1. Vigorously develop the external economy
In the late 1970s, Hong Kong industry was facing industrial transformation. Most labor-intensive industries were unsustainable due to rising wages and land costs. Looking for new investment space. At this time, it coincided with the implementation of reform and opening up in mainland China, and Shenzhen was approved to become the largest special economic zone in inland China. Shenzhen is only separated from Hong Kong by a river, so it has naturally become the first choice for Hong Kong capital to develop in the mainland.
When Shenzhen was founded, the main way to attract foreign investment was "three come and one supplement". The so-called "three come and one supplement" refers to processing with supplied materials, processing with supplied samples, assembly of supplied parts and compensation trade. This form of introducing foreign investment has the characteristics of flexible form, low investment, short time, quick results, low risk, low cost, etc. It has a positive effect in solving labor employment and increasing foreign exchange income, and is an important factor in promoting the early export-oriented economic development of Shenzhen. An effective way.
According to media disclosures, the first Hong Kong businessman to invest and set up a factory in Shenzhen was Zheng Keming. Zheng Keming is originally from Heshan, Guangdong. He has lived in Hong Kong for many years, but he still cares about the world on the north bank of Luohu Bridge. At the beginning of 1978, he heard that the mainland was engaged in reform and opening up, so he called a few brothers to find some old machines and walked across the Luohu Bridge from Hong Kong to Shenzhen to open a handbag factory. After coming to Shenzhen, Zheng quickly signed contracts with the local village and town governments. According to the contract, Zheng paid for the land and people in the village to build the factory and provide the machinery; the raw materials were transported by Zheng from Hong Kong, and after processing, the products were still sold by Zheng to Hong Kong. This is the so-called original model of "three to one supplement".
After Zheng Keming came to Shenzhen to set up a factory, many of Zheng's fellow residents in Hong Kong also followed suit. After that, groups of Hong Kong people came from Luo Wu Bridge carrying machines and built simple factories in Shenzhen to produce handbags and leather goods; fabrics and clothing; hardware, bicycles, etc. This processing trade model, known as "three come and one supplement", was quickly copied.
According to local people’s recollections, a large area of ??small houses spread out from Luohu Port. Walking in the middle of the factory area, one could not tell the difference between south, east and north, even though there were already many handbag and luggage factories at that time. However, there is still an endless stream of Hong Kong businessmen passing through Luo Wu Bridge carrying machines and large sacks of raw materials.
Since then, various towns in Shenzhen have welcomed Hong Kong businessmen to do business. In 1979, more than 100 processing trade companies were stationed in Shiyan Village in Baoan alone.
Under the influence of the "three come and one supplement" effect, in 1979, Shenzhen City formally proposed an export-oriented economic development strategy for the special zone to focus on the development of "foreign-funded" enterprises. In 1979, Thai overseas Chinese Xie Guoguo first came to Shenzhen, obtained the Shenzhen City "001" Sino-foreign joint venture business license, and established CP Group Shekou Company. After that, Xie established a joint venture with CP Group, a continental grain company in the United States, to form CP Group. LAND LIMITED.
By the end of 1979, Shenzhen had introduced more than 200 "three come and one supplement" enterprises and "foreign-funded" enterprises. By the end of 1981, the number of foreign-funded enterprises in Shenzhen had reached more than 1,800. By the end of 1985, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone had signed 4,696 agreements with foreign businessmen, with an agreed investment of US$3.35 billion, accounting for one-sixth of the country's direct foreign investment at that time. At this point, Shenzhen’s export-oriented economic pattern has begun to take shape.
2. Let go of the development of the private economy
Before Shenzhen established a special zone, that is, before 1980, there were only 6 individual industrial and commercial households with an annual turnover of less than 30,000 yuan. In the 1980s, when the development of the private economy in many places was still in the debate and wait-and-see stage, Shenzhen City clearly proposed that while focusing on the development of "foreign-funded" enterprises, it should also focus on cultivating the development of the local private economy. , and formulated important policies and regulations such as the "Registration Methods for Private Technology Enterprises in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone" and "Several Views on the Development of Private Enterprises in the Special Economic Zone". After 1980, Shenzhen followed the idea of ??"prosperity first, rules first, activity first, orderliness". While allowing and supporting local residents to develop their individual economy, Shenzhen boldly implemented the policy of "opening the city gates and actively introducing", allowing neighboring counties to , self-employed individuals from other provinces enter the special zone to operate.
