3 billion. On the verge of bankruptcy. In another crisis, Ford II retired with 40% of the company's shares. Decades of history has proved that under certain conditions, property ownership and management rights should be separated. After the new leader took office, he reformed the management system, mobilized the enthusiasm of workers to participate in management, and took a series of measures for the revitalization of the company. 1989 turnover reached 96.9 billion dollars. Sit firmly in the second place in the American auto industry.
(8): General Motors
The logo of the automobile company, in which "GM" is General Motors.
The abbreviation of (General Motors) is taken from the first letter of the first two words.
General Motors is the largest automobile company in the world, with an annual gross industrial output value of over US$ 6,543,800 billion. Its logo GM is taken from the first letter of the English word General Motors. 1908 was developed by william durant on the basis of Buick Motor Company and established in Detroit, USA. The current headquarters is still located in Detroit. In addition to producing and selling automobiles, it is also involved in aerospace, electronic communication, industrial automation and finance. From automobile production? Mildew? Juji block? What does Kangnang mean? About 0%.
General Motors ranks first among the 500 largest enterprises in the United States and second among the largest industrial enterprises in the world. It employs 80 employees in the United States and around the world. What about planting pods? In 0 countries and regions, the annual output of GM family cars reaches 9 million.
General Motors has six automobile departments in the United States, namely Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Pontiac and GMC. In addition, there are many branches around the world, among which GM's European branch is the largest, and Opel and Foxhall have an annual output of over one million cars. Not long ago, General Motors acquired British Lotus Automotive Engineering Company, which is the most advanced sports car research and production department in the world, adding strength to the GM family.
General Motors is one of the first super-large enterprises in the United States to implement joint-stock system and expert group management. The cars produced by GM typically show the characteristics of American cars, such as luxury, spaciousness, comfortable interior, high speed and great reserve power. In addition, GM attaches great importance to quality and the adoption of new technologies. Therefore, universal products have always enjoyed a high reputation in the eyes of users.
(9): Mercedes-Benz Automobile Company
Mercedes-Benz
The trident symbolizes the desire to conquer land, sea and air. This logo was produced after the merger of Daimler and Mercedes-Benz. Daimler's original trademark is three-pointed star, and Mercedes-Benz's trademark is double-circle "Mercedes-Benz". After the merger of the two, Daimler-Benz's trademark is a three-pointed star in a single circle.
Mercedes-Benz Automobile Company is the oldest manufacturer in the world, which is famous for producing high-quality and high-performance luxury cars. It is also one of the top ten automobile companies in the world. Germany sells first and second. It was founded in 1926 by Karl Benz and gottlieb daimler, who are praised as "the father of automobiles" by the world.
The predecessor of Mercedes-Benz Automobile Company is the Mercedes-Benz Automobile Factory and Daimler Automobile Factory, which were established in 1886. 1926, the two factories merged into Daimler-Benz Automobile Company, which was originally divided into the so-called Mannheim version and the Stuttgart version. 1936, the product is named Mercedes-Benz. 1945, Mercedes-Benz began to produce trucks, 1946, and resumed the production of cars, gradually restoring its position as the leading manufacturer of high-end cars in the world. 1989, in order to facilitate management, the company was reorganized into Daimler-Benz Industrial Group, and its automobile department was renamed Mercedes-Benz Automobile Company.
Headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, Mercedes-Benz employs 6.5438+0.85 million people. Annual output of 600,000 cars. The management style of Mercedes-Benz Automobile Company is consistent, and it does not pursue the expansion of automobile production, but only pursues the production of high-quality, high-performance and high-grade automobile products. Among the top ten automobile companies in the world, Mercedes-Benz has the smallest output, less than 6.5438+0 million vehicles, but its profit and sales volume are in the top five. Mercedes-Benz's lowest-level car also costs more than $654.38 +0.5 million, luxury car costs more than $654.38 +0.5 million, and mid-level car costs about $40,000. In addition to high-end luxury cars, Mercedes-Benz is also the most famous manufacturer of buses and heavy trucks in the world. Mercedes-Benz has all kinds of trucks, special cars and buses. Only the basic types of trucks are l 10. Mercedes-Benz is also the largest heavy-duty automobile manufacturer in the world. Its all-wheel drive 3850AS truck has a maximum power of 368 kW and a traction capacity of 220 tons. 1984 Mercedes-Benz introduced new trucks ranging from 6.5 tons to l 1 ton, and adopted new technologies such as air brake, servo steering gear and electronic brake anti-lock device, which shocked major truck companies.
Mercedes-Benz has 6 subsidiaries in China, 23 subsidiaries abroad, and liaison offices, sales points and assembly plants all over the world. In 1980s, Mercedes-Benz cooperated with China North Industries Company to transfer the production technology of heavy vehicles to China. Now, the northern industry has been put into mass production. The new car products of Mercedes-Benz Company include four series of Mercedes-Benz W20 1, W 124, R 129 and W 126. Among them, the 560SEC of W 126 series and the 500SL of R 129 series are very popular ultra-luxury cars.