? Yongshun County is located in the west of Hunan Province and the north of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. It is adjacent to Zhangjiajie City in the east, Longshan County and Baojing County in the west, Sangzhi County in the north, Guzhang County in the south and Yuanling County in Huaihua District in the southeast. The county seat is 9 kilometers away from Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport and 165 kilometers away from Guizhou Tongren Daxing Airport. The total land area of the county is 381 square kilometers.
? Yongshun County governs 3 townships and 327 village (neighborhood) committees, and is a county where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. There are 21 ethnic groups living in the territory, including Tujia, Han, Miao, Hui, Bai, Yao and Uygur, among which Tujia has the largest population. The county has a total population of 495,, of which 431, are Tujia ethnic minorities.
? Yongshun is an ancient and magical land and an important birthplace of Tujia nationality, with beautiful natural scenery, rich history and culture and rich ethnic customs. There are 169 intangible cultural heritage protection projects in the county, including Tujia Maogusi, Waving Dance, Daliuzi, Tujia Brocade and Tima Divine Song, which are listed in the national protection list.
? Yongshun was called Xizhou in ancient times, and it belonged to the middle of Chu in the Warring States Period. During the Qin Dynasty, it belonged to Qianzhong County. In the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty (26 BC), it was located in Youyang County. Youyang Governance is located in the southeast of Jinzhi (Lingxi Town). In the Three Kingdoms period, it belonged to Shu Han at the beginning; In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an (AD 219), it belonged to Wu. During the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was youyang county. Jin belongs to Wuling County. Song belongs to Wuling satrap. Qi Liang belongs to Wuling County. Chen belongs to Yuanling County. In the Sui Dynasty, Chenzhou was set up, Youyang was abandoned, and the mausoleum was moved, and it was changed to a large township and county, belonging to Yuanling County. In the second year of the Tang Dynasty (691), Chenzhou was analyzed, and Xizhou was located. Yongshun was a big township and county in Xizhou. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Xizhou was changed to Lingxi County, renamed Xizhou, and transferred to Guizhou Middle Road. On October 19th, 1949, China People's Liberation Army liberated Yongshun and transferred it to Yongshun District of Hunan Province. In September 1957, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established, and Yongshun was under its jurisdiction.
? Brief introduction of Tujia nationality
? Tujia nationality is an ancient nation in China. It has a long history and splendid culture. Tujia people call themselves "Bizka" or "Bizka", that is, "Bizka". Tracing back to the historical origin of Tujia nationality, there are several understandings: one is that Tujia nationality is an indigenous ancestor on the border of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou, which was formed by integrating ancient Ba people. One is that the Ba people are the main body, thinking that Tujia people are Ba people who settled in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou in ancient times and merged with other ethnic groups. One is that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a group of barbarians entered this area and merged with the aborigines and Ba people. No matter what kind of subject is said, there is a * * * similarity, that is, Tujia is an ancient nation, and Tujia, like the other 55 ethnic groups in China, is a multi-source integration.
? Tujia people have Tujia language without writing, and there are still more than 4 thousand people in the territory who can speak Tujia language; Young men like to wear double-breasted clothes, embroidered belts around their waists, embroidered purses, short trouser legs and double-nostril shoes. Middle-aged and elderly men like to wear a left-breasted garment with a long belt and wide trouser legs, and they are wrapped in green silk and green cloth. Old people wear double nostril shoes, and they like to wear a pair of white socks or wrap their legs with blue cloth in winter. Women like to wear a blue silk handkerchief or a green cloth handkerchief, and they like to wear a full-length dress with plum blossom stripes, including external shoulder rest, collarless, silver hook, short collar and so on. I like an apron embroidered with all kinds of flowers and plants. In February and August, people wear white cloth and sweat clothes, and their coats are blue and blue, which is called "the magpie is white". Pants are mostly blue cloth with white waistband, and the blue bottom of the trousers is inlaid with blue edge or blue edge. The mouth of the shoe is inlaid with lace, and the upper is embroidered with grass, butterflies, bees and so on. Working women don't wear socks, and they like to wrap their legs in white cloth in winter. Only a long braid is left on the girl's head, and the married woman's hair is rolled up and combed into a bun, and silver ornaments such as banana fan, Yu Baozhen and Peng Lian are inserted in her hair. Most women like to wear earrings, jade rings and rings. There are toothpick buttons on the chest, and silver training, silver medal, silver tooth insert, silver bell, silver beads and other ornaments are tied on it. Old women wear hoop hats and big hoop earrings. The hats worn by children are changed according to the seasons. Wear purple and gold crowns in spring and autumn, melon rings in Dai Dong in summer, and dog head hats or fishtail hats in winter. The hat is embroidered with the words "long life and wealth", "easy to cultivate people" and "happiness in life". There are silver bodhisattvas such as Wen Eight Immortals, Wu Eight Immortals and Eighteen Arhats nailed on the front of the hat, and there are many silver ornaments on the top and back of the hat. Both boys and girls wear silver bracelets with hollow silver hammers or silver bells.
