(1) water filtration equipment
(1) Sandstone filter equipment (multi-media filter equipment) Sandstone filter (multi-media filter) is a mechanical filter equipment with layered anthracite, sand, finely divided garnet or other materials as the bed. Its principle is to filter particles with different particle sizes in water according to depth, and the larger particles are removed at the top layer and the smaller particles are removed in the deeper part of the filter medium, so that the water quality can reach the standard after coarse filtration and the SDI of water can be reduced.
(2) Activated carbon filter Activated carbon has adsorption function and certain turbidity removal function. The main structure and arrangement of activated carbon filter are similar to those of sand filter. So activated carbon adsorption is also called activated carbon filtration. Activated carbon filtration is mainly used for organic impurities and molecular colloidal particles in water, and can also be used for dechlorination.
(3) Sand core rod filter Sand core rod filter, also known as sand filter rod filter, has been finalized in water treatment equipment. It is mainly suitable for water treatment with less water and only impurities such as organic matter and bacteria.
(4) Microporous filtration Microporous filtration is a new membrane separation technology. 0.0 1μm particles and bacteria in filtrate and gas can be filtered. It has the characteristics of strong catching ability, large filtering area, long service life, high filtering accuracy, small resistance, high mechanical strength, no peeling phenomenon, strong acid and alkali resistance and convenient use. This kind of filter can remove most particles, so it is widely used in fine filtration and sterilization process.
(2) Water softening equipment
(1) ion exchanger Ion exchanger is a common equipment in target water treatment, and water can be softened or desalted by selecting a certain process. It mainly uses some ion exchangers to temporarily fix unnecessary ions in raw water, thus reducing the content of these ions to the required level. The ions fixed by the exchanger are released in the regenerated solution, and the exchanger can be reused. That is to say, its essence is the physical and chemical reaction between insoluble electrolyte (resin) and another electrolyte in solution, that is, the exchange reaction between exchangeable ions on resin and other ions of the same sex in solution.
(2) Electrodialysis Electrodialysis, as a new technology of separation, concentration, purification and recovery, is widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, food and other industries. The application in food industry mainly focuses on the purification of soda water and beer water, and it is used for water softening (desalination) in soft drink factories. Electrodialysis technology is a technology that makes anions and cations in raw water pass through anion exchange membrane and cation exchange membrane respectively under the action of external DC electric field according to the principle that opposites attract and like repel.
(3) Reverse osmosis equipment Reverse osmosis is a membrane technology with the largest application scale and relatively mature technology, and its application accounts for about half of the whole membrane separation field, which is the biggest breakthrough in the development of membrane technology. Reverse osmosis is to separate solvent from solution through reverse osmosis membrane. The application of reverse osmosis has developed from seawater desalination and hard water softening to the concentration of vitamins, antibiotics and hormones, the separation of bacteria and viruses, and the concentration of fruit juice, milk and coffee. , and widely used. The advantages of reverse osmosis equipment are continuous operation and stable product water quality; No acid-base regeneration is needed; Will not stop because of regeneration; Save backwashing and cleaning water; Produce ultra-pure water with high yield (the yield can be as high as 95%); Reclaimed sewage does not need water treatment facilities; Low operation and maintenance cost; Simple installation and low cost.
There are two keys to produce pure water in reverse osmosis facilities: one is selective membrane, which we call semi-permeable membrane, and the other is certain pressure. Simply put, there are many small holes on the reverse osmosis semipermeable membrane, the size of which is equivalent to the size of water molecules. Because bacteria, viruses, most organic pollutants and hydrated ions are much larger than water molecules, they cannot penetrate the reverse osmosis semi-permeable membrane and separate from the water phase of the reverse osmosis membrane. Among many impurities in water, soluble salts are the most difficult to remove. Therefore, the water purification effect of reverse osmosis is often determined by the desalination rate, which is mainly determined by the selectivity of reverse osmosis semi-permeable membrane. The desalination rate of highly selective reverse osmosis membrane elements can reach 99.7%.
