In the third year of King Zhuang Xiang (247 BC), King Zhuang Xiang died, and he acceded to the throne as King Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guan Zhong.
Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that the king of Qin was old, he dedicated false eunuch Laoyi to the Queen Mother. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, and false eunuch Laoyi also claimed to be Wang Fu, so he sealed a long letter and collected his henchmen.
In 238 BC, Lao Ai attempted to launch a coup and usurp the State of Qin. However, Lao Ai's rebellion was put down by Qin, and then he was dismissed from his post.
Although he listened to the noble of Qin and sent all the diners from the six countries, he was dissuaded by Li Si's exhortation to expel the guests and appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others.
From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, they adopted the strategy of crossing far away and attacking near, and separated from each other.
Destroy Korea in 17 years, Zhao in 18 years, Wei in 22 years, Chu in 23 years, Yan in 25 years and Qi in 26 years. Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established.
Claiming that "Huang San made outstanding contributions and was highly praised by the five emperors", he created the title of "Emperor" and claimed to be the first emperor, and announced that future generations would be called II and III, and even passed down from generation to generation. In addition, Ying Zheng thought that the honorific title was "the son talks about the father, and the minister talks about the gentleman", which was greatly inappropriate and was abolished, and was honored for generations.
After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he took a series of important measures to strengthen his rule over the empire:
Unified measurement based on the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang;
Based on the common characters of Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to simplify, formulate characters, promulgate and unify them nationwide.
Abolish the common currency of the six countries, unify the currency used, and use Qin "half Liang" money as the circulation currency;
On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws.
He abolished the enfeoffment system since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, implemented the county system and established a whole set of bureaucracy from the central government to the counties.
Meng Tian was sent to attack the Huns and connected with the Great Wall built by other countries during the Warring States Period to form the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.
The development of South Vietnam made the territory of China include Guangdong and Guangxi today, and even extended to northern Vietnam today. Making China the largest empire in the world at that time.
In order to control the people and strengthen autocratic rule, Qin Shihuang adopted Reese's suggestion and took the following measures:
Transfer to the rich. Ordered rich people from all over the country to move to Xianyang to facilitate surveillance.
Drop your weapon. In order to prevent the people from rebelling, they ordered the confiscation of folk weapons and transported them to Xianyang. Together with Jiuding, twelve bronze men and many big clocks were cast.
Burn books and bury Confucianism. In order to curb people's thoughts and accept Li Si's suggestion, all historical books, agricultural books, divination books and medical books except Qin Shi were ordered to be burned, and all the classics and hundreds of classics collected by the people and scholars in the country were also burned by the government, which is called "burning books". Because the people and scholars are dissatisfied, the speech is flying all over the sky. There are two alchemists (people who seek immortality and refine the elixir) named Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng, who speak ill of Qin Shihuang behind his back. When Qin Shihuang learned about it, he sent someone to catch them. They had already escaped. Qin Shihuang was greatly annoyed and found that some Confucian scholars in Xianyang also talked about him together. Qin Shihuang arrested those Confucian scholars for interrogation. Confucian scholars can't stand the torture and give up many people casually. Qin Shihuang ordered more than 460 people to be arrested, taken to Lishan Valley and killed, that is, buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called "cheating Confucianism" by later generations. The rest of the banned Confucian scholars were exiled to the border.
After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang immediately built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li, and made five large-scale cruises, carving stones everywhere to show off his prestige. In order to seek the medicine of immortality, it is expensive to send the government to lead thousands of boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortality. ("Chu Tie" means that Xu Fu and boys and girls will never return after they reach their destination (that is, today's book), and Japanese minister Qin Shi is their descendant. However, we can see from the Historical Records and the History of the Three Kingdoms that this statement did not appear before the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for Xu Fu's Emperor Jimmu Theory, there is no literature to test except the age difference. Later generations thought that Qin Shihuang was overjoyed and tyrannical, and the people were miserable under his rule.