? Shuangfeng Village, Heping Township, Yongshun County, was the focus of Mr. Pan Guangdan's research on Tujia nationality in China in March, 1953. The village preserved the complete Tujia language, customs and national psychological quality, provided many experts and scholars with detailed empirical materials, and the remains of the original ecological culture provided evidence for Tujia nationality to become a single minority. For many years, it has been praised by all walks of life as "the first Tujia village" in China, and Yongshun has been established as a Tujia sampling county in China by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission. At the same time, the theory of "eight barbarians" circulating in western Hunan proves that Yongshun is one of the birthplaces of Tujia nationality. Yongshun is also from Youyang (Wangcun)-Laosicheng-Xizhou-Yongshun on the border of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou. From "barbarian" to "Tujia" national melting pot. Following the old Tusi capital of Sicheng, which has existed for 8 years, it is confirmed that Yongshun is the root ancestor and ruling core of Tusi in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou in modern times. The ancient and splendid Tujia folk art heritage is the "museum" and "gene bank" of Tujia people in China.
? Introduction to Maugus
? Maogusi dance, which is called "Gu Si Ba Pa Dance", "Pappagi" or "Bubuka" in Tujia language, is often called "Maogusi" or "Mao Hunting Dance" in Chinese. Maogusi dance, an ancient dance form of Tujia people, was produced in the ritual ceremony of Tujia people, and was praised as "the living fossil of human drama" by relevant experts.
? Maogusi dance is a kind of primitive drama dance with characters, dialogues, simple story lines and a certain performance program. It performs the production contents of Tujia ancestors such as fishing, hunting and farming with artistic techniques similar to traditional opera, which has both the characteristics of dance and the performance of drama, and the two are intertwined and integrated. Most of the performances are interspersed with hand dancing, and sometimes they are performed alone on certain occasions. Maogusi dance has unique characteristics. The performers bend their knees, shaking all over, rustling all over, and the five big braid on their heads keep swinging from side to side. During the performance, they step forward and backward, jump from side to side, shake their heads and shake their shoulders. The contents of "dew", "sweeping in and out", "hunting around" and "hunting to celebrate victory" can be clearly distinguished according to the performance actions. The most prominent feature of this dance is the style of costumes. The performers are dressed in grass and bark, which is simple and elegant, and has a very primitive style. When performing a dialogue, it is required to change the tune, so that the audience can't recognize the real identity of the performer. The most important thing is that Maogusi dance, as an ancient and unique art form, can provide reliable clues for the study of the origin of Tujia dance.
? Maogusi dance is not only of great value to the study of Tujia nationality's original life form and lifestyle, but also is a precious cultural heritage with its ancient belief symbols such as nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship and artistic elements such as freehand brushwork, virtuality and imitation.
? Rich tourism resources
? Furong town, a famous historical and cultural town in Hunan Province. Furong town is an ancient town with a history of 2, years. It is located on the shore of Youshui, 51 kilometers away from the county seat. Originally the county seat of Youyang County in the Western Han Dynasty, because of the convenience of the boat, it went to Sichuan and Guizhou and issued Dongting. Since ancient times, it has been a Yongshun trading port, and is known as "Chu Shu Tong Jin". Enjoy the reputation of Youyang Xiongzhen, Xiangxi "Four Famous Towns" and Little Nanjing.
