According to the records of wine culture books in the past dynasties, ancient Fenzhou wine-making needed almonds, and apricot trees were widely planted in Fenzhou wine-making in the Tang Dynasty, so the name of Xinghua Village was established. The name of Xinghua Village originated from the Tang and Song Dynasties, which is related to the ancient brewing technology. It has never been so relaxed for thousands of years. The ancient environment of Xinghua Village is very different from today. Guxinghua Village is located in the north of Guozha Town, and its geographical location is in line with wine-making health preservation. Brewing needs clean water. Guxinghuacun area is located in the alluvial fan belt in front of the mountain, which is rich in groundwater resources.
When the name of Xinghua Village in Fenyang, Shanxi Province originated, there is a lack of clear records in local literature and insufficient research in modern times. The author has been paying attention to the origin and changes of the name Xinghua Village for several months, and found that the name Xinghua Village in Fenyang, Shanxi Province has a long history and has never been so relaxed. The name of Xinghua Village originated in the Tang and Song Dynasties and was related to the ancient Fenjiu technology.
First, the name of Xinghua Village in Fenyang originated from the Tang and Song Dynasties, which is related to wine-making technology.
1922, writer Xiao Xiang collected the oral history of the local people when collecting wind in Xinghua Village, Fenyang: "In the Tang Dynasty, this place in Xinghua Village was full of apricot flowers, called Wu Xinghua." The author thinks that the name of Xinghua Village in Shanxi was established in the Tang and Song Dynasties, which is related to Fenjiu technology. The reason why Xinghua Village is a "thousand trees of apricot blossoms" reflects practical value rather than ornamental value.
1. In ancient times, almonds were needed in the process of Fenjiu, so apricot trees were widely planted in Xinghua Village.
Mr. Di Jiang pointed out in the article "A Preliminary Study of Fenjiu History" that Zhuyeqing Liquor existed in the Tang Dynasty, and it developed into sheep embryo liquor in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty. The wine list of Zhang Nengchen in the Northern Song Dynasty was recorded as Fenzhou Almond Dew.
In the Song Dynasty, Jiujing of Beishan recorded the formula of Zhuyeqing and Yangtai wine, and repeatedly mentioned the role of almonds in wine-making. "Almond koji, per side 100 kg, almond 12 Liang, peeled and pointed, soup soaked in sand basin, similar to milk, cool. Soak almonds into juice with two barrels of four liters of cold boiling water and divide them into five sides. " It shows that the wine-making in the Tang Dynasty paid attention to almonds. The book specifically mentioned that porcelain pots were used in the south and sand pots were used in the north, so almond koji mainly refers to the north. In Gao Lian's wine-making works in the Ming Dynasty, it was further clarified that the formula of Fenzhou sheep wine was "14 Liang Le, a catty of almonds". This means that in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty, several famous liquors produced in Fenzhou, such as Fenjiu, mutton wine and almond dew, could not be separated from almonds. Apricot trees will naturally be widely planted near restaurants, so people will gradually call Restaurant Village Xinghua Village. This may be the reason why the word Xinghua Village became synonymous with wine village in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty. The author thinks that the famous liquor Fenzhou produced in Northern Qi Dynasty may also be a kind of health wine, so "the emperor drinks two cups a day", which evolved into mutton wine and almond dew in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty, so it makes sense that the earliest apricot blossom village in China was in Fenzhou. Three miles north of Guozha Town, Fenzhou, an ancient road in the Tang Dynasty, is Fenzhou Wuxinghua Winery. Because of the high terrain of Xinghua Village Winery, merchants in the past could only take a look at Xinglin miscellaneous, so they naturally gulped it down. Four poets in the late Tang Dynasty used the word Xinghua Village, all of whom were related to Shanxi. Two of them are out-and-out Fenyang people, namely Xue Neng and Wen Tingyun (whose grandfather was named the Duke of Xihe County in Fenzhou). Although some scholars have suggested that Xinghua Village gradually evolved into a poetic sense of wine in the late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty, the wine culture intention of the word Xinghua Village should come from this. Judging from the era of poetry, the Tang poems Qingming and Xinghua Village are the sources of this intention.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the government exported goat wine as a specialty of China to Britain, France and other countries, and put the trademark of Xinghua Village on the export bottle. There is also a description on the trademark: "Golden pedals and horses on the grassland; Lou Yuren is drunk with apricot flowers. " This is the first label export of Chinese sprinklers. It also confirms the existence of the name of Xinghua Village in Yuan Dynasty.