In the process of Qin Shihuang's unification of the six countries, Jing Ke, an assassin sent by Yan State, assassinated Qin Shihuang, but he failed and was executed instead. After the establishment of the Qin Empire, Sean, a famous Korean family, assassinated Qin Shihuang in Bolangsha, but failed.
In the thirty-seventh year (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and fell ill. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Qin Shihuang's youngest sons, Hu Hai and Reese, forged testamentary edict and made Hu Hai Prince of Qin Ershi. And gave the prince the death penalty.
Since ancient times, the evaluation of Qin Shihuang has been mixed. He was the first emperor in China, the founder of the emperor's honorific title and the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of centralized monarchy.
Qin Shi Huang
Name: Ying Zheng.
No.: None [1]
Mausoleum: Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang
Regime: Qin Dynasty
Life: 259 years ago -2 10 years ago.
In office: 247 years ago -2 10 years ago.
Qin Shihuang (259-22 BC1), the son of Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang, was a very talented person in the history of China. In 246 BC, Ying Zheng, who was only 13 years old, was declared King of Qin. Eight years later (238 BC), Ying Zheng, king of Qin, held a coronation ceremony in the Palace of Prayer for the Year and took charge of the state affairs. Since then, Ying Zheng has inherited a series of policies since Qin Xiaogong, such as reform and innovation, rewarding farming, selecting talents and appointing talents, and preparing the army to enrich Qiang Bing, which conforms to the trend of historical development. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, after the unified war of1year, the vassal states of Korea, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi were eliminated successively, ending the separatist regime and melee that lasted for hundreds of years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and establishing the first multi-ethnic centralized empire in China history. In order to consolidate the new regime, Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system since Shang and Zhou Dynasties and implemented the county system. Important officials of the central and local governments are appointed and removed by the emperor, and the military and political powers are integrated. He also ordered the unification of national weights and measures, cars and tracks, with Qin Xiaozhuan as the national common language and Qin "half Liang" money as the currency, and unified national laws and regulations and criminal law. During the Warring States period, he demolished the Yugoslav capital fortifications in the neighboring areas of various countries, built the equator, and connected the Great Walls built by various countries during the Warring States period, thus forming the world-famous "Great Wall of Wan Li". This series of bold and unprecedented reform measures and iron fist actions have played an important role in consolidating national unity and promoting economic and cultural development, and have a far-reaching impact on future generations.
When Ying Zheng was in power, in order to strengthen the autocratic rule, he imposed severe punishments and laws, imposed exorbitant taxes and levies, and built large-scale buildings, which brought great disasters to the people. In addition, he also made five long-distance hikes, carved stones on each mountain to show his immortal achievements, and ordered the burning of books to bury Confucianism. These behaviors have greatly damaged and destroyed the development of productive forces, resulting in a serious social crisis of "blocking the road and building a city successfully". Only 1 year after the death of Qin Shihuang, Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up in osawa Township. The Qin Dynasty only existed for 15 spring and autumn periods, and then it collapsed.
Since ancient times, the evaluation of Qin Shihuang has been mixed. However, throughout Qin Shihuang's life, he has played a great role in promoting the development of China's history, and he is indeed an accomplished emperor in the history of China, and his achievements cannot be lost.
Qin banliang
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Did Qin Shihuang really unify the weights and measures?
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Author: Du Ren published on June, 2006/KLOC-Thursday, 0/5 12: 39 am Theme: Is Qin Shihuang really unified measurement?
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Did Qin Shihuang really unify the weights and measures?
Duren
First of all, the problem
Sima Qian in Historical Records? The biography of Qin Shihuang wrote: Qin Shihuang "measured a stone." Cars are on the same track, and so are books. "Unified measurement, as one of the achievements of Qin Shihuang, has been finalized since Sima Qian. But the author has some doubts about this.
