Champagne has been around since Julius Caesar conquered Gaul. The early champagne was still sparkling, and there are still still still still still sparkling champagne. However, people all over the world are familiar with sparkling champagne, and the reason for its foaming is that the wine has been fermented for the second time in a sealed bottle.
Before the 17th century, sparkling wine didn't take the name "champagne". Some people say that in the parish of BENEDICTINE, France, there was a clever monk named DOM PERIGNON, who was in charge of the property and wine storehouse of the church at that time. He added bubbles to the wine, which made a great contribution to champagne, and he was better than anyone before in improving the quality of wine, because from 1668 to 1715, he was in charge of the brewing and tasting of wine.
Dan Peryon was also the first person to use cork as a champagne cork. Although it has been used in other wine-producing areas for a long time, he was the first to introduce cork to champagne-producing areas to replace the cork made of hemp chips at that time, and to keep the bubbles in wine for a longer time. In order to commemorate his contribution, the grape farmers also cast a statue for him, and in 1939, held a ceremony to commemorate the 3th anniversary.
the real champagne is only produced in RHEIMS and EPERNAY in the northeast of Paris. Most of the wines produced in other countries are based on the French manufacturing method, and some are made by simplified methods. Most champagne tastes good. If the quality is not important, it is appropriate to mix some mixed drinks with champagne, such as Black BLACK VELVET or PUNCH.
exquisite French champagne is made of a mixture of black and white grapes, and the grape juice should be squeezed out quickly to avoid the peel affecting the color of the juice. There are also rose champagne and white grape champagne. The rose color comes from the dyeing of black grape skins in wine, or some red grape table wine is added.
most champagnes are mixed products, so they are not marked with the year. Only when the grapes are particularly abundant, the producers and sellers will consider indicating it on the label. However, every winery only pays attention to mixing skills, in order to maintain a standard quality forever and win the trust of customers for a long time. Even if it is not a bumper year, the quality of champagne will not be affected.
Preservation and handling of champagne
Champagne doesn't need special care, just put it flat in a cool place. Before drinking, the cold degree should be between 44 and 48 degrees Fahrenheit, or it should be kept in the refrigerator for 45 minutes. But don't put it in the freezer. If it freezes, it will never return to its original state. If time is urgent, it only takes fifteen minutes to put it in the freezer. The glass should be cold first, and you must not add ice unless you think the wine is strong. Cold champagne has two advantages: first, the taste is improved, and second, it is easy to control the bubble overflow when pouring into the glass. Warm champagne will gush out after opening a bottle, which will pollute the venue and waste the wine.
It's best to drink champagne at one time after opening. If you want to keep it, use a special bottle stopper and put it in a cold place. Open champagne, such as bubbles, has disappeared, and it can still be drunk the next day or used for cooking.
Opening method and pouring method of champagne
When opening champagne, there are the following steps:
1. Hold the bottom of the bottle neck with your left hand, tilt the bottle neck outward by 15 degrees, remove the wrapping paper from the bottle mouth with your right hand, and loosen the twisted part at the lock of the barbed wire sleeve.
2. When the net sleeve is removed from the right hand, the thumb of the left hand should hold down the bottle stopper that is about to be rushed out at the right time; Then replace the left thumb with a napkin cloth in your right hand and hold the cork with your palm.
3. When the cork rushes out, the right hand quickly uncovers the cork to the right.
4. If the air pressure in the bottle is not enough and the bottle stopper cannot be rushed out, you can hold the bottle stopper firmly with your right hand, and then turn the bottle left and right with your left hand until the bottle stopper is rushed out.
5. In order to prevent the wine from spraying out, the noise when opening the bottle will not be too loud.
when pouring champagne, hold the middle of the bottle with your hand and hold the bottleneck with your index finger to be safe. When pouring into the cup for the first time, the bubbles will spray up, so pour a small amount first, and then continue to pour until the bubbles are reduced, and then straighten the bottle upward to prevent the wine from leaking out.