? Furong town is not only a thousand-year-old town with a long history, but also a tourist attraction that combines natural scenery with quaint ethnic customs. It is also the gateway to Mengdonghe Scenic Area and the best spot to visit the ancient times. Surrounded by green mountains and green waters, the town is full of winding and deep streets, the Tujia wooden house with hanging feet near the water and the Wuli long street paved with bluestone slabs, which dialysis the simple and simple Tujia folk customs everywhere, so that visitors are full of praise and forget to return. After visiting Mengdong River and furong town, Mr. Hu Jiwei wrote a eulogy: "The Wuling Mountain is beautiful and the Three Gorges is Luoxi State. The cliff wall is steep and green, and the boat swings leisurely. Cooking fresh fish, playing with monkeys, visiting immortals in Longdong, hanging feet in Furong ancient town, Tujia people have a strong feeling. " In order to live up to the leading role of furong town tourism and successfully push furong town to the market, Yongshun County Party Committee and government have set the strategic goals of finishing the ancient town in one year, building the scenic spot in two years, accumulating the market in three years and winning the brand in four years. Focusing on the determined tourism strategic objectives, furong town Tourism Industry Development Co., Ltd. has combed and integrated the Qin and Han culture, Tujia culture, architectural culture, religious culture and film and television culture that have been precipitated and formed in the ancient town for more than 2,3 years, and has listed 46 ancient dwellings in the ancient town for protection, and comprehensively protected, maintained and repaired more than 1 ancient streets, Gu Xiang, ancient trees, ancient walls and ancient tombs in batches. Since July last year, furong town Tourism Industry Development Co., Ltd. has been following the basic principles of "combining the construction of scenic spots with the market, combining the functions of scenic spots with the construction of ancient towns, and combining the environmental creation with the management of ancient towns". A landscape and humanistic ancient town with "ancient streets, squares, waterfalls, streams, docks, houses, parks and religions" can be planned constructively, which has been recognized by the government, experts, markets and residents. It also established four major sections of tourism culture, namely, the film culture with Furong Square as the platform, the Qin and Han culture with Wangcun Ancient Street as the backbone, the Tujia culture with Tongzhu Park as the theme, and the farming culture with pastoral landscape as the axis. The county Party committee and government made a decision to invest 12 million yuan in furong town in three phases and three years. Guzhen Company follows the working mode of "government-led, enterprise-oriented, social participation and market operation" and closely focuses on the working requirements of "making great efforts to build furong town into a market-oriented, humanistic and ecological ancient town tourism new area with historical and cultural characteristics". Through one year's efforts, the development of scenic spots in furong town has achieved certain results. According to the planning of scenic spots, the first phase of the project has been completed around the four major projects of "scenic spot construction system, tourist service system, sign recognition system and environmental protection system". Initially built a "three roads, three streets, three circles" around the ancient town; Six parking lots and a battery car transfer station were built, and 2 battery car fleets were officially put into operation on May 1. All the lighting street lamps in the scenic spot have been installed, and the night scene lighting project has been initially completed; The first phase of the greening project of Furong Road and some swimming paths was basically completed. Completed the identification of ancient streets and swimming paths and the construction of a simple interpretation system. The names of scenic spots No.3 Road (Furong Road, Xizhou Road and Tongzhu Road), No.3 Street (Wangcun Ancient Street, Yunpan Street and Chaofo Street), No.3 Path (Chushu Tongjing, Waterfall Curtain Youjing, Three Waterfalls Flowing Gold) and five major scenic spots (movies, Qin and Han Dynasties, nationalities, religions and pastoral areas) were determined and signboards were set up. All three vehicle lanes and pedestrian zebra crossings in the scenic area have set up road signs. In addition, a performance team of more than 4 people was set up, and 12 performances were arranged, such as witchcraft stunt, Maogusi, Sanbangu, crying marriage and excerpts from the film "furong town". Two folk customs performances were held in Lotus Square every day. These performances and explanations with unique Tujia folk characteristics greatly increased the attraction of ancient town tourism.
? Xizhou Copper Pillar, a National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit. Xizhou Copper Column is now in furong town Folk Scenery Museum. In 94 AD, Ma Xifan, the king of Chu, and Peng Shichou, who was stabbed by Xizhou, made peace after years of fighting, concluded a covenant, crossed the border and made smelting, casting 5, Jin of copper columns as proof. According to the historical section: "In the fourth year of Tianfu in the late Jin Dynasty (AD 939), Peng Shichou, the secretariat of Xizhou, fought against Ma Xifan, the king of Chu who occupied Hunan at that time. After the defeat, Peng Shichou made peace with Ma Xifan in the fifth year of Tianfu in the late Jin Dynasty (AD 94), and engraved the course of the war and the terms of the peace talks on the bronze pillars. The bronze column weighs 5, kilograms, is 2 feet high, and has six hearts buried in the ground. It is octagonal, hollow, and contains huge amounts of money. The end of the column is covered with a copper top, and it stands on the bronze column. When it was rebuilt in the second year of Song Tianxi (AD 118), some local titles were carved. In the middle of Qing dynasty, the copper top on the column was stolen and sank in the middle of the river, and the copper coins in the column were also used up. In the 11th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (AD 1885), Zhang Zengyang, the magistrate of Yongshun Prefecture, built a pavilion for protection. The pavilion was destroyed during the Republic of China. " The copper of the copper column is pure and smooth; The inscriptions on the Eight Faces and the inscriptions on Liu Ti are as clear as ever, although they have been washed by thousands of years of wind and rain and eroded by frost and snow. Xizhou bronze column is an important document to study the ancient history of Tujia nationality. Tujia people regard copper pillars as sacred objects.