First of all, is time allowed? The Qin dynasty was only fifteen years from its establishment to its demise. Weights and measures is not a big deal, but it is a complicated matter. The three calculation criteria of degree, quantity and balance cover a wide range. Each standard is divided into different grades. It is not possible to calculate and calibrate the standards one by one and then promulgate and implement them in a short time. Look at several examples of unified measurement in today's society:
In the 1920s, the National Government promulgated the Weights and Measures Law. Due to the limited financial and material resources of the country in the turbulent years at that time, the implementation of this law was hard to become a dead letter. The government had to re-publish the Weights and Measures Law and the Trial Rules for Amending the Weights and Measures Law during the period of 1928- 1. But it is still difficult to implement.
1977 in may, the State Council promulgated the "regulations on measurement management in People's Republic of China (PRC)" and began to implement the metric system. But the urban system still exists, especially in the vast rural areas.
The metric system originated in France. It was first produced in 1799, and it has been more than 200 years. But in the most developed countries, the metric system has not been fully popularized. Mileage is measured in miles and weight in pounds.
1976, Hong Kong promulgated the Metrization Ordinance and established the Metrization Committee to promote the implementation of metrication. The whole work was finally completed in 1998+0.
Nowadays, the infrastructure such as social transportation and communication is many times better than that of the Qin Dynasty, and unified measurement has been so difficult and time-consuming for decades or even hundreds of years. More than two thousand years ago, under such basic social conditions, could these complex weights and measures be unified in just ten years?
Moreover, the Qin dynasty has just been established, and before Qin Shihuang was an unprecedented unified country. All kinds of problems are piling up. A series of important events, such as consolidating political power, building the Great Wall, fighting against Xiongnu, traveling around the world and preventing rebellion in six countries, all need Qin Shihuang to do. Why did Qin Shihuang care about such a small matter as weights and measures? Even if there are specific officials in charge, a country's affairs have priorities, and nothing needs human, financial and material resources to do. After a hundred years of war, Qin has exhausted its financial and material resources. Of course, the remaining national strength should be used in the most important affairs first.
To say the least, we use both financial and material resources, so we still use a customary question. Can the old system that has been used for hundreds of years be changed in ten years? Besides, Qin's destruction of six countries is unpopular. Qin Shihuang's high-handed tyranny, strict laws and heavy taxes made the people complain. With traditional habits and resentment, can the imperial edict of Qin be carried out smoothly?
Second, analysis
With these problems, the author first makes a comprehensive analysis and conversion of weights and measures in the pre-Qin period. The analysis is based on the evolution table of China's historical weights and measures system, related ancient books and unearthed cultural relics. Know a little about weights and measures before analyzing. Metrology refers to the three standard systems of length, weight and weighing. The three basic parts of weights and measures are standard, carry system and grade. Take 1 foot = 10 inch =33 cm as an example. 1 ft = 10 inch means decimal. 1 ft = 33cm refers to the standard. Inches, feet and feet are grades. If you change the weights and measures, it is mainly to change the standard or carry system. As for the level, there are more or less according to the needs, and they are different according to the needs. For example, the current weighing can reach more than tonnage, which can be called microgram. This ranking is made entirely according to the needs, and does not affect the basic standards and the carry system. The most important thing of "unified measurement" is to unify the standard and carry system and determine the basic level. This has two meanings: the first meaning is that before this, the weights and measures were in a state of chaos, whether in terms of standards, carry system, or both, and needed to be unified. If it is not the first case, it belongs to the second meaning, that is, no matter what the previous weights and measures are, they are re-customized and uniformly drawn according to the new standard.
According to these, let's take a look at what weights and measures were like in the pre-Qin period. It is found that in the evolution table of the whole pre-Qin measurement system, the measurement system seems to be the most chaotic. Let's talk about the measurement system first.
1, quantitative analysis
The following is the evolution table of China's measurement system in past dynasties downloaded from the website of Sinology. Only the pre-Qin part is intercepted.