If the bottle stopper is too tight to squeeze out, you can steadily push it up with your thumb and then twist it. If the upper part of the bottle stopper is broken, you can use a barbecue fork or a thick needle to pierce a hole first to let out the gas in the bottle, and then screw out the bottle stopper with a screw bottle opener.
how to buy champagne
there are three kinds of champagne usually sold: BRUT (not sweet-the least sugar content), EXTRA SEC or EXTRA DRY (slightly sweet), SEC or DRY (sweet), which are suitable for drinking after a meal, and the consumption of this kind of wine is not large. BRUT, the first of the three types of wine, is the most suitable, and it can be drunk pure or mixed.
the capacity of champagne in a standard bottle is eight cups, and that in a half bottle is four cups; There are sixteen cups in two bottles, and there are four bottles or more. The smallest one is SPLIT, only two cups are poured, but the price of two and a half bottles exceeds that of one bottle, so it is not cost-effective. It's best to budget the demand first, and then buy it. The standard bottle is more suitable. The bigger the bottle, the less bubbles there will be.
The following table shows the sweetness of champagne, but there may be a slight difference in sweetness due to different brands.
BRUT OR NATURE sweetness (percentage) .5 to 1.5
EXTRA SEC OR EXTRA DRY sweetness 1.5 to 3.
SEC OR DRY sweetness 3. to 5.
DEMI SEC sweetness 5. to 7. < . or more
Use of Champagne
Champagne is the most beautiful wine in wine, because it is time-consuming and complicated to manufacture, so it will not be very cheap in price, and it is called the most attractive wine. Although it is necessary for weddings, receptions or formal dinners, it is also widely used in other aspects, such as serving oysters, ham and snacks. However, most people decide what kind of champagne they should drink according to the type of food.
A glass of cold champagne is also a sacred appetizer. If necessary, you can add a piece of sugar and a few drops of BITTERS to the wine, and then add a slice of lemon peel to make a glass of champagne cocktail. In addition, champagne can also be used for cooking.
Coca-Cola (also known as Coke) is a carbonated beverage containing caffeine produced by Coca-Cola Company of the United States. Chinese translation comes from Jiang Yi, which is one of the most famous and successful examples in translation field.
At present, Coca-Cola is in a leading position in markets all over the world, far exceeding its main competitor Pepsi. Among them, Hong Kong has almost monopolized the carbonated beverage market, while Taiwan Province has a market share of over 6%.
The formula of Coca-Cola is unknown to anyone except the owner's family, and the Coca-Cola Company will strictly prevent its employees from stealing the formula. Up to now, although Coca-Cola has many competitors (such as Pepsi), it is still the best-selling carbonated beverage in the world.
Different flavors
Coca Cola (original flavor)
Lemon Coke
Vanilla Coke
Cherry Coke
Diet Coke
Lemon Diet Coke
Lemon Diet Coke
Vanilla Diet Coke
Cherry Diet Coke
Description: <
Ingredients:
carbonated water (water, carbon dioxide), white sugar, caramel color, phosphoric acid, spices (including caffeine)
About Coca Cola
Coca Cola is the trademark of the beverage, which is translated into Coca Cola in Chinese. The beverage has a special flavor, which comes from the seeds of the raw material.
Cola is also called cola fruit. It belongs to the family Sterculiaceae. There are two kinds of cola: red cola and white cola. The leaves are broad and generous, and the flowers are oval and pointed. The flowers are yellow and beautiful. There are two flowering periods throughout the year, and the seeds in the fruits are used to make cola drinks.
Cola is native to the tropical areas of western Africa, and it is cultivated in tropical parts of the world today. In recent years, it has been successfully introduced to China, and cola drinks with Chinese flavor, such as Tianfu Cola, are all made of cola seeds. But each has its own secret formula. Coca-Cola seeds contain caffeine and theobromine, which can stimulate nervous system activities.