2. The apricot blossoms in Shanxi Xinghua Village happen to be in Tomb-Sweeping Day.
During the Qingming Festival, there are many rains, and pedestrians on the road want to die. Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village. What is the background of Du Mu's poem? People are curious nowadays. It was popular in Anhui earlier, and it is also popular. Many scholars believe that the apricot blossom village in the poem refers to "a village with open apricot blossoms", but the author still insists on Shanxi's theory.
Judging from the combination of Qingming and apricot blossom, it can't be in the south. Up to now, it will take several days for the apricot blossoms in Fenzhou to bloom in Tomb-Sweeping Day, while the apricot blossoms in Jiangnan opened as early as February, which is far from Qingming. Please see Shi Zhi apricot blossom statistics:
Statistics on the Opening Time of Apricot Flowers in Modern North China in Fenyang County Records and Beijing Phenology Records
The number of days from the earliest date to the latest date of multi-year average date (Gregorian calendar) is abnormal.
The flowering period of apricot flowers in Fenyang is 4/6 4/3 4/ 10 7.
The flowering time of apricot flowers in Beijing is 4/4 3/25 4/ 13 18.
"Fenyang Foreign Trade News" records that "domestic apricots and wild apricots have grown in the rocky mountainous areas in the west of our county for many years and were exported before liberation. After liberation, almonds have become the main export commodities of our county. " The above data prove that the combination of "Qingming, apricot blossom and village wine" comes from the north, so the author thinks that "apricot blossom, spring rain and Jiangnan" is another matter and has little to do with wine. In the late Qing Dynasty, a Shanxi juren recorded the oral history of winemakers in Shen Mingting. The Tang poem "Excuse me, where is the restaurant, and the shepherd boy points to Xinghua Village" is the origin of Shanxi Fenjiu Zhuyeqing.
Until the Ming Dynasty, mutton wine was a specialty of Fenzhou. In the book "Notes on Things" compiled by Yangzhou people in the Ming Dynasty, it is said that counties such as Fenzhou produce sheep wine. With the evolution of Fenjiu technology, it is said that Fu Shan reformed the bamboo leaf green technology in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Perhaps since then, mutton wine has been lost, almonds are no longer raw materials for brewing, apricot trees have become redundant for poor farmers, and apricot trees have gradually disappeared in Xinghua Village.
Therefore, Du Mu's Qingming Xinghua Village should also refer to Wu Xinghua, the dry wine producing area of Fenzhou in Tang Dynasty. For details, please refer to the article "The exact location of" Xinghua Village "in Du Mu's poem Qingming —— A Discussion with Mr. Lang Yongqing". (China, March 2005)
Second, the evolution of the name of ancient Xinghua Village in Ming and Qing Dynasties
1, the evolution of Li's name in Xinghua Village in Ming and Qing Dynasties
The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty contains the system of the Tang Dynasty: "One hundred households are the interior, and five miles are the countryside. This county is divided into squares in the countryside and villages in the suburbs. Li Zhengfang's village is all positive and all inspectors. " In the Tang Dynasty, there was a famous town in Xinghua Village. Guozha Town is located at the head of the town, southeast of Xinghua Village, and the ancient Xinghua Village belongs to it. This situation continued until the yuan dynasty, and a perfect one appeared in the Ming dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Li family system was implemented to manage local affairs, with 1 10 households as one plum and 10 households as one Jia. Xinghua Village is divided into Jinshan Beili and Jinshan Nan Li, Jinshan Beili is under the jurisdiction of 1 1 village, and Jinshan Nan Li is under the jurisdiction of 3 villages. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xinghua Village belonged to Jingshan Beili, and Chang Li probably lived in Xinghua Village.
In other words, the perfection of the early Ming Dynasty is not the name of the village, but the name of angel lee. At that time, natural villages had no concept of administrative villages because of their small population. One family can be a village and three families can be called small villages. The village is very unstable, so many county chronicles in Ming and Qing dynasties only remember the name Li Jia. Due to the setting of the name of "Perfect Man" in the early Ming Dynasty, there was a perfect village gradually, and Fenyangbao village in Wanli "Fenzhou Prefecture Records" already had a perfect town. It can be seen that during the Wanli period, the concept of the best village was established, replacing the status of Guozha Town.