At first glance, it is particularly chaotic. But a closer look reveals that: 1 hoop = 10 barrel, 1 barrel = 10 liter. These two quantities are the same whether it is the Qin Dynasty or the Qin Sanjin in the Warring States Period. This shows that all countries in the Warring States and Qin Dynasties had three basic scalars: meeting, fighting and rising, all of which were decimal. All countries are consistent in these three basic levels and there is no confusion. Just because a country is not listed in the table does not mean that it has no basic level of weights and measures. )
Only the rank scalar of Qi is different from other countries in the table. There are three levels above the liter: beans, areas and kettles, all in quaternary, and kettle to clock becomes decimal. This measurement classification is to facilitate domestic revenue and expenditure. At that time, in order to facilitate their own income and expenditure, countries may measure the level according to their own situation. According to the twenty-ninth year of Zuo Zhuan, "So Zheng Hungry, Zi Pi gave a bell as a gift to China people." Therefore, Zheng also has a unit of measurement "medium". According to "The Analects of Confucius Yongye", "Li, Ran Zi invited Su as his mother. Confucius said,' Go with the flow.' Please benefit. Say,' Let it go with you.' Ranzi was taken away by it five times. "Visible to the measurement of" kettle ". According to this paragraph, the kettle is 6 buckets and 4 liters, which is exactly equal to the kettle of Qi State. The "kettle" in both countries is 64 liters. Zheng Guo's "Bell" and Qi's "Bell" are the same, both 640 liters. That is to say, although countries have different measurement levels according to their needs, their quantitative standards are the same, and they all take "liter" as the minimum measurement standard, so as to increase the quantity and upgrade the level. Even the scalar set by Chu, who is not in charge of China, takes Sheng as the basic scalar.
From the above analysis, all countries have three units of measurement: liter, barrel and hoop. For convenience, on the basis of the basic quantity, countries have made other grades of measuring instruments different from these three basic measurements. In some countries, these other levels of measurement units are the same. Whether it is the same or not, the basic standards are the same. Unified measurement, Qin Shihuang abolished these other measurement units in the measurement system, and retained the basic measurement grades of Sheng, Dou and Hu. In other words, it just abolished the disorder in the level and kept the basics. The number of cultural relics unearthed in Qin Tao illustrates this point. (see the picture below)
The volume measured by this measuring tool is 2000 ml, which is in a barrel. Its outer wall has a 40-word imperial edict of unified measurement in the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang.
Fang Sheng (pictured above) was also the standard measuring tool of Qin Shihuang's unified measuring system. The measured value is 199 ml, which is only different from the standard value of 200 ml by 1 ml. This is an error caused by the production level or years of wear and tear, not intentional. 200ml is1l. These two standard measuring tools, 1 liter and 1 bucket, prove that Qin Shihuang's unified measuring system is based on the basic scalar of Zhou Dynasty, and no new standard has been customized.
2. System analysis
Let's look at the evolution table first.
As can be seen from the table, the lengths of the Warring States and the Qin Dynasty are 1 foot = 1 foot, 1 foot =1inch,10 minute, respectively. The standard is 1 =0.23 1 cm. The carry system and the standard are the same. It's just that the Qin Dynasty has an extra "citation".
Whether the length unit of "Yin" existed in the pre-Qin period is still inconclusive. Only in Zuo, I found a sentence: "lead him to conquer his territory." It means its boundary. The positive boundary must have a scale. Whether the "quotation" here is a noun is lack of examples. I'm just quoting here Even if the length unit "sound" was created by Qin, it only added a level to the original system and did not reorganize it.
Therefore, during the Warring States period, all countries adopted the weekly system without chaos. Qin kept the old system unchanged.
3, balance system analysis
Look at the list.
In the table, there is no difference in the balance system of Chu, Zhao, Qin and Qin in the Warring States. They are all 1 stone =4 Liang (120 Jin), 1 Liang =30 Jin, 1 Jin = 16 Liang,/kloc-. (Some national standards here are all listed, and some countries only list two, but it doesn't mean that the country doesn't have other standard weights). There is only the difference of "unified conversion". Chu and Zhao = 250g/kg, 1 2 = 1 5.6g ... Qin Jin = 253g,12 =15.8g. If there is any change in this respect, it is that Qin Shihuang changed the standard of weighing system. So how are these numbers converted?