By the end of 1985, the number of self-employed households in the city had grown to 2,118. Some of them had actually broken through the boundaries of the individual economy and begun to transform into private enterprises, both in terms of business scale and number of employees.
In 1987, the State Council promulgated the "Temporary Conditions for the Management of Urban Individual Industrial and Commercial Households", and in 1988, the State Council promulgated the "Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Private Enterprises". During this period, Shenzhen City successively issued a series of policies and regulations to support and encourage the private economy in accordance with relevant national policies and regulations and combined with local realities, such as the "Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Private Technology Enterprise Management Regulations", "Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Private Enterprises Interim Provisions" and so on, provide more favorable conditions than those in the mainland, attracting a large number of government officials and scientific and technological personnel from all over the country to come to the Special Administrative Region to establish private enterprises, especially technological private enterprises. Individual industrial and commercial households that had accumulated considerable funds in the previous stage were also officially registered as private enterprises, and the private economy entered a stage of steady development. By the end of 1991, the number of private enterprises nationwide had grown to 1,024, with a total registered capital of 150 million yuan.
After Deng Xiaoping’s southern tour in 1992, the Communist Party of China held its 14th National Congress and established the general direction of economic reform of the socialist market economic system. In accordance with the country's overall reform goals, Shenzhen took the lead in promulgating the "Regulations on Limited Liability Companies", "Regulations on Joint Stock Companies", and "Regulations on Partnerships" in 1992 before the country promulgated the "Company Law". These are very forward-looking Sexual policies and regulations have once again sparked an upsurge in private entrepreneurship. According to reports from the industrial and commercial departments, the number of private enterprise registrations increased rapidly. At the peak, there were hundreds of new private enterprises every day. Most of the famous private enterprises that will become industry leaders in the future were prepared or extended during this period. For example, Huawei and Center in the communications field, Tencent in the network field, Kingdee and Jinzheng in the software field, Neptune and Hepalink in the bioengineering field; BYD, Changyuan, CICC High Energy, etc. in the new materials field.
Since Shenzhen has initially established the basic framework of a market economic system and has independent legislative power, some of the regulations that restricted the development of private enterprises formulated during the planned economy period have been basically abolished. In Shenzhen, private enterprises can enter any behavior that is not prohibited by laws and regulations. Shenzhen private enterprises are involved in traditional industries such as commercial trade, catering services, transportation, construction, and processing and manufacturing, as well as high-tech industries such as electronics, communications, bioengineering, software, and lasers, as well as finance, logistics, cultural creativity, etc. The modern service industry, and even some monopoly industries, have opened their doors to private enterprises. It is precisely because of this open and fair competitive environment that a number of private companies that play a decisive role in the world, such as Huawei, China Central, Ping An, BYD, and Vanke, have been created.
Strongly supporting private enterprises in implementing technological innovation is also an important measure for Shenzhen to develop its private economy. By the end of 2001, there were 1,130 private technology companies officially recognized by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Bureau, including 60 high-tech companies. The total income from technology, industry and trade of private science and technology enterprises was 28.2 billion yuan, and the total industrial output value was 27 billion yuan. There are 14 municipal technology development centers in the city, 4 of which are located in private enterprises. More than 40 R&D personnel in the city are concentrated in private enterprises. Among private enterprises in Shenzhen, those with independent intellectual property rights account for 64% of the total, and the output value created by independent intellectual property rights accounts for 88% of the total output value of Shenzhen private technology enterprises.
3. Take the lead in establishing a new market economy system
As the "test field" of my country's reform and opening up, Shenzhen follows the central government's policy of "blazing a trail" and "jumping out of the existing system." In the spirit of instructions, since the establishment of the special zone, we have boldly tried and boldly ventured, taking the lead in establishing the basic framework of the socialist market economic system in China and creating many firsts in the country.
First, actively explore the reform of the government administrative system with the main content of streamlining agencies and transforming functions.
In 1986, Shenzhen took the lead in abolishing most of the administrative bureaus and implemented a departmental system, taking the first step in separating government and enterprises. In 1987, Shenzhen took the lead in establishing a civil service system within state agencies, transforming state agency staff into As a civil servant; around 1992, he started to reform the administrative approval system, abolished the old rules and regulations during the planned economy period, canceled most administrative approval projects, and relaxed the market access system.