The reason why it has a perfect reputation is that it was transformed from Jingshan Pavilion in Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty. According to the records in the History of Ming Dynasty, Shen Mingting was built by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty, in the fifth year of Hongwu (1372) for reading the law, understanding, promoting good and restraining evil, adjudicating trivial matters and assisting criminal handling. If there is a Shen Ming Pavilion, there must be a Jingshan Pavilion, and most people with county government maps will indicate the location of the second pavilion. In fact, there is no record of Shen Mingting in Fenyang except Xinghua Village. Jingshan Pavilion, called Jingshan Li Nan in the south and Jingshan Pavilion in the north, gradually evolved into Jingshan Village. Coincidentally, Jingsheng Village, the famous Wang Jia Courtyard in Lingshi County, also evolved from Jingshan Village. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Lihe Village was completely two concepts, and many famous families in the Ming and Qing Dynasties had disappeared without a trace.
Nevertheless, we can still prove from other materials that the place names of Xinghua Village in Shanxi were still in use in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The best historical evidence is Shanxi industrial records. Yishunkui Winery in the early years of Guangxu and Kuijiu Winery in three sheng in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu marked the origin as Xinghua Village. There are many other certificates of poetry and prose. First, there is a handwriting of Mr. Fu Shan in Xinghua Village in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, which reads "Flower Creation". The ancients wrote in a different direction from today, so it should be read as "made by fragrant flowers", which should refer to apricot flowers. Secondly, Fenyang County Records in Qing Dynasty recorded Cao Shugu's poem Fenjiu Qu in Qing Dynasty: Ganlu Hall brews famine, and empty spring birds advise to carry pots. Drinkers are good companions of spring horses. Have they been to the depths of apricot blossoms? "Deep apricot blossom" refers to Xinghua Village. Third, the Qing Dynasty Shen Mingting Jiuquan Jizhuang "Fenjiu is the best in the world, and Shen Mingting is the best. Tang Shiyun; Ask local people where to buy wine? The shepherd boy just laughed and didn't answer Xingshan Village. All for this reason. " Also emphasize Xinghua village. Fourth, the ancient folk songs "Fenzhou Prefecture, Fenyang City, 30 miles away from the city, Xinghua Village" and "Perfect Xinghua Village" all mentioned Xinghua Village.
2. Xinghua Village in Fenyang is different from the southern gardens in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Du Mu's poem Qingming, because of its high wine culture value, has caused many disputes about the time and place of the poem's creation, especially about the exact location of "Xinghua Village", which has appeared in several countries. In fact, Xinghua Village in Shanxi is different from Xinghua Village in other places.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, private gardens in the south flourished. Although it is made by people, it is picturesque, supplemented by the emotional appeal of ancient literati poems. Therefore, several Taoxiang villages and Xinghua villages in the south of the Yangtze River are also twelve scenic spots, and they are probably just drinking to drown their sorrows and add some aesthetic effects. In fact, the Qing Dynasty's "Jiangnan Tongzhi" also made it very clear that it was named after Tang poetry. In other words, a village name was borrowed from Tang poetry, and several beautiful gardens were built to satisfy the masturbation of several scholars. From the aesthetic point of view, apricot trees are rarely used as the main landscape of gardens, especially in the south, and it is common to decorate one or two trees occasionally.
Wu Xinghua, an ancient village in Fenyang, is not a garden, but a restaurant. Thousands of acres of apricot trees are not for viewing, but for making wine. There are no flowers there, because the flowering period of apricot flowers is very short, and the rickety apricot trees are not worth seeing. Only the hard work of the brewer and the lingering fragrance of distiller's grains. Director Zhang Yimou made a film called Red Sorghum. The scene of sweating naked is probably the true face of Xinghua Village in the period of agricultural civilization.
Shanxi Xinghua Village is not a garden, so winemakers naturally have no time to appreciate poetry. The examination of fame, attached to romance, has nothing to do with people's livelihood, and naturally has nothing to do with the wine workers in Xinghua Village. Therefore, there are few historical materials and many folk stories in Xinghua Village, Shanxi Province.
Third, the historical records of the name of Xinghua Village in Fenyang during the Republic of China.
1, the record about the village name.
