Grapes belong to (Ampelidecase) family, and all wine grape varieties belong to (Vitis) family and (Ampelidecase) 10 family and genus, among which (Vitis Vinifera) is the most important, because 99.99% of the wines in the world are brewed with (Vitis Vinifera) grape varieties. Grape is a variety used to brew good wine in Europe at present. There are more than 8,000 kinds of grapes that can make wine in the world, but there are only about 50 kinds of grapes that can make good wine, which can be roughly divided into white grapes and red grapes. White grapes, colors are turquoise, yellow and so on. Mainly used for brewing sparkling wine and white wine. Red grapes are black, blue, purplish red and deep red, some have dark pulp and some are colorless like white grapes. Therefore, red grapes with white flesh can be peeled and juiced to make white wine. For example, (Black Pi Nuo) can be used to make champagne and white wine.

1, Cabernet Sauvignon

English name Cabernet Sauvignon. Alias Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Sauvignon has a strong flavor. It used to be the famous snow Warsaw and Sauvignon. Originated in France, it is a traditional fine variety of red wine brewed in Bordeaux, France. All the countries that produce wine in the world have large-scale cultivation. China was first introduced by Yantai Changyu Company on 1892. It is the largest red grape variety in China at present. This variety is easy to grow and brew, with strong adaptability and high wine quality. It can be made into rich and thick red wine and is suitable for long-term storage. However, it must be blended with other varieties (such as Merlot) and stored in oak barrels to obtain high-quality wine. In China, it is also called "Three Beads" with Pinlizhu and Snake Dragon Ball. In Changli, Hebei Province, the planting area is the largest, and grapes perform best.

2. Pinlizhu

English name (Cabinet France) Cabernet Fran. Alias Carmen Knight, original Cabernet Sauvignon. Originated in France, it is an ancient wine-making variety in Bordeaux and Loire, France, and a sister variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon. China was first introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. This variety is a world-famous ancient red wine variety. Fruity, light and soft, most of them can't be stored for a long time. Its wine quality is not as good as Cabernet Sauvignon, and its adaptability is not as good as Cabernet Sauvignon. Usually with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. In recent years, more and more single varieties of Cabernet Fran have appeared in California.

3. Moerle

English name (Merlot). Alias Lu Mei juice. It originated in France and cooperated with other famous varieties (such as Cabernet Sauvignon) to produce excellent dry red wine in Bordeaux, France. China was first introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. This variety is an ancient wine-making variety in France, which is used for blending to improve the fruit aroma and color of wine.

4. Kerry Brewing

English name (Carignane). Alias Jiali wine, French red, Cabernet Sauvignon, fine wine. Originated in Spain, it is one of the ancient high-quality wine-making varieties in western European countries. China was first introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. The brewed wine is ruby red, with positive taste and good aroma, which is suitable for blending with other varieties. Peeling can be made into white wine or pink wine, which is easy to cultivate and produce, and can be used to blend red wine and make brandy.

5. The protagonist in fairy tales

English name (Pinot Noir) Pi Nuo Nova. Alias Pinot Noir, Pinot Noir, Black Pi Nuo, etc. Originated in France, it is an ancient famous wine-making species. China first introduced Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe on 1892, and Changli, Hebei Province on 1936. This variety is the main variety of famous French champagne and pink wine. Early maturity, thin skin, low pigment and low yield. It is suitable for colder regions. It has strict requirements on soil and climate. It can be made into dry white wine, white wine and very good sparkling wine by peeling and fermentation, and it is one of the most important grape varieties of champagne. The wine is not dark in color and suitable for long-term storage. This is a very difficult grape variety to grow and brew, and it is called a headache in California wineries. The best growing area of this exquisite and noble grape variety is Burgundy, where it performs best. Meanwhile, red wine from Burgundy may be the most luxurious and expensive wine in the world. Full of flavor, when young, it has a strong fruit flavor (some people jokingly call it horse urine flavor) and berry flavor such as strawberry and cherry. When it is mature, it is rich in varieties, with the fragrance of spices, animals and leather. When it is mature and aged, it tastes sweet and very pleasing to the eye. In Germany, it is called Spatburgun der, which is mainly used to produce light, soft and early-maturing red wine. It also performed well in California, Ohio, Austria and New Zealand.

5. Snake Dragon Ball

English name (Cabernet Gernischt). Originally from France, it was introduced in 1892.

6. Kerry Brewing

English name (Carignan). It used to be made from a famous wine. Originally from France, it was introduced in 19 15.

7. god lock

English name (Sinsaut). Originally from France, it was introduced in 1980.