After further searching, it is found that these figures are all converted from the unearthed measured weights (scales). The measured results may be quite different. Unearthed cultural relics will inevitably wear out when they are old, and backward manufacturing technology at that time will also cause deviations. Take Qin Shihuang's eight catties of copper rights as an example. (see the picture below)
Copper rights are weights. According to Qin Jin = 253g, eight catties should be 2024g. In fact, this weight is 2053.5g .. divided by 8, Qin 1 kg =256.69 g instead of 253 g.
From this point of view, there is bound to be an error in the conversion according to the actual measurement of cultural relics. It is hard to say whether it is accurate to compare the weight without weighing. The calculation of the same cultural relic sometimes has different results. It's hard to say which one will prevail. Qin 1 kg is 253g or 256g. I think it should be 250 grams. The change of gold position should be integer progressive. 3 or 6 grams more is meaningless. Qin Shihuang maintained the standards of the Zhou Dynasty in the most important system of weights and measures, and the balance system should not change. The change is entirely caused by error and conversion. According to the Libra and Ring unearthed in Zuojiagongshan, Hunan Province (see the picture below). 1 kg =250 g, 1 beam = 15.6 g should be the common standard in all countries.
The weights of nine rings * * * are 0.6g, 1.2g, 2. 1g, 4.6g, 8g, 15.6g, 3 1.3g, 6 1.8g,/kloc-0. At that time, the weights were 1 baht, 2 baht, 3 baht, 6 baht, 12 baht, 1 2, 2 liang, 4 liang and 8 liang respectively.
It can be seen that this scale is very standard. Is it true that Qin Shihuang only changed 3 grams and changed 0.2 Liang? I can't figure out what the point is. Besides, this is the result of conversion. If you only look at the "checks and balances" column, Qin has not made any changes.
From the above comprehensive analysis of weights and measures, we can see that the weights and measures of Qin Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty are consistent in basic standards and carry system. Qin Shihuang did not set new standards. It can be said that the Qin system is also the weekly system. So when Qin Shihuang was unified, how could it be the same as the weights and measures of the Zhou Dynasty? What's going on here? To find its historical basis.
Third, the historical basis.
One hundred and thirty years before Qin Shihuang unified China, a major change took place in the State of Qin, that is, Shang Yang's political reform. Shang Yang, a descendant of Wei, came to Qin for utilitarian purposes. It was the end of the Warring States period. Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin Dou stood together, and they all competed with each other. Qin is located in the west, and its geographical position makes it very inconvenient for him to advance into the Central Plains. Economically, Qin is not as rich as Qi, Zhao, Wei, Korea and other countries, and culturally, it also lags behind the Central Plains countries. Qin Xiaogong is eager to change the status quo, and Qiang Bing is a rich country. Shang Yang's thought of political reform is exactly what Qin Xiaogong hoped. So a vigorous political reform movement completely changed the status quo of Qin, making Qin the first of the seven heroes, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of the world.