The second is to actively promote the reform of state-owned enterprises. In 1986, Shenzhen took the lead in piloting the joint-stock reform of state-owned enterprises and established the Shenzhen Investment Management Company, the country's first institution specializing in state-owned asset management. The administrative levels of enterprises were abolished, and six state-owned enterprises implemented joint-stock restructuring. . We took the lead in recruiting management talents nationwide and implemented the factory director (manager) responsibility system. From 2001 to 2003, Shenzhen took the lead in the country in promoting the overall reform of disadvantaged state-owned enterprises in competitive fields, conducted international bidding and recruitment for five large state-owned enterprises, and implemented authorized operations for several large state-owned enterprise groups.
The third is to actively promote the reform of the price system. In 1987, Shenzhen started with the reform of non-staple food prices, which was of greatest concern to the people, and gradually expanded to the reform of industrial product prices. It canceled all types of tickets, decentralized pricing authority, implemented floating prices, and changed the allocation price of materials to negotiation. price. By the early 1990s, the idea of ????price reform was further adjusted, from "focusing on adjustment" to "focusing on release". At this point, 97% of Shenzhen's commodity prices are regulated by the market.
The fourth is to actively promote the reform of labor, personnel and distribution systems. As early as 1981, Shenzhen Shekou Industrial Zone took the lead in recruiting cadres and employees nationwide, and announced the abolition of tenure for cadres in the industrial zone. In 1986, Shenzhen took the lead in implementing the labor contract system within state-owned enterprises, breaking the "iron rice bowl" and taking the lead in implementing the structural wage system and position wage system. Shenzhen is also piloting employee stock ownership and stock option systems in joint-stock enterprises, and stipulates that intellectual property and intangible assets such as technological inventions, brands, trademarks, and patents can be priced into shares. These reforms have greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of enterprise employees for production and stimulated the innovative activities of scientific and technological personnel and entrepreneurs.
5. Actively explore the reform of the financial system
At the beginning of the reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping once said to the responsible comrades in Shenzhen: The central government has no money, you can find it yourself and fight your way out. . In accordance with Comrade Xiaoping's instructions, Shenzhen has actively explored many fields such as banking, securities, and insurance, creating many "firsts" in the financial history of New China.
In 1982, Nanyang Commercial Bank Shenzhen Branch opened, becoming the first foreign-funded bank introduced in mainland China.
In 1985, Shenzhen established the country’s first foreign exchange swap center, which provided useful exploration for the establishment of standardized foreign exchange markets in various places.
In November 1986, with the approval of the People's Bank of China, Shenzhen China Merchants Group invested RMB 100 million to establish China Merchants Bank, the first joint-stock commercial bank in mainland China.
On December 28, 1987, Shenzhen Development Bank was established, becoming the first commercial banking industry to publicly offer stocks to the public since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
On December 1, 1990, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange was officially opened for business.
On May 27, 2004, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange officially launched the small and medium-sized enterprise sector. On June 25 of the same year, the first batch of eight new stocks on the small and medium-sized board were listed for trading on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
In September 2009, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange officially launched the GEM. On October 30 of the same year, the first batch of 28 GEM companies were officially listed for trading on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. So far, the Shenzhen capital market has formed a trapezoidal multi-level capital market structure consisting of the main board, the small and medium-sized board, and the GEM.
Sixth, make full use of legislative power, promote economic system reform, and consolidate the results of economic system reform. In July 1992, Shenzhen City obtained the legislative power granted by the National People's Congress. Shenzhen City makes full use of this advantage to provide legal guarantee for taking the lead in building the basic framework of the socialist market economic system.
After possessing legislative power, Shenzhen City has formulated a series of laws and regulations in market planning, market order, social security and other aspects. As of 2000, Shenzhen had enacted 951 laws and regulations, of which legislation directly involving economic reform accounted for 73% of the total. At present, Shenzhen has initially formed a legal framework that meets the needs of the special zone's market economy and is consistent with international practices. The formulation and implementation of these laws and regulations not only effectively promoted Shenzhen's reform and development, but also provided fresh experience for national legislation.
4. Transform the growth model and implement industrial transformation and upgrading
After more than 30 years of reform and development, Shenzhen’s industrial structure has been continuously optimized, gradually forming distinctive high-tech industries and market There are four pillar industries: the financial industry with a relatively sound and complete system, China Unicom International's logistics industry radiating into the mainland, and the cultural industry closely integrated with technology and finance (the latter three can be called modern service industries).
The adjustment and optimization process of Shenzhen's industrial structure has not been smooth sailing. It has experienced the hardships of exploration and the pain of transformation. Generally speaking, Shenzhen’s industrial structure has undergone three major transformations and upgrades.