8. Mei Jia

English name (Gamay) Mei Jia or Mei Jia. I used the name Black Mei Jia and Red Mei Jia. Originally from France, it was introduced in 1978. It is an important grape variety in southern Burgundy and Loire region of France, accounting for more than half of Burgundy red wine production. Generally speaking, you should drink it while it is hot. However, if it is produced in Braujolais Cru, such as Moulin-A-Vent, the red wine produced there can also be Chen Fang. It is characterized by low tannin content, rich fruit fragrance and beautiful light purple color. It often smells of pears and violets, especially Braurjolais Nouveau, and often smells of pears, bananas and bubble gum. It is one of the best choices for beginners, with low astringency, high fruit fragrance and easy to eat after cooling.

9. Hell

English name (Grenache). It was Glenn Nash. Originally from Spain, it was introduced in 1980.

Lu Mei 10

English name (Merlot). Originally from France, it was introduced in 1892. As one of the best red wine varieties in Bordeaux, it has the advantages of large output, early maturity, rich fruit aroma, low acidity and soft tannins, which can be drunk early or stored for a long time. It's quite suitable for drinkers with a quick personality.

1 1, yayoi

English name (Mission). From Spain.

Nebiolo 12

English name (nebi olo)nebi olo. It used to be Na Bihoro. Originally from Italy, 198 1 introduced. Late-maturing varieties with high fruit acid, high pigment and high tannin. Mainly distributed in Piedmont, among which barolo and Baba Leiskow are the most famous producing areas. The quality of wine can be comparable to that of first-class Bordeaux red wine. As deep as a cup of tea, the wine is rich in flavor and strong in taste, with the aroma of clove, pepper, licorice, plum, dried plum, rose and bitter chocolate, which is very suitable for long-term storage.

13, more delicious

English name (Petit Verdot). I used the name Wei. Originally from France. 1892.

14, gems

English name (Ruby Cabernet). Once used the famous gem Bai Na. Originated in America, introduced in 1980.

Sangiovese 15

English name (Sangiovese) Sangiovese. Originally from Italy, 198 1 introduced. It is mainly planted in central Italy (Tuscany), among which Chianti, Brunello di montalcino and Montpuccino are the most famous wines. Less pigment, high acidity, high tannin, simple and refreshing wine type, strong and rich, with the taste of tobacco and spices.

Sila 16

English name (Syrah/Shiraz) Shiha. Originally from France, it was introduced in 1980. It is mainly planted in the Longhe region in southern France and is also the most important variety in Australia. Suitable for warm climate, it can brew wine with dark color, rich fragrance, tight and spicy taste. When young, flowers (especially violets) and berries are dominant, and when mature, there will be peppers, cloves, leather and animals. The ability to age is no less than that of Cabernet Sauvignon.

17, Zeng Fangde

English name (Zinfandel) gold. Originally from Italy, but found in the United States, introduced by 1980. Only California in the world has developed it to the extreme. It can be said that make the best use of everything. In California, it can brew many different types of wines, from light, fresh, fruity and sweet white powder to high-quality, storable and rich red wine, from sparkling wine to non-sparkling wine, and even sweet red wine. It can be said to be a performance school among grapes.

Second, the types, classification and nutritional value of wine

Wine is the general name of all kinds of wines with alcohol content not less than 7%(V/V) made from fresh grapes or grape juice by yeast fermentation. According to the color of wine, wine can be divided into three categories: red wine, white wine and pink wine, but it is difficult to see pink wine in the market. According to the sugar content of wine, it is divided into dry red wine, semi-dry red wine, semi-sweet red wine and sweet red wine. According to the pressure of carbon dioxide in wine, wine includes still wine, sparkling wine, fortified wine, grape sparkling wine and added wine.

The quality of French wines can be divided into: Yi Zheng representative, Yi Zheng Depay, VDQS: Yi Zheng Delemont Dellite fine winery and AOC: Grade D, controlled by Anggin.

German wine is divided into: table wine (landwein &; Tafelwein), referred to as QbA, referred to as QmP.

American wines can be divided into subsidiary wines, exclusive wines and wines.

Burgundy wines are classified as regional wines, and only Burgundy and village wines are marked. On the wine label, the names of villages such as (Chablis Macon Village) and (Cham bolle-Musigny) and the names of first-class wines, as well as the names of villages and vineyards or ("ler Gru"), "Premier Cru" and. This wine is not marked with the name of the village, and sometimes it is not labeled ("Grand Cru"). Usually only the name of the vineyard is indicated, such as (Montrachet), (Musigny) and (La Tache).