In reverse osmosis separation, a preferential adsorption layer must be formed at the membrane-solution interface, and the degree of preferential adsorption depends on the chemical properties of the solution and the membrane surface. As long as the appropriate membrane material is selected and the microporous structure and operating conditions on the membrane surface are simply changed, reverse osmosis technology can be applied to solute separation with any degree of separation.
(4) Ultrafilter
Although ultrafiltration technology started late in China, it has developed very rapidly. With the continuous popularization of this technology and the continuous improvement of people's understanding of it, the beverage production industry will certainly get more benefits from it.
Ultrafiltration membrane equipment has several different forms in industrial applications, such as flat plate, tube, spiral plate and hollow fiber. Domestic applications are mostly plate-shaped and tubular, especially hollow fiber membrane (hollow fiber membrane) has also been widely used in water treatment.
Hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane is the most mature and advanced form of ultrafiltration technology. This kind of membrane is developed on the basis of flat membrane and has three-dimensional geometry, which makes the membrane equipment with unit volume have great membrane permeability without relying on extremely thin semi-permeable membrane. The wall of hollow fiber tube is covered with micropores, and the pore size is expressed by the relative molecular mass that can intercept substances, and the relative molecular mass can reach thousands to hundreds of thousands. Due to the hollow cylindrical structure, the production capacity of membrane infiltration equipment per unit volume is greatly improved. Raw water flows under pressure on the outer side or inner cavity of hollow fiber, forming external pressure type and internal pressure type respectively. Ultrafiltration is a dynamic filtration process, and the trapped substances can be removed with the concentration, so as not to block the membrane surface, and it can run continuously for a long time. It can be proved that in ultrafiltration application, if the cylindrical hollow fiber membrane bundle with reasonable size is used, the permeability will be equivalent to that obtained on the ultra-thin flat membrane of more than ten square meters.
The hollow fiber is a slender membrane tube, and the inner wall is a membrane layer, which is combined with the spongy outer wall with coarse holes, and the inner layer plays the role of ultrafiltration separation. The size of the intimal pore determines the size of the blocking substance in the tube. Hollow fiber is about 200μm in diameter, made of inert nonionic polymer, with unique anisotropic (sheath) structure and obvious high flow rate. Its characteristics are: ① the membrane area per unit volume in the device is very large; (2) The membrane wall is thin and the liquid permeates quickly; (3) Because the geometric configuration of hollow fiber has certain compression resistance, its strength is high.
(3) Water sterilization and disinfection equipment
(1) ozone sterilizer The so-called ozone sterilizer uses the strong oxidation of ozone to achieve the purpose of sterilization. Ozone is a strong oxidant, and its bactericidal effect is 30 times higher than that of chlorine15 ∽. At a certain concentration, ozone can kill all kinds of fungi. It has been widely used for disinfection, deodorization and decoloration of water abroad, and also widely used for sterilization in the production of mineral water and purified water at home.
(2) Ultraviolet sterilizer When microorganisms are irradiated by ultraviolet rays, protein and nucleic acid of microorganisms absorb ultraviolet spectrum energy, which leads to protein degeneration and death of microorganisms. Ultraviolet rays have a certain penetration ability to clean and transparent water, and can disinfect water. Ultraviolet sterilization does not change the physical and chemical properties of water, and has the advantages of fast sterilization speed, high efficiency, no odor and wide application. Sterilization is an important link in beverage processing. There are some differences between beverage sterilization and medical and biological sterilization. Sterilization of beverages has two meanings: first, it is required to kill pathogenic bacteria and spoilage bacteria contaminated in beverages and destroy enzymes in food, so that beverages can have a certain shelf life in a specific environment, such as closed bottles, cans or other packaging containers; Second, it is required to protect the nutrients and flavor of the beverage as much as possible during the sterilization process. Therefore, the sterilized beverage belongs to commercial sterility.