(1) The first industrial transformation: from trade to industry
Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was established on the basis of the original Baoan County. Baoan County is an agricultural county with neither It has relatively complete infrastructure and no industrial base, leaving the special zone with only "poverty and poverty". If there are any advantages that Shenzhen has at the beginning of the establishment of the special zone, it is nothing more than the following two: First, the state has given some preferential policies, such as tax reduction, tax exemption, and export tax rebate policies to attract foreign investment. State-owned enterprises enjoy import and export autonomy. The second is that it is geographically adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and is only separated from Hong Kong by a river. Therefore, Shenzhen’s initial development path had no choice but to follow the development path of trade or processing trade to gradually complete the primitive accumulation of industrialization. This is also in line with the fact that the transition from an agricultural society to an industrial society generally requires the development of trade, industry, and technology. General path through different stages.
There are three channels or three major sources for Shenzhen to complete the primitive accumulation of capital through trade and processing trade.
First, re-export trade. In the early 1980s, China's reform and opening up had just begun, and people had not yet bid farewell to the era of shortages. High-quality and low-priced light industrial products from Hong Kong, Macao and abroad became the objects of pursuit. At that time, the whole of China set off a trend of doing business for all. Shenzhen was not only located in the coastal zone, but also the largest special economic zone in China. It enjoyed a series of preferential policies. Among them, at the beginning of the construction of the special zone, in order to meet the supply of materials during its construction , the central government has given Shenzhen some special policies on the import of materials and the use of foreign exchange. As a result, Shenzhen quickly became an emerging trade center in the country. Not only are a large number of individual industrial and commercial households from the Mainland or those who have just left the system to do business overseas, they have come to Shenzhen to prospect for gold and have established relationships with relevant institutions in Shenzhen through various channels. Moreover, other provinces and even central ministries and commissions have set up trading companies in Shenzhen to explore. This policy loophole allows the imported materials originally used in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone to be resold to the mainland and make huge profits from this trade.
The second is smuggling. At the beginning of reform and opening up, China's coastal areas, such as Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong, saw a wave of smuggling and smuggling. Many people completed the primitive accumulation of capital through this gray-black trading method. Shenzhen is no exception. Shenzhen could be said to be the largest smuggling distribution center for electronic product parts at that time. It was on this basis that the nationally famous SEG Electronics Market was established.
The third is processing trade in the main form of "three to one supplement"
As mentioned above, due to the labor shortage in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, Intensive industries are unsustainable due to rising labor and land costs, and are seeking new development space. Shenzhen has many advantages in terms of natural conditions, favorable location, and people, making it the first choice to undertake such industrial transfers. Therefore, processing trade is the main source of capital accumulation in Shenzhen.
In the early days of industrialization, there was nothing wrong with relying on trade to lay the foundation. However, as time went by, the shortcomings of establishing a market through trade gradually became apparent. The first two types of trade were inherently unacceptable, and the latter Many problems have also emerged in the form of processing trade.
The first person to criticize this was Dr. Chen Wenhong of the Asia Research Center of the University of Hong Kong who had just returned from abroad. He published an article titled "Where is Shenzhen Special" in the "Wide Angle Lens" magazine published in Hong Kong (May 1985 issue)? "The article criticized that in the five years since the establishment of the special zone, Shenzhen has prospered on the surface, but its foundation is unstable. It mainly takes advantage of the country's preferential policies and makes money from mainlanders through trade, mainly through entrepot trade with other parts of the country. This should not be It is the direction of Shenzhen’s development. Chen's article sparked China's first major debate about the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. In this great debate, most critics believe that the proportion of Shenzhen's industry is too low, and point out that Shenzhen must learn to make money from foreigners in the international market instead of money from mainlanders.
At this stage, not only the theoretical circles criticized Shenzhen’s development path, but the central government also made fine-tuning of Shenzhen’s policies. In 1985, the central government decided to remove the needles used in blood transfusions in Shenzhen and strengthen control over Shenzhen’s import and export commodities. In the blink of an eye, thousands of companies closed down and Shenzhen's economy fell into a trough. In November of the same year, the State Council held a symposium in Shenzhen on the development of export-oriented industries in special economic zones. The central government’s Seventh Five-Year Plan clearly required that “the special economic zones should actively introduce technology while gradually focusing on production for export. Strive to generate more foreign exchange for the country.”