Italian wines are divided into: Vind da Tavola, Doc: origin control wine, Doc: origin control wine.

Wine is a beverage wine brewed by fermentation of grape juice (pulp). It not only contains the nutrition of grape fruit, but also contains beneficial components produced in the fermentation process. Studies have proved that wine contains more than 200 kinds of nutrients beneficial to human body, including sugar, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, inorganic salts and so on. These ingredients are essential for the human body and are essential for maintaining the normal growth and metabolism of the human body. In particular, resveratrol, a phenolic substance contained in wine, is a research feature in recent years. Has antioxidant, antiaging, coronary heart disease preventing and cancer preventing effects. Moderate drinking every day, the death rate of heart disease is 30% of that of non-drinkers, and the probability of dementia and premature senility dementia is 25% of that of non-drinkers.

Third, the color and flavor varieties of wine

Excellent varieties of blended (dyed) wine are Yan 74, Late Red Honey, Red Juice Dew, Bako and so on. Among them, Yan 74 originated in China, and was bred by crossing Zibeisai from Changyu Company with Hamburg Musk in 1966. Now it is widely cultivated in Jiaodong Peninsula. Tobacco 74 is the best color matching variety at present, with deep and bright color, which is not easy to precipitate after long-term aging. Red Juice Dew is also native to China, and is a hybrid of Merlot and Weierduo. The finished wine is deep ruby red, mellow and pure in taste, pigment is not easy to precipitate after aging, and the aftertaste is positive, which is especially suitable for color matching.

Fourth, the naming of wine.

1, regional nomenclature

Most of the ancient wine producing areas in Europe are named like this. For example, Bordeanx in France, and its famous producing areas such as Medoc, Saint Emilion, Pomero, etc. ; ), Sutyrin, Gray, Burgundy and Chablis, beaujolais and the areas under the jurisdiction of Saint George of Nouveau,

There are also Italian Brolo, Barbaresco, Asti and Chianti, German Piesporter and Johannesburg.

2. The naming method of grape varieties

In many countries, wine is named after grape varieties, which is easy to distinguish. This naming method is mostly adopted by emerging wine producing areas such as Australia, California and the United States, such as Fumbai and Cabernet Sauvignon.

Black Pi Nuo, Chardonnay and, of course, European wine regions are also named after grape varieties. For example, Alsace wines are named after grape varieties, such as Riesling.

3. Naming method of winery or wine merchant's name

Some wineries name wines after their own factory names, such as (ch. Margo), (Ch. Lafite. Chestnut latour), (ch. Montenegro), (Rubicon, Koppala, Niebaum), (Master) and (Op.1).

4, trademark (exclusive brand) naming method

Many wine merchants have created their own brands with their own goodwill and history, such as Pigalle and Mommessin of De Luze.

(Cuvee Saint Piere), (Crrusei), (Selection), (Opusone) Antinori, (Antinori), (Tignanello), (Solaia), (Rossj-Bass) and (goja &: Rey), (Damagi), (Monte Soddy, Frescobaldi), (Cass 23 of stag leap), etc.

5. Other naming methods

Common wines, such as California, Australia, Spain and other places, use famous European wine producing areas on the wine label, such as (Burgundy).

(Chablis), (Rhine), etc. And colors, such as (rose) and (red wine). These wines are cheap large-scale daily table wines.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) China and the world grape producing areas.

China grape producing area

There are distinctive grape and wine producing areas in the vast area of 250 ~ 450 north latitude in China. However, due to the specific ecological environment needed for grape growth and the differences in regional economic development, these producing areas are small and scattered, and most of them are in the east of China.

1, northeast origin

Including the foothills of Changbai Mountain and the northeast plain south of 45℃ north latitude. It's very cold in winter here, with the temperature between -30℃ and 40℃, and the annual active accumulated temperature is 2567~

The temperature is 2779℃, the precipitation is 635~679mm, and the soil is chernozem, which is fertile. In the cold climate in winter, European grapes can't survive, and wild Vitis amurensis has become the main variety cultivated here because of its strong cold resistance.

2. The origin of Bohai Bay

Including Changli in the northern half of North China, hilly and mountainous areas of Jixian County, Binhai District of Tianjin, hilly areas in the northern part of Shandong Peninsula and Daze Mountain. Because it is close to Bohai Bay and influenced by the ocean, it is rich in heat and abundant in rainfall. The annual accumulated temperature is 3756~4 174℃, the annual precipitation is 560 ~ 670 mm, and the soil types are complex, including sandy soil, coastal saline-alkali soil and brown soil. Superior natural conditions make it the most famous wine grape producing area in China, including Cabernet Sauvignon in Changli, Rosette in Tianjin Binhai, Chardonnay, Guirenxiang, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot in Shandong Peninsula.