There are two kinds of sterilization methods for beverages: physical sterilization and chemical sterilization. Chemical disinfection uses hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, sodium hypochlorite and other fungicides. Due to the influence of chemical residues in chemical sterilization, contemporary food sterilization tends to physical sterilization. Physical sterilization can be divided into thermal sterilization and cold sterilization. Thermal sterilization is divided into thermal sterilization, dry heat sterilization, microwave sterilization and far infrared heating sterilization. Cold sterilization can be divided into ultraviolet sterilization, ionizing radiation sterilization and freezing sterilization. There are pasteurization, high-temperature short-time sterilization and ultra-high-temperature instantaneous sterilization among the wet-heat sterilization methods. Pasteurization is a low-temperature and long-term sterilization method, the sterilization temperature is lower than 100℃, and the heat preservation time is 30 minutes. In HTST, the sterilization temperature is generally below 100℃. For example, the HTST sterilization temperature of milk is 85℃, and it should be kept above 15s. Ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization (UHT), the sterilization temperature is above 120℃ and lasts only a few seconds. HTST and UHT sterilization methods not only have high efficiency, but also preserve the structure, appearance, nutrition and flavor of food better than other sterilization methods. According to the above sterilization methods, a variety of beverage sterilization equipment has been developed, which can be divided into the following three types according to the shape of processed materials:
(1) liquid beverage sterilization equipment. Fluid drinks refer to unpackaged dairy products, fruit juices and other materials. Sterilization equipment used to treat this material can be divided into direct type and indirect type. Direct injection is to spray steam directly into the material for sterilization. The indirect method is to sterilize the beverage by heat exchange with plate and tube heat exchangers.
(2) Sterilization equipment for canned drinks, canned drinks, bottled drinks and other drinks with packaging containers. Sterilization equipment for processing such materials can be divided into atmospheric sterilization equipment and pressurized sterilization equipment according to different sterilization temperatures. The sterilization temperature of atmospheric sterilization equipment is below 100℃, which is used to sterilize beverage products with pH less than 4.5. The canned sterilization equipment designed by pasteurization principle belongs to this category. Pressure sterilization equipment is generally carried out in closed equipment, the pressure is greater than 0.65438±0 MPa, and the temperature is usually around 65438 020℃. Atmospheric pressure and pressure sterilization equipment can also be divided into intermittent operation and continuous operation. According to the different heat sources used in sterilization equipment, it can be divided into direct steam heating sterilization equipment, water heating sterilization equipment, flame continuous sterilization machine and so on.
(3) Physical sterilization equipment using electromagnetic waves This kind of sterilization equipment uses microwave, far infrared ray, ultraviolet ray and other physical radiation for heating sterilization, which is a promising sterilization equipment. CP- 12 bottle washer is a domestic advanced rotary bottle washer designed by itself on the basis of introducing, digesting and absorbing advanced technologies at home and abroad. This machine is suitable for the filling production of bottled drinks, mineral water, cola and other feed liquids, and can be used to clean plastic bottles. Can be provided to large and medium-sized manufacturers, but also can be used alone. This machine has the following main features:
(1) This machine is a special equipment for cleaning plastic bottles of various specifications;
(2) Compact equipment structure, perfect control system and simple operation and maintenance;
(3) The cleaning process is reasonable, and the inside and outside of the bottle are cleaned by using the spray principle, so that the residual water in the bottle is automatically discharged, and the empty bottle meets the sanitary requirements after cleaning;
(4) The bottle shape can be changed only by replacing the star wheel and the guide plate, and the operation is simple and convenient.