Shenzhen also formulated the city’s development plan based on the national “Seventh Five-Year Plan” goal, proposing to utilize US$1.5 billion in foreign investment during the “Seventh Five-Year Plan” period. With an investment of 6 billion yuan, 500 new factories were built. By 1990, the total industrial output value reached 9 billion yuan. In three years, an export-oriented industrial structure was basically formed.
At this point, Shenzhen’s industrial structure has entered the first transition period, that is, from trade to industry. Labor-intensive "three-come-one-supply" enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises continue to develop outside the customs. The areas outside the special zone along National Highway 107 and the Shenzhen-Huizhou Highway are full of such enterprises. The special zone has formed Shangbu and Baaling Industrial Zones focusing on electronics and light industry, Meilin Industrial Zone focusing on mechanical processing, Liantang Industrial Zone focusing on light textiles, and Longjing Industrial Zone focusing on building materials. After several years of adjustment and development, Shenzhen has rapidly grown into an important domestic industrial base and economic center. By 1994, Shenzhen's GDP had surpassed many traditional industrial bases and ranked sixth in the country.
(2) The second industrial transformation: from general industry to high-tech industry
In the early days of Shenzhen’s industrialization, there was a problem in the industrial layout of Shenzhen, especially the “three to one supplement” The problems caused are more prominent. The main manifestations are: first, the entire economic structure is relatively extensive, the added value of products is low, and the technical content is not high, which is not commensurate with the positioning and long-term development goals of the entire city; second, a large number of enterprises are mainly in the form of "three to one supplement" Processing trade enterprises have squeezed Shenzhen’s development space; third, the products of some enterprises have low technical content, high resource consumption, and serious environmental pollution, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of Shenzhen; fourth, Shenzhen’s rural economy relies too much on “three to make up”. The opportunity to establish a self-owned, autonomous and self-operated economic system has been lost. The development of the private economy lags behind not only Wenzhou but also other regions in the Pearl River Delta; fifth, the autonomy and initiative of the "three come and one supplement" enterprises For foreign businessmen, it is difficult to guard against risks in the international market.
The above-mentioned issues have attracted great attention from the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee and the government. In particular, Mayor Li Youwei, who has just taken office, has advocated industrial transformation and upgrading and restricted the development of "three to one supplement". At the end of 1993, Shenzhen issued a document on adjusting the industrial structure. The document stipulates that the registration of new "three come and one supplement" enterprises will be suspended. The "three come and one supplement" processing industry already established in the special zone must be resolutely moved if it pollutes the environment. In addition, 90 square kilometers of land were allocated outside the special zone to build a large industrial zone (now Pingshan New District). As soon as the policy came out, Hong Kong-funded enterprises were in an uproar, and a large number of "three come and one supplement" enterprises and "foreign-funded enterprises" moved to other places. This process continued until the beginning of this century. According to statistics, as of 2008, Shenzhen had relocated 599 industrial enterprises above designated size, involving 10 industrial industries, and a total industrial output value of 10.8 billion yuan.
It is generally believed that Shenzhen truly implemented the second industrial transformation and upgrading and proposed the development of high-tech industries in a high-profile manner around 1995. This transformation was partly due to the dilemma of economic development and partly due to doubts from the outside world. In 1995, the second major debate about the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone broke out in China. One side of the debate was Li Liyouwei, then secretary of the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee, and the other side of the debate was Dr. Hu Angang, known as the "national conditions scholar." The cause originated from an article published by Hu Angang on "Should the Special Economic Zone Continue to Be Special?" The central argument of the article is that the special economic zones are not due to the country’s special preferential policies and the special support of the people across the country, but to the special zones’ own innovation. It is impossible to make an accurate judgment on who is right and who is wrong, but one thing is certain. This kind of questioning about the special zone is a wake-up call to the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, which is conducive to adjusting development strategies and work ideas.
It is against this background that the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee and Government put forward the slogan of Shenzhen’s second entrepreneurship. In 1995, Shenzhen City promulgated the Decision on Promoting Scientific and Technological Progress. In 1997, Shenzhen City issued the Outline Development Plan for High-tech Industrial Parks in Shenzhen. In 1998, Shenzhen City formulated the Decision on Further Supporting High-tech Industries. "Several Provisions on Development" (referred to as Article 22). At this point, Shenzhen has initially completed its policy layout for industrial transformation and upgrading.
After several years of hard work and hard work, Shenzhen’s second industrial transformation has begun to bear fruit.