Merlot, Jiali wine, white jade and other grapes are very famous in China. Bohai Bay is the producing area with the largest planting area and the best variety of wine grapes in China. The output of wine accounts for 1/2 of the national total output.

3. The origin of Shacheng

Including Xuanhua, Zhuolu and Huailai in Hebei. Located in the north of the Great Wall, it has abundant sunshine, moderate heat, large temperature difference between day and night, cool summer, dry climate, less rainfall, annual accumulated temperature of 3532℃, annual precipitation of 4 13mm, cinnamon soil, sandy texture, hilly and mountainous areas, which is very suitable for grape growth. Longan and milk grapes are the specialties here. In recent years, the world famous wine varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot have been popularized.

4. The origin of Qing Xu

Including Fenyang, Yuci and the mountainous areas in the northwest of Qingxu, Shanxi Province, the climate is cool, the sunshine is sufficient, the annual accumulated temperature is 3000~3500℃, the precipitation is 445mm, and the soil is loam, sandy loam and gravel. Grapes are planted in mountainous areas and are very dark in color. Longan in Qingxu is a local specialty. In recent years, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot have also been used for brewing.

5. The origin of Yinchuan

Including the vast alluvial plain at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain, the climate is dry, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. The annual active accumulated temperature is 3298~335 1℃, and the annual precipitation is 180~200mm. The soil is sandy loam with gravel, and the soil layer is 30~ 100mm. This is the largest wine grape base newly developed in northwest China, mainly planting world wine varieties Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot.

6, Wuwei origin

Including Wuwei, Minqin, Gulang, Zhangye and other counties and cities on the edge of Tengger Desert, it is also a new wine producing area on the Silk Road in China. The climate here is cool and dry, with the annual active accumulated temperature of 2800~3000℃ and the annual precipitation of110 mm. Because there is no summer heat and cold in winter, it is suitable for the growth of early and middle maturity grape varieties. In recent years, Merlot, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay have been developed.

7. The origin of Turpan

Including Shanshan River and Liuhong River in Turpan Basin, it is below 300 meters above sea level, surrounded by mountains, with frequent hot air and extremely high temperature in summer.

Above 45℃, the annual active accumulated temperature is 5319℃; Rainfall is scarce, only 16.4mm throughout the year. This is the production and drying base of seedless white grapes in China. More than ten years ago, Guo Qichang, a famous wine expert, tried to grow wine grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Huokeng, Syrah and Lilac here. Although glucose is high, the acidity is low, the flavor is insufficient and the quality of dry wine is poor. The sweet wine produced has the characteristics of western regions and its quality is still good.

8. Origin of the Old Yellow River

Including Xiaoxian County in Anhui, lankao county County in Henan and Minquan County, where the climate is hot, the annual accumulated temperature is 4000~4590℃, and the annual precipitation is more than 800mm, which is concentrated in summer, so the grapes grow vigorously, with serious diseases and low quality. In recent years, the newly developed winemaking bases in some wineries have basically controlled the epidemic of diseases by introducing late-maturing varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and improving cultivation techniques, and the quality of grapes is expected to be improved.

9. The high origin of Yunnan

Including Maitreya, Dongchuan, Yongren and Panzhihua on the Jinsha River at the border of Sichuan and Yunnan, where the altitude of Yunnan Plateau is 1500m. The soil is mostly red soil and brown soil. The climate here is characterized by abundant sunshine, sufficient heat and timely precipitation. There was an obvious dry season from June of last year to June of the following year, with the precipitation of 329mm (Maitreya, Yunnan) and 100mm (Panzhihua, Sichuan), which was suitable for the growth and ripening of wine grapes. Taking advantage of the natural advantages and unique microclimate in dry season, cultivating Eurasian grapes has become a major feature of grape planting in southwest China. After decades of development, the above nine producing areas have gradually formed, and the basic framework of China wine grape producing areas in 2 1 century has been constructed.

World grape producing areas

1, France

Bordeaux: Someone once said, "If you don't drink Bordeaux wine, you can't be a wine expert." Bordeaux wine is world-famous. Red wine is neither strong nor weak, with delicate taste and no strong alcohol smell. Most of the colors are beautiful ruby, and the best red wine has the characteristics of getting more fragrant with age. The main producing areas are Medoc, Saint Emilion, Pomero, Graves and Sothern.