CP-32 bottle washer is a semi-automatic external shower bottle washer, which is suitable for washing new and old bottles of various bottle types and materials. The main features of the machine are: spraying the outer wall of the bottle and cleaning the inner wall twice continuously to ensure the cleaning effect; The main parts are made of stainless steel or wear-resistant copper alloy to prevent corrosion; Use normal pressure tap water, with strong adaptability. The machine has reasonable structure, simple operation and convenient maintenance, and is widely used in wine, beverage, soy sauce, vinegar, liquid medicine and other manufacturers. Automatic bottle washer can be divided into different types according to different situations: from the way of entering and leaving bottles, it can be divided into double-head type and single-head type; The mode of transfer from bottle sleeve can be divided into continuous and intermittent; The ways to treat bottles from the machine can be divided into spraying, brushing and soaking. The following mainly introduces the bottle washing method.
(1) Jet bottle washer includes internal and external cleaning of bottles. The center of the nozzle must be aligned with the center of the bottle. This kind is especially suitable for washing crown caps, because the bottleneck is small, generally only about 5mm, and it is difficult to wash bottle viscera with other types of bottle washing machines. The nozzle of cleaning agent shall be of high pressure type. However, this bottle washing method is easy to produce foam and it is difficult to remove the trademark. In addition, due to the effect of washing liquid and carbon dioxide in the air, the concentration will drop quickly and the energy consumption will be greater.
(2) The submerged bottle washer firstly carries out one or more times of hot water jet washing, and then continuously submerges (empties after filling) the bottles in washing tanks at different temperatures for washing or disinfection. After the last soaking, spray it with hot water and cold water several times to wash off the emulsion. Qualified immersion bottle washing machines are still rarely used.
(3) Bubble brush machine, which cleans bottles by bubble brush. This is an effective cleaning method for brushing the bottle wall. Brush has been used in previous years, which is easy to lose hair and has a short service life. At the same time, it is easy to hide evil in the brush, which affects the quality of brushing. Some countries use synthetic materials as brushes, and the use effect is good. The washing part of this bottle washer has a complicated structure, because the brush and the bottle mouth must be aligned to enter the bottle, so this type is not used much.
(4) Soaking and spraying bottle washer, which combines the advantages of soaking and spraying, has one or more soaking tanks, more spraying parts and high-pressure nozzles. Some people think that the spraying part can replace two spraying tanks to a certain extent, and the cleaning effect of high-pressure spraying can be equivalent to brushing with a brush. From the packaging point of view, materials can be divided into liquid filling machine, paste filling machine, powder filling machine, particle filling machine and so on. From the degree of automation of production, it can be divided into semi-automatic filling machine and full-automatic filling production line; According to whether the filling material contains gas or not, it can be divided into equal pressure filling machine, normal pressure filling machine and negative pressure filling machine. (I) Isobaric filling machine Isobaric filling machine generally keeps a certain filling pressure in the storage box. When the container to be filled enters the filling machine, the container is first inflated. The gas may be compressed air or carbon dioxide gas, preferably carbon dioxide gas. When the pressure in the container is consistent with the pressure in the storage box, it is filled by the self-weight of the material liquid through the opened filling valve. During the filling process, the gas in the container should be smoothly led out and returned to the storage box or air chamber. In the filling of soda, small champagne and beer, most of them are filled under the same pressure, and the process is as follows:
(1) In the initial position, the bottle did not touch the filling valve, and all gas and liquid channels were closed.
(2) The inflatable pressure bottle and the inflatable valve cover rise to a predetermined position together, then the inflatable valve is opened by rotating the fork, and the pressurized gas enters the bottle from the annular storage tank through the inflatable channel.
(3) Liquid injection and air return When the pressure in the bottle reaches the pressure of the storage tank, the liquid valve will automatically open, and the liquid must flow down the bottle wall by the shunt umbrella. At the same time, the displaced pressure gas in the bottle will return to the liquid injection tank through the air return pipe, and the liquid injection will end when the liquid level in the bottle reaches the lower mouth of the air return pipe.
(4) The valve closes the rotary fork, and the pressure gas valve and the liquid valve are closed.
(5) Open the carbon dioxide charging valve at the top of the charging, and charge carbon dioxide or other inert gas into the bottle from the annular groove to drive away the air at the bottleneck.
(6) pressure relief valve is opened, and the pressure in the bottle escapes into the annular groove through the needle valve in the pressure relief channel.