First, the transformation and upgrading of processing trade. Processing trade has initially realized the transformation from a labor-intensive industry to a capital- and technology-intensive industry. The proportion of high-tech products, mainly electronic information products, has reached 57.7. The proportion of labor-intensive products has dropped to less than 12; second, a large number of high-energy-consuming, high-pollution, and low-value-added enterprises have been eliminated. Some of the printing and dyeing factories and textile factories originally located in Nantou, Shekou and the eastern coast of Shenzhen have been shut down, some have been relocated, and some have been converted. Third, a large number of high-tech industries have emerged, such as optomechanical and electronic integration, electronic information, and bioengineering. , medicine, and new materials industries are spread inside and outside the customs, becoming Shenzhen's first pillar industry; fourth, the logistics industry has rapidly developed into the only city in the country with sea, land, and air ports for external ports, and the port container throughput has jumped in the national rankings year after year. Until 2005, it ranked fourth in the world as a container port.
(3) The third industrial transformation: high-tech industries and modern service industries simultaneously
The motivation for Shenzhen’s tertiary industry transformation comes from two aspects: on the one hand, the government takes the initiative; Through adjustments, we strive to change the first engine of economic growth from industry to modern service industries on the basis of further developing high-tech industries, and strive to promote the development of high-end service industries such as finance, exhibitions, creativity, and culture. To this end, Shenzhen has introduced a series of policies and regulations. In 2005, Shenzhen issued the "Implementation Plan for Industrial Structural Adjustment", which raised the environmental protection threshold for enterprises to enter. In the same year, Shenzhen also issued the "Shenzhen Cultural Industry Development Plan 2005-2010", which for the first time clearly proposed the cultural industry as the fourth pillar industry. In January 2007, Shenzhen issued "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of the City's High-End Service Industry". This document was also considered a mobilization order for Shenzhen to march into the modern service industry.
On the other hand, a large number of "three come and one supplement" enterprises and "foreign-funded enterprises" took the initiative to relocate due to the deterioration of their living environment, forming another wave of relocation after 1993. And will continue to affect Shenzhen's economic aggregate. The main reasons for the relocation of foreign-funded enterprises are as follows: First, there is a serious shortage of land, which affects the expansion of enterprises; second, the policy advantages are weakened. The country has adjusted its processing trade policy, reduced the export tax rebate rate, and canceled some high-energy-consuming, high-tech industries. Tax rebates for pollution- and resource-based products have been introduced, and credit has been reduced. Third, profit margins have shrunk, labor wages and land costs have increased, raw material prices have increased, industrial water and electricity prices have increased, and so on. Looking at the relocation route, some companies have moved to Dongguan, Huizhou, and Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and other places outside the province; some companies have also moved to Vietnam, Bangladesh, India and other countries with lower production costs and looser access systems. and regional transfers.
It is the above two factors that have contributed to Shenzhen’s third industrial transformation. According to Shenzhen, the third industrial transformation is to achieve five major changes: first, the core elements of industrial development are transformed from material resources to soft resources; second, the secondary industry is transformed from labor-intensive to advanced manufacturing; The third is the transformation of the industrial structure from industry-led to the service-led industry; the fourth is the transformation of the tertiary industry from the traditional service industry to the high-end service industry; the fifth is the transformation of the economic growth driver from traditional industries to high-end industries.
This transformation is still ongoing, but it is beginning to take shape. Taking Futian District as an example, Futian District has explored three models in its transformation in recent years: namely: "industrial to commercial model", "industrial to industrial model", and "industrial to cultural model". The first is the "industrial to commercial" model represented by Huaqiang North Commercial Street, which has developed Huaqiang North from an industrial and commercial mixed zone mainly focused on the production and sales of electronic products to China's first electronic street; the second is the Shangsha Innovation Technology Park. Representing the "industrial-to-industry" model, the 16 "three-to-one" factory buildings have been transformed as a whole, and the original low-end processing and manufacturing park has been transformed into a science and technology innovation park. Now there are dozens of communications, network and other high-tech companies here. R&D enterprises, the annual output value has increased by 17.25 times compared with before the transformation; the third is the "industrial reform" model represented by Tianmian Creative Industrial Park, which transforms the original automobile repair and service production industrial zone into a collection of industrial design, graphic design, A cultural and creative industrial park integrating space design, today, in the Futian Central Business District of only 4.3 square kilometers, there are 124 R&D centers, procurement centers or branches of 75 Fortune 500 companies, accounting for 80% of Shenzhen’s venture capital investment Institutions, 65% of securities business departments, 94% of fund companies, 84% of insurance institutions, in addition, there are also business headquarters and regional headquarters of more than 100 various financial institutions.