There are many contents in Shang Yang's political reform, one of which is to unify the weights and measures of Qin State. At that time, the state of Qin lagged behind the countries in the Central Plains in economy, culture and living customs. "At the beginning of Qin Rongdi's teaching, there was no difference between father and son, and they lived in the same room." (Biography of Historical Records of Shang Jun) This means that before the Qin political reform, the living customs of the nomadic Rongdi people were still preserved. It is conceivable that the gap between Qin and Central Plains countries is still very large. Shang Yang's political reform first changed the backwardness with the advanced. Shang Yang said, "Now I control his religion more, and because it is difficult for him to leave his daughter, I built a big temple in Hebei, and the camp is like Lu Wei." Shang Yang transformed the State of Qin with the culture of the Central Plains, and even built city gates in imitation of Lu and Wei. Then we come to the conclusion that Shang Yang's weights and measures to the chaotic state of Qin must be unified by the common standards of all countries in the Central Plains. This is simple and convenient, and saves the trouble of re-formulating the standard. More importantly, keeping in line with the standards of other countries can avoid confusion in business communication. During the Warring States period, despite frequent wars between countries, commercial exchanges were much higher than before. According to the warring States policy? "Wei Ce" records that the two countries "* * * have their own endowments, which are enough to enrich the country." The unearthed Sacrifice to the King of Ewan shows the grand occasion of commercial activities at that time. Capgemini is a passport. At the opening ceremony, Chu Huaiwang stipulated the size of the Okun caravan: no more than 50 vehicles were transported by land and no more than 150 by water. In the frequent commercial activities of various countries, Qin also enjoys it. Lisi listed a series of things that were not produced in the Qin Dynasty, but were used in the Qin Dynasty: Suk Kim in the south of the Yangtze River, Danqing in the west of Sichuan, rhinoceros, A Yi's clothes, ornaments with splendid scenery and so on. It can be seen that countries were economically interdependent and needed each other at that time. Business activities are inseparable from weights and measures. In order to facilitate the commercial communication of Qin State, Shang Yang must unify the weights and measures of Qin State with the common standards of all countries, so that Qin State can first "connect" with the countries in the Central Plains economically.
As the representative of Central Plains culture, Shang Yang unified the weights and measures of Qin Dynasty with the Zhou Dynasty standard common to all countries in Central Plains. One hundred years later, Qin Shihuang once again used Shang Yang's standard for unified measurement. Therefore, the standard of Qin Shihuang and unified measurement is still the standard of Zhou Dynasty. The Qin system is a weekly system.
Because Shang Yang did a lot of work on unified measurement, it was much easier for Qin Shihuang to reunite. Qin Shihuang either carved new unified characters on the original standard instruments made by Shang Yang, or copied them based on Shang Yang's measuring instruments and promulgated them nationwide. That's all. The world-famous Shang Yang quantity (see the figure below) illustrates this point.
The quantity of Shang Yang, also known as Shang Yang Fang Sheng, was measured as 20 1 ml. It is the same standard liter as the square liter of the first emperor, equal to 200 ml. (The difference between 1 liter is entirely caused by the manufacturing process) There are two sets of inscriptions on this device. One group is "Qin Xiaogong made martingale in 18th year", which shows that this measuring tool was made by Shang Yang. Another group of words engraved on the bottom reads: "In the twenty-sixth year, the emperor merged with all the scholars in the world, and the emperor called the prime minister Zhuang Wan, but the measurements were different." This is how Qin Shihuang "unified" the weights and measures again.
Fourth, the meaning of "unification"
Since Qin Shihuang and unified measurement still follow the weekly system, what is the significance of "unification"? The author thinks that the unified measurement of Qin Shihuang has two meanings:
1, continue to standardize the weights and measures of Qin itself.
Standardization and unification of weights and measures is not an easy task and takes a long time. Maybe when Qin Shihuang unified China, Qin's weights and measures were not completely unified. Take Shang Yang above as an example. There are two place names engraved on it. One is a heavy spring, and the other is temporary. And the two place names were not carved in the same year. This shows that this kind of measuring tool was first made and promoted by Chongquan according to samples, and then moved to the near future to promote by samples. According to historical records? Qin Benji records that Chongquan was founded in the sixth year of Qin Dynasty (409 years). The place name Lin was not found. At this rate, with the social conditions at that time, it will take a long time to popularize.