According to the newspaper records, the writer Xiao Xiang published his travel notes "The Poet Singing the Xinghua Village" in Ta Kung Pao on 1922. The article wrote: "The original Xinghua Village is a village in Fenyang, Shanxi Province, about 30 miles away from the county seat." The writer also said with emotion: "I want to get rid of my long-standing obstacles through the wine in Xinghua Village. Who knows that this Xinghua Village, which has been fascinated by the population for hundreds of years, can't find any information for people to mourn and records recognized as references in history and culture except a myth told by the old people here. " This document shows that the Xinghua Village in the Republic of China refers to the folk Fenyang Xinghua Village.
What goes down in history is "Fenyang Xinghua Village Yiquanyong Distillery Fen Liquor, Panama 19 15 won the gold medal". In the eighth year of the Republic of China, Chapter 68 of Geography of Shanxi Province in Greater China introduced the products of Fenyang County: "Fenyang Liquor is famous all over the world, especially Xinghua Village." Mr. Guo Shouqian's brief introduction to the ancient books of the Republic of China about Fenyang collected from Japan is also: "Fenyang brewing, the first to promote Xinghua Village forever." The factory is sold all over the country, and the raw materials are taken from Xinghua Village in this county, which is famous all over the world. " During the Republic of China, the legacy of Fenyang written by squire Liu Tiancheng recorded that "there are many wineries in Xinghua Village". These documents show that the official name of Xinghua Village in the Republic of China also refers to Xinghua Village in Fenyang, Shanxi.
However, on the map of the Republic of China, even on the map of Shanxi published earlier after liberation, the area around Xinghua Village in Fenyang was marked as "Jingshan Village". What happened? According to folklore, Xinghua Village was renamed "Perfect Village" because Li Chuangwang "relied on Malishu to achieve perfection". In fact, the above viewpoint does not clarify the misunderstanding caused by the relationship between Xinghua Village and Jingshan Village. Xinghua Village and Jishan Village are not the same village. Because they are very close, and Jishan is the seat of the township government, Jishan Village was marked on some maps during the Republic of China.
So, what is the relationship between Jingshan Village and Xinghua Village in the Republic of China? The following historical data can show that these two villages are not the same.
Table 2. Fenyang Winery was listed in Shanxi Industrial Records in 25 years of the Republic of China:
The name and address of the factory organize the establishment time of employees.
Yishunkui Xinghua Village was a joint venture in the early years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty 14.
Dehou became a good village. Three-year joint venture of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty 15.
Ai Quanyong Jingshan Village Country Twenty-three Years Joint Venture 14
Three sheng was Kuixing Village in 34 years of the Republic of China.
Judging from the above historical data, perfection is perfection, and apricot blossom is apricot blossom. During the Republic of China, the district and township system was implemented. There are more than ten natural villages in Xinghua Village, one of which is Xinghua Village. Due to the growth of population, Xinghua village, a small village in the north, has gradually become a perfect village, and the people confuse the two, forming a situation of one village and two people.
Wang Chuang's official script: "Alcoholic drinks offer heroes, the whole people support the army, and Wang Chuang left an inscription, all in Xinghua Village". Historical data show that Wang did pass Xinghua Village when he broke into Beijing, and he was sure to drink. However, the so-called "perfect apricot blossom village" is nothing more than Wang Chuang connecting the names of two villages. Perfection was not invented by Wang Chuang, nor was Xinghua Village renamed for it.
2. Investigation on the site selection of Guxinghua Village during the Republic of China
The article "West Fort of Xinghua Village" in the second volume of Fenzhou Vicissitudes introduces the location of the ancient Xinghua Village: "One of the original three villages in the region is Maolinzhuang, commonly known as Maoerzhuang, which roughly covers the northern part of the village. The second place is Xinghua Village, which was mistakenly called Xiuzhuang by the locals. " The legacy of Fenyang records that there are many restaurants in Xinghua Village. Its three southwest ends. Dongbao of Xinghua Village: According to Fenyang Legacy, Xinghua Village is in the northwest. There are many wineries in front of it, and there are sweet wells inside.
The site of Xinghua Village in the Republic of China is located in the north of Xinghua Town, with Shenjing in the east, Hexi in the west and Yiquanyong site in the east. There is a brick carving of "Xinghua Village" in the late Qing Dynasty on the lintel of the gate, and there is an ancient monument after the Panama Games on the wall.