? Mengdong River, a national scenic spot. Mengdong River Drifting Scenic Area is located in Sihe, a tributary of Mengdong River, with a total length of 47 kilometers. The highlight is located in the section from Hanigong to Niulu, with a length of about 17 kilometers. Most of the two sides of the scenic spot are primitive sub-forests, which are lush, fast-flowing and green, and have the reputation of ten miles of cliffs, ten miles of waterfalls, ten miles of scrolls and ten miles of caves. Among them, there are 18 rapids and rapids and 2 waterfalls. Drifting, crossing rapids, crossing dangerous beaches, breaking into narrow valleys, catching surf, there is no danger, and the aftertaste is endless. In particular, Hani Palace, Triangle Rock, Jilongmen, Yuxian Gorge (Earth-kneading), Yan Wangtan, Falling Water Pit, Mengsi Gorge, Carp Cut-off, Three Cannons and other scenic spots are all breathtaking. Liu Yi, director of the National Tourism Administration, praised it as "unique in China". Fei Xiaotong, vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), wrote an inscription after drifting: "The first drifting in the world". Chen Fuli, a famous Hong Kong photographer, praised after drifting: "The real drifting is not in the Philippines, but in Mengdong River in Hunan, China", and wrote an inscription: "Seeking seclusion, exploring victory, stimulating and relaxing, and drifting in Mengdong River will be famous all over the world". In February 22, "No.1 Piao in the World" won the famous trademark of Hunan Province, which is the only famous trademark in China's tourism service industry.
? Laosicheng, a national key cultural relic protection unit. Laosicheng is located in Sicheng Village, Macha Township, more than 2 kilometers east of the county seat. This ancient city, whose real name is Fushicheng, is also called Sicheng and Laosicheng because it was the ancient capital ruled by the Tusi Dynasty for 8 years. During the Tusi period, Fushicheng was the political, economic and cultural center of Xi Gu, and it was very prosperous. People say that the old city is divided into inner and outer Luocheng, with eight streets and ten lanes criss-crossing, densely populated, and prosperous shops. The history books record that there are "3, households in the city, 8 outside the city" and "the giant town of five streams, the border city of Wan Li". Peng Shiduo, a tribute student in Qing Dynasty, wrote Zhuzhi Ci, praising "the brocade in Fushi City is a nest, the water waves by the earth palace, the red lights are thousands of people, and there is a lingering wave of hands".
? There are many sites left in Laosicheng, which has become a precious cultural landscape for tourists, experts and scholars to understand and study Tujia history and culture. There are mainly the ancestral hall, Peng's ancestral hall, Tusi Dezheng monument, Yinan archway, Tusi underground palace, Tusi ancient tombs and so on. Tusi Zushi Temple is located at the southern foot of Taiping in Laosicheng. It was built in the second year of Tianfu in the late Jin Dynasty (AD 937) and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The main hall is surrounded by a large number of columns, and there is no trace of axe chisel on the wooden Fang. It is said that it was built by Lu Ban. Covering an area of more than 58 square meters, the main hall is five rooms wide, with four double eaves resting on the top of the mountain, with a length of 17.5 meters, a width of 13 meters and a height of 2 meters. It is made of all wood and supported by 34 pillars. The column foundation is in the form of a double drum, and the temple ridge and eaves are exquisite pottery bricks and tiles. In front of the golden pillar in the temple, there is a shrine for the statue of the "ancestor". The arch of the temple is magnificent and simple, and the beam structure is quite special. It is a building with national characteristics in Tujia area and a national key cultural relics protection unit.
? Pengshi ancestral hall