2. Put an end to "private" manufacturing.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some state-owned private enterprises existed. Private quantity, also known as household quantity, is a measurement tool made privately by a large family. According to Zuo Zhuan? "Three Years in Zhao Gong" records: "Qi Laosi measured, beans, areas, pots and bells. Four liters of beans, four, are put in a kettle, and the kettle lasts for more than ten minutes. Chen San is all one, and Zhong Naida is also great. Loaned by families and collected by the public. "This record says that the original amount of beans, areas and kettles in Qi is four into one level, and ten kettles are one point. In order to usurp the state of Qi, the Chen family made measuring tools privately, with five decimal places for beans, area and kettle, and five liters of beans and ten kettles for one hour. Chen's clock is bigger than Qi's. Chen borrowed a lot of property when he borrowed grain, and used a general amount when he collected rent. The human heart naturally returns to the world. This old trick of buying people's hearts has been repeated many times by the Chen family. Historical records? There are two similar records in Tian's Family Portrait. One is that "Tian Qiu is a doctor, and his taxes are collected by small people, and his millet is used by large people to serve the people with virtue." "The other is" so Tian Chang resumed the policy of taking advantage of profits, borrowing heavily and collecting little. "Tian is Chen. Among the unearthed cultural relics are Tian Jia, such as the purple crane copper kettle (see the picture below).
The measured volume of this copper pot is 20460ml, that is, 102l.
The homogeneous kettle is 64 liters. Chen lent 100 liter household kettle and collected rent with 64 liter public kettle, which was also accepted by the people. Finally, Chen usurped Qi.
"Food is the most important thing for the people". In ancient times, the most important national income was grain. The most important thing in one's life is food. The receipt and payment of grain must be calculated by capacity. Therefore, among the three calculation standards of degree, quantity and balance, the system of quantity is the most important. If there is confusion, it must be on the measuring system. As for the measuring system and the balancing system, there is almost no confusion. Only Wei is different from other countries in the balance of power system. According to the investigation, this is the information obtained from the bronze tripod in Xin 'an Valley unearthed in Shaanxi Wugong. This tripod cover is famous for its weight of "two Jin and six Liang". Whether this is a kind of wealth is unknown. But can Wei's whole balance system be judged by only one musical instrument? Is this "out of context" method scientific? Is it accurate? "Yi" is actually a system of weighing gold. "Mencius? In the chapter "Gong Sun Chou", there is: "The day before yesterday in Qi State, Wang Ci gave a hundred yuan without accepting it; In the song dynasty, I collected 70 yuan. In Xue, I received fifty pounds. Zhao said to him, "The ancients became gold." . Hey, twenty-two years old. "Historical records again? Yan Zhaogong family: "My son left Su Dai with one hundred pieces of gold. "The Qin Dynasty turned one piece of land into gold." "Lv Hou? "Shihuozhi" also said: "Gold is named after Yi." It can be seen that "Yi" is only the weighing of gold, and it is popular in all countries.
To sum up, the author made a table of changes in weights and measures:
As can be seen from the table, Qin Shihuang and unified measurement only abolished individual grades, including private grades, which were different from the basic grades. Fifteen years after Qin Li's death, the Han Dynasty was established, the private amount was naturally eliminated, and the level was unified. I'm afraid this achievement of Qin Shihuang has no historical significance.
Fifth, "the same book"
As a great achievement of Qin Shihuang's unified writing, "Shu" has also been acquiesced to this day. The author thinks that "books with the same text" was practiced not only in the Qin Dynasty, but also in the Zhou Dynasty, only with different fonts. Shuo Wen Jie Zi says, "Shu Qin has eight styles, one is Da Zhuan, the other is Xiao Zhuan, the third is seal cutting, the fourth is insect book, the fifth is copying, the sixth is official book, the seventh is posthumous book, and the eighth is official book." These eight fonts existed in society as of the Qin Dynasty, not to say that these eight characters were produced in the Qin Dynasty. Only Xiao Zhuan here is unique to Qin. During the Zhou Dynasty, there were frequent exchanges between countries, and frequent exchanges of covenants or official letters between two or more countries. Contracts and official letters must be written in a language recognized by everyone, that is, Da Zhuan. Created by historian Ishikawa, Dazhuan was adopted by many countries after a long period of time, and became a popular writing in the Zhou Dynasty. On the unearthed bronzes, you can also see the inscriptions engraved with big seal characters.