4. Study on the location and scale of Gu Xinghua Village.
Xinghua village is located in the alluvial fan belt in front of the mountain, and is rich in groundwater resources. Jingshanli, Mingqing He, Guozha Town in the Tang Dynasty, is located in the main traffic road and has a large population. Therefore, in order to ensure that the water source of Xinghua Village is not polluted by residents, a pattern that the population lives in the south and the restaurant in Xinghua Village moves north has naturally formed over time. Xinghua village has been a brewing base since ancient times, which is why Xinghua village is located in the north.
In the Tang Dynasty, the national population was only tens of millions, and the population of Guxinghua Village was very small. The "extreme desolation" of Tang poetry is a portrayal of the historical environment. The hotel is a heavily polluted place. Although the alley smells of wine from time to time, it is not a problem to smell it for a long time. The pollution of wineries is air pollution, distiller's grains accumulation and sewage discharge from wineries. The sewage from wineries is still difficult to remove today, not to mention the backward production conditions in ancient times. It is conceivable that the rich man and the shopkeeper at that time would not live in Xinghua Village, and the banquet would not be arranged in the restaurant. So I think there were almost no people living around Xinghua Village at that time. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the population growth, a new settlement, Jingshan Village, gradually formed between Guozha Town and Xinghua Village. This is why Mr. Fu Shan inscribed Xinghua Village at the end of the Ming Dynasty and wrote the poem "Drinking well in the village means affirming". Only those poor wine workers who are called wine legs will live in Xinghua Village for a long time, which is one of the reasons why the ancient Xinghua Village is small. Coupled with the limited level of agricultural production in feudal times, the government valued agriculture over commerce, the mode of transportation was relatively backward and there were many restaurants, so its production scale was extremely limited. Until the Republic of China, when capitalism was developed, Fenjiu was sold all over the country, and the winery was only as big as a yard. This is another reason why Xinghua Village has been petite for a long time.
Today, the population of Xinghua Village in Danfengyang has grown to tens of thousands, and several surrounding villages have also merged. However, in the early days of liberation, the population of Fenyang was only 1.2 million. Great changes have taken place in the environment of Xinghua Village. No wonder it is difficult for us to find the ancient city.
Xinghua village is a place to make wine. In ancient times, there were only wine shops and incense, and there would never be flowers and gardens. Apart from the occasional drinking of poets, it is the sweat and poverty of winemakers. According to records, during the Republic of China, the monthly salary of Fenjiu workers was only 4 yuan. Therefore, the writer Xiao Xiang lamented that "this densely populated apricot blossom village for hundreds of years can't find any information for people to mourn." Actually, it's not without it, but the writer didn't find it. The Gu Jing Pavilion already existed at that time.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
Shanxi Xinghua Village originated in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, almond was needed for Fenzhou health wine Fenjiu, mutton and almond dew, so apricot trees were widely distributed near the restaurant, and the village name became a habit over time. Later, with the change of Fenjiu technology, almonds were no longer the raw material for brewing, apricot trees in Xinghua Village lost their protection and gradually disappeared, and the village name was gradually misrepresented as Xiuzhuang, which was replaced by Li in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the name of Xinghua Village always existed. After liberation, the town of Xinghua Village was established, and the name of Xinghua Village was changed from village name to town name.
In the process of writing this article, I got the careful guidance from the professor of Shanxi Normal University and the enthusiastic help from Mr. Zhang of Shanxi Xinghua Village Fenjiu Factory. I want to thank you.
reference data
1, Xiao Xiang, apricot blossom village sung by poets, Selected Works of apricot blossom village [M] Volume I, Beijing Publishing House, 1992.
2. Di Jiang's Preliminary Study on the History of Fenjiu, Wen Jingming and Liu Jingan, Selected Works of Xinghua Village [M] Volume I, Beijing Publishing House, 1992.
3. The Vicissitudes of Fenzhou, edited by Xibao, Wang and Liu Ruixiang of Xinghua Village [M], Volume II, Beiyue Literature and Art Publishing House, 2003.
4. Li Yumin, Ma Xia Mindian suburb, Fenzhou government records [M], Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1994.
5. Fenyang County Records Office, Fenyang County Records [M], Phenology Volume Foreign Trade Volume, Tide Press 1998.
6. Hou, on the feasibility of the development of Jingsheng ancient town, World Cultural Relics [J], 2007, 1
7, Guo Shuangwei, Fenjiu Culture [M], Shanxi Publishing House, 2004
The Origin of the Village Name of Xinghua Village in Shanxi Province
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(Institute of Urban and Environmental Studies, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 04 1004 China)
Abstract: Tim