(2) Atmospheric filling machine
Many drinks, such as fruit juice, milk drinks, syrup in the second filling of soda water, do not contain carbon dioxide themselves, and generally use atmospheric filling machines.
Atmospheric filling machine is mainly composed of filling system, bottle inlet and outlet mechanism, bottle lifting mechanism, workbench and transmission system. Used for filling liquid without gas, this filling machine is generally rotary.
Under the action of the transmission system, the rotating shaft drives the turntable and the quantitative cup to rotate together, and the liquid material flows into the quantitative cup from the storage barrel through the pipeline by its own weight. The bottle holder drives the bottle to rise under the action of the cam. When the bottle mouth is pressed against the gland plate, the spring is compressed, and at this time, the slide valve slides upward in the inner hole of the movable measuring cup. With the rotation of the rotating shaft, the set measuring cup has moved away from below the feed pipe and entered the filling position. When the slide valve rises to open the liquid inlet hole, the liquid material flows into the bottle, and the gas in the bottle is discharged from the four small grooves on the lower surface of the gland plate, thus completing the filling task of a bottle. With the rotation of the turntable, the quantitative cup gradually enters directly below to complete the quantitative work, and when it turns from the quantitative position to the filling position, it starts to fill the bottle again, and so on.
(3) negative pressure filling machine
It is usually called a vacuum filling machine. In this filling method, the storage tank is kept at normal pressure. During the filling process, only the inside of the bottle is evacuated. When the vacuum degree reaches a certain level, the liquid flows into the bottle through the pressure difference between the liquid filling box and the container, and the filling is completed. It is mainly used for filling liquids without gas, such as juice. Because the filling is carried out under vacuum, the filling can be stopped if the bottle leaks, which can reduce the loss. But under vacuum, some scented liquids will lose some fragrance.
The negative pressure filling method requires strict bottle specifications, because its quantification is determined by the depth of the filling nozzle entering the bottle, and the volume of the bottle directly affects the quantitative accuracy. However, it is still widely used because of its convenient adjustment. CIP stands for cleaning in place or cleaning in place. It is defined as a method of cleaning the surface in contact with food with high temperature and high concentration cleaning solution without disassembling or moving the equipment.
Therefore, CIP means that brushing, cleaning and sterilization can be carried out without disassembling mechanical equipment and pipelines at all. In the process of cleaning, it can reasonably deal with the relationship between washing, cleaning and sterilization, economy and energy saving, which is an optimized cleaning management technology. CIP device is suitable for multi-pipeline sterilization mechanical devices that directly contact with fluid materials, such as juice drinks, dairy products, concentrated juice, soybean milk, etc. In-situ cleaning (CIP cleaning) is a widely used method in beverage production enterprises, which is the guarantee of product quality. The purpose of cleaning is to remove the residue on the equipment and the pipe wall, so as to ensure that the sanitary index can be achieved. Under normal circumstances, it must be cleaned once after continuous use for 6∽8h. Under special circumstances, when the production capacity is obviously reduced, it should be cleaned up immediately.
The purpose of cleaning is to remove the dirt attached to the machine to prevent microorganisms from growing in it. In order to remove dirt, it is necessary to make the cleaning system provide the cleaning ability needed to overcome pollutants. There are three sources of cleaning ability, that is, sports energy generated by the flow of cleaning liquid, chemical energy generated by cleaning agent and thermal energy in cleaning liquid. These three abilities complement each other. At the same time, the factor of ability is related to the factor of time. In the same state, the longer the washing time, the better the washing effect.
CIP has the following advantages:
(1) can maintain a certain cleaning effect and improve the safety of products;
(2) saving operation time, improving efficiency, saving labor, ensuring operation safety and saving cleaning water and steam;
(3) the sanitary level is stable, and the amount of cleaning agent is saved;
(4) The production equipment can be large-scale and the automation level is high;
(5) Improve the service life of production equipment.