Coca-Cola Company
1. Industrial Analysis
Introduction of Coca-Cola Company
In May p>1886, Coca-Cola first appeared in Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It is 12 years old now. Coca-Cola Company is the largest beverage company in the world and the leader and pioneer in the soft drink sales market. Through the largest distribution system in the world, it sells well in more than 2 countries and regions in the world, with a daily consumption of 1 billion cups, accounting for 48% of the world soft drink market, and its brand value has exceeded 7 billion US dollars. It is the first brand in the world.
Introduction to PepsiCo
PepsiCo was born in new york, USA in 1919, and rose rapidly after World War II. By the end of the 194s, PepsiCo had developed into a successful professional soft drink enterprise. By 1996, PepsiCo had formed eight major components: PepsiCo North America Company, Pepsi-Cola International Company, Freetorre Company, Pepsi Food International Company, Pizza Hut Pizza World Company, Tyco Bell World Company, KFC Fried Chicken Company and Pepsi System World Company. Now, its business scope has extended to 134 overseas countries. According to statistics, There are 3 billion people in the world who have tasted Pepsi.
Intra-industry competition
There are basically only two competitors in the soft drink industry in the United States (because the two companies account for 7% of the market share), but the two brands have certain differences in customer feelings and impressions.
Why is the competition between the two companies not out of control? The reason is that the purpose of their competition is not to destroy each other. But in order to gain advantages and profits.
Barriers to entry
Both major cola companies have a long history and huge advertising investment in the soft drink industry. History and advertising influence make Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola the symbols of American culture.
Franchise system enables the two companies to obtain huge scale without huge investment. Every potential entrant will carefully consider whether it is possible to surpass the two companies in the operating cost of unit products before deciding to enter.
The root cause of industry monopoly
Restrictive intra-industry competition
Locked buyers
"Secret formula. "
Coca Cola
II. Background analysis
(1) About Coca Cola
1, the leader in the beverage industry, with a history of 1 years
2, a professional concentrated solution manufacturer
3, in a slow-developing industry: in the early 198s, the per capita consumption of soft drinks increased very slowly in the United States and internationally. The domestic growth rate of Coca-Cola Company is 5%, and the foreign growth rate is 7%.
5. The market value of Coca-Cola increased from $4 billion in 1984 to $16.5 billion in 1999, and accounted for 46% of the global soft drink market.
(2) Business strategy of the 198s and 199s
, In 1999, September/October gave a brief description of entrepreneurs and theorists who have made outstanding contributions to the development of industrial and commercial enterprises in the past 1 years. Gozieda is on the list.
Ropot Gozieta (1931-1997), a Cuban American, Since the early 198s, he has been the CEO of Coca-Cola Company. During his 16 years in power, the market value of Coca-Cola Company has increased from $4.3 billion to $14.7 billion.
Roberto Goizueta's dilemma
After he took charge, the first challenge for Coca-Cola Company is how to solve the unfriendly hostage of independent bottlers. Secondly, it is faced with the requirement of high discount of large international retail groups, especially the lack of flexibility of bottling factories in meeting the needs of chain stores. Third, the pressure of competition from PepsiCo in the next few years. PepsiCo has implemented the plan to acquire fast food chain stores, and PepsiCo has also vigorously expanded into the sports industry. Get some more profitable sales channels.
Roberto Goizueta's business ideas
In this context, Goizueta adopted a distribution system of buying back coke from independent bottling plants. At the same time, it has adopted a bold global expansion plan.
It has accelerated the expansion to fast food and automatic water dispensers. This has enabled the Coke Company to achieve a profit return twice that of retail stores.
Roberto Goizueta's return
In the 2 years between 1977 and 1997, Coke management built an extraordinary powerful business design
A highly aligned manufacturer-bottler-distribution system, which has created the lowest cost manufacturing, bottling, and logistics in the industry, and which focuses investment on the profit zones in the value chain.
It achieved: (1) the world's strongest brand; (2) cost effective advertising; plus licensing and signage; and (3) a large number of solid positions in inte