Burgundy/Burgundy: The difference with Bordeaux is that most Bordeaux wines are brewed by several different grape varieties, while Burgundy wines are almost all brewed by the same grape variety; In addition, in Bordeaux, the so-called (grancru) fine wine is formulated by the 1855Medoc grancru grading system (of course, Saint Emilion and Graves also formulated the so-called grancru), while the fine wine in Burgundy is formulated according to the vineyards in the producing areas. The main producing areas are Chablis and golden hillside, that is, the Goethe producing area (Cote dor) is further divided into Cote de Nuit, Cote de Beaune, Marconas and beaujolais.

2. Italy

The most famous and prolific Italian regions are: Piedmont, among which (Baba Leiskow, barolo) is the most famous; Veneto, represented by Amarone Valpolicella and Soave; Tuscany and Chianti are its famous brands. Famous representatives are Vino Nobile di Montepulcaino and Brunello di Monta -lcino.

3. Spanish

Spain is the country with the largest grape planting area in the world, but the average grape area is the least, ranking third in the world in terms of alcohol production. Spanish wine gives the world the feeling that it is as popular as Italian wine. It wasn't until 1970s that Spain had its own "AOC", namely (Olkin National Wine Association), or DO for short, which stipulated the origin and quality of wine. Rioja is the Spanish Bordeaux. Due to aphids in the19th century, many grape growers who were originally in Bordeaux came to rioja, far away from home, to rebuild their vineyards and brew again, so Bordeaux-type wines were mainly produced here, but the grape varieties and wines were different in Chenfang. 199 1 year, Doc (Olkin California Sect) was established, which was stricter than DO.

4. Australia

Australia is an excellent new producing area with good soil conditions and stable climate. Its wine production accounts for 2% of the world, about 55 million cases, and nearly 30% is exported. At first, it was mainly used to produce fortified alcoholic liquor, but in recent thirty years, it has been changed to mass production of general table wine without sweetness. Because it is located in the southern hemisphere, the season is just the opposite to that in the northern hemisphere, and the grape harvest period is February and March every year, so it is listed six months earlier than the wines from various producing areas in Europe and America. If you bought Australian wine that year, it's not surprising. The most distinctive wine in Australia is blended wine, which is innovative and bold to try to use blending methods that have never been tried before, such as Carpend and Syrah blending excellent wines. In addition, it also produces very good fortified wines. Of course, it also produces many excellent wines, such as Syrah and Granci Elmy Tashi. Others such as Carpend Soynon, Chardonnay and Semillon also performed well.

5. Germany

Germany * * * has 13 specific grape growing areas, most of which are located in the southwest and at high latitudes. The sunshine is insufficient and the summer is short. In order to absorb more sunshine, 80% of the vineyards are located on the hillside near the river. The main specific vineyards are concentrated in Moser and Rhine areas. Generally speaking, Mo Ze wines are strong in acidity and refreshing; The Rhine is rich in wine.

6. America, America

The United States is the largest wine producer in America, and it is also a big country in wine technology. With its unique geographical location, stable climate, advanced technology and superb marketing skills, it has become an emerging excellent wine producing area in the international market in just 30 years. Among them, the wines produced in California rank first in the United States in terms of quality and quantity. California wine accounts for about 90% of the total production in the United States, and its grape cultivation is mainly distributed in the central valley and the southern coast, among which Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley on the northern coast are the most famous, and most famous wineries are here. In recent years, the United States has also formulated a set of so-called legal grape growing areas with reference to European regional control laws.

7. South America (omitted)

Sixth, the collocation of wine and wine glasses.

Appreciate the color, aroma and taste of wine. A correct and suitable wine glass is very important. It is used to deliver wine to the mouth. A good wine glass should be thin, unpainted, colorless and transparent, with high feet. At the same time, in order to make the wine breathe comfortably, the capacity of the glass must be large enough; On the other hand, when the wine is shaken, the aroma can be concentrated at the mouth of the glass. Drink red wine with Bordeaux glasses (like tulip bulbs or newly blooming lotus flowers) and Burgundy glasses (with small mouths like plant bulbs). The goblet for wine tasting should be colorless and transparent, with a tulip-shaped body, a slightly narrow mouth and a thin wall. The long handle allows fingers to hold the goblet lightly, so as to avoid printing handprints on the goblet body, which will affect the transparency of observing wine, and at the same time avoid transferring the temperature of hands to the goblet.

The diameter of a standard wine glass is 46±2mm, the widest part of the glass body is 65 2mm, the cup length is100 65438 0mm, the cup wall diameter is 0.8±65438±0mm, the cup handle length is 49±65438±0mm, and the cup bottom diameter is 65 2mm.

Wine, then drink red wine. Drink young wine first, then mature old wine.