Biography is a simplified version of Biography. Because writing is more convenient, it was advocated by prime minister Reese and others. Therefore, the unified writing of Qin Shihuang is only the promotion of simplified characters. What is written is not whether the government promotes it, but whether it is convenient to use. If the font is simple, beautiful and easy to use, it will become popular without official recommendation. Official script belongs to this situation. Official script originated from the people, but without the recommendation of Qin officials, it was more popular than Xiao Zhuan throughout the country and even later generations. Like other fonts, Xiao Zhuan and Da Zhuan either disappear or exist as an ornamental calligraphy.
Sixth, "cars on the same track"
"Car on the same rail" refers to the change of the track, and also refers to the change of the whole car body such as the carriage, axle and car body. This is much more difficult and complicated than making weights and measures. There are all kinds of cars. Small and light badminton, badminton pushed and pulled by manpower and badminton used for worshipping heaven. These cars have a small range of use, so it is of little significance to change the track. "Car on the same rail" is mainly aimed at cars with a wide range of use. There are mainly three kinds of this kind of vehicles: one is a personnel carrier, the other is an opposite vehicle, and there are field vehicles for farming.
Look at the personnel carriers first. Personnel carriers, also known as military vehicles, are combat vehicles. Before the pre-Qin period, all wars were fought by personnel carriers. After the Han dynasty, war horses were widely used in the battlefield. Among all kinds of vehicles, the use of personnel carriers is the largest, and the national strength of a country is also measured by the number of personnel carriers it has. Therefore, it is known as the country of a thousand riders and the country of a thousand riders. There are also different types of personnel carriers, such as floor cars and high cars. You can look at each other's position on the ground. And the command car. The personnel carriers mentioned here refer to commonly used combat vehicles. The gauge of combat personnel carriers is the same in all countries. If the tracks are different, it is not conducive to joint operations among countries, and it is even more unfavorable for countries to fight separately. Therefore, the trajectory of the entire Zhou Dynasty personnel carriers is the same, and there is no inconsistency. Zuozhuan? In the second year of Chenggong, Qi was at war with Jin. Lack of harmony. One of the conditions for making peace is to "make Qi's enclosure cover all the acres in the east", which requires Qi to change the ridge from north-south direction to east-west direction. Because Jin is located in the west of Qi, this change is beneficial to the eastward advancement of Jin's personnel carriers. The emissary of the State of Qi retorted: "The first king ruled the world, and the material and soil were suitable for its benefits. Now my son rules the princes in the territory, but he says it is only the east of his acre of land. Only my son's car is beneficial. He doesn't care about the soil. This is not the life of the former king. "Qi angel said that changing the direction of Muling is good for your military vehicles in the state of Jin, but it violates the orders of the first king. Because of the righteous words of the envoy of Qi, Jin finally gave up this condition and promised the peace of Qi. A similar thing happened in Weiguo. According to "Everything is wrong? The foreign reserve said "Record" on the upper right: "Therefore, dispatch troops cut down the original and suppressed it; Cut its guard, the east of its acre. "Similarly, ridges and ditches have changed from north-south direction to east-west direction. Ancient combat personnel carriers sometimes traveled along ridges and ditches. The spacing between ridges and ditches is the same in all countries. This shows that the track spacing of personnel carriers in different countries is the same. The distance between the ridge and the ditch should be at least 20 cm. If a country expands or contracts the track according to the distance between the ridge and the ditch, it will affect the combat capability of the personnel carrier. Whoever changes this will be defeated in the war. Therefore, in order to fight each other, the personnel carriers of various countries must be on the same track. Qin Shihuang's army is all over the world, and his chariots will also run in the fields. If Qin Shihuang changed the chariots of Qin first, his army would be trapped in the territory and unable to attack. Therefore, before the unification of China, it was impossible for Qin Shihuang to change the track of personnel carriers. After China's reunification, it fought against the North and lacked the ability and time to reform.
Rule out the possibility of people changing lanes, and then look at the car. Chaoche, also known as riding, refers to the carriage used by government officials from the emperor to the court or ordinary literati to visit other countries. The bus that the scholar-officials took was also called "Xuan". Zuozhuan? Thirteen years of public service "