At present, the capital shortage and financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises are a major problem facing the industrial development of our city, which has become an important factor that puzzles the production and restricts the development of enterprises. According to the statistics of the People's Bank of China, in 24, the growth rate of manufacturing loans in the whole city accounted for a "double decline" trend, which was 3 and 2.6 percentage points lower than that in 23 respectively. Recently, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Party Committee * * * put forward the strategic goal of "working for another three to five years to achieve a new leap" and decided to carry out the activities of "industrial technology innovation and enterprises' second venture" throughout the city to promote the leap-forward development of the city's industrial economy and require the goal of "five times doubling" in three years. Among them, industrial production and sales will increase by 11 billion yuan. If the input-output ratio is 1: 2.5, it will cost about 44 billion yuan to invest in the project, and at the same time, it will need to support about 5 billion yuan of production working capital. At this stage, the main body of our city's industrial economy is a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, and the accelerated development of industrial economy is bound to require more capital injection from small and medium-sized enterprises, so solving the contradiction of the shortage of funds for small and medium-sized enterprises is an important topic in the current industrial economic organization. Solving the problem of capital shortage and financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises is a systematic project, which involves many factors such as financing system, credit environment, service awareness and service level of enterprises and financing institutions, and needs comprehensive coordination and supporting solutions. Through the investigation of financial institutions and enterprises, we believe that the fundamental way to solve the problem of capital shortage of small and medium-sized enterprises is to straighten out the capital relationship, expand financing channels, and cooperate with enterprises, banks and * * * to resolve the contradiction of capital shortage of small and medium-sized enterprises. First of all, we will continue to increase investment promotion and asset restructuring, and ease the contradiction of capital shortage through foreign funds. In recent years, the bank capital loan-to-deposit ratio of our city has been low, but the industrial economy of our city has still achieved rapid development, and its strong capital guarantee is largely due to investment promotion and asset reorganization. Through the entry of foreign capital and private capital, a number of large projects, such as Dalian Chemical, Chuanqi Optoelectronics and Kelon Electric, have been introduced, and a number of asset restructuring projects, such as Yaxing and Greencool, Lianhuan Pharmaceutical and Shanghai Lianchuang, and willman, have been promoted, activating production factors, opening up the capital bottleneck for the development of industrial enterprises and enhancing the impetus for industrial economic development. In the next stage, we should still strengthen our work in this area, especially to continue to increase investment attraction and asset reorganization in the industrial chain, give play to and explore our own advantages, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, promote the concentration of various production factors in Yangzhou, ease the contradiction of capital shortage, and promote the industrial economy of our city to a higher level. Secondly, we will continue to increase the promotion and service of loans and actively promote the cooperation between banks and enterprises. In 24, through information release, loan promotion, bank-enterprise forum and follow-up coordination, the Municipal Economic and Trade Commission cooperated with relevant departments to promote 86 projects to commercial banks in the city, helping industrial enterprises to apply for loans of 1.6 billion yuan; Facilitated 71 key enterprises and growth enterprises to sign the Bank-Enterprise Cooperation Agreement with banks, with a credit line of 12.3 billion yuan; And help some industrial enterprises coordinate and strive for closed loans of more than 3 million yuan. This series of effective measures has provided a strong guarantee for the development of some enterprises in our city. In the future, we should continue to coordinate capital elements, actively introduce a number of enterprises with bright spots, products and markets to banks, hold regular meetings between banks and enterprises, strengthen information communication between the two sides, enhance financial institutions' understanding of industrial enterprises and promote further cooperation between banks and enterprises. Third, guide enterprises to strengthen fund management and actively broaden financing channels. Strengthening capital management is an important way for enterprises to optimize capital structure, improve capital operation and speed up capital turnover. We should actively guide enterprises to set production by sales and promote production by sales, vigorously compress the two funds, revitalize existing assets, accelerate capital turnover, reduce capital precipitation, and improve the rate of production and sales and the rate of capital withdrawal; Guide enterprises to establish a multi-channel and multi-form financing system as soon as possible through joint-stock reform and actively seeking listing, while striving for bank support, so as to meet the capital needs of production and operation and strive for the best rate of return on funds; At the same time, we should also guide enterprises to carry out financing through debt-to-equity swap, financial leasing, pawn financing, etc. in light of their own actual conditions, so as to alleviate the contradiction of tight funds. Recently, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Party Committee * * * issued the Opinions on Launching the Activities of "Industrial Technology Innovation and Enterprises' Second Entrepreneurship" in the whole city. In the next stage, we should actively implement the opinions of * * * of the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Party Committee, help qualified enterprises, and actively strive to obtain national, provincial and municipal opinions on technological transformation and innovation. Fourth, guide enterprises to strengthen credit construction and continue to promote and improve the credit system construction of small and medium-sized enterprises. At present, cultivating credit demand, standardizing credit market, perfecting credit system and creating credit environment are of urgent practical significance for improving the overall quality and comprehensive competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises, resisting credit risks and improving their financing ability. We should guide enterprises to strengthen the construction of credit: on the one hand, by establishing and perfecting the credit system and credit evaluation system for small and medium-sized enterprises outside enterprises, providing enterprise credit information to banks and other institutions, commending small and medium-sized enterprises that keep promises, setting up credit models, vigorously publicizing and popularizing credit management models and experiences, and gradually establishing credit collection, rating and publishing systems and reward and punishment mechanisms suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises to enhance the confidence of financial institutions such as banks in enterprise credit; On the other hand, actively carry out the construction and popularization of credit system within enterprises, strengthen contract management, marketing early warning, accounting management and pre-employment investigation within enterprises, carry out credit and professional skills training for enterprise management, management and testing personnel, cultivate professionals such as credit investigation, analysis, evaluation and supervision, and promote the integrity construction of enterprises. Fifth, give full play to and explore the role of SME guarantee center, and establish and improve SME credit guarantee system. In recent years, the SME guarantee center in our city has played a positive role in the development of SMEs. However, due to its less capital and limited guarantee capacity, and other objective factors, the current guarantee capacity has declined. In the next step, on the basis of continuing to improve and strengthen the SME guarantee center, we should establish a standardized and perfect SME credit guarantee system, form a pattern in which * * * capital, commercial capital and private capital participate together, and truly form some guarantee institutions sponsored by * * * into independent legal person guarantee enterprises, realize commercial operation, and change the current situation of small scale, limited guarantee ability and low operation efficiency of guarantee institutions in our city. In order to support the development of guarantee institutions, it is suggested that a special financial fund be established to subsidize the bad debts of qualified SME loan guarantee institutions in a certain proportion to improve their guarantee ability. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the management of guarantee institutions and guarantee industry, establish self-regulatory organizations of guarantee industry, and make guarantee institutions provide financing guarantee services for small and medium-sized enterprises according to the rules of market economy; It is necessary to gradually establish and improve the guarantee risk compensation mechanism and re-guarantee mechanism, and strive to unblock the channels to increase the effective input of credit for small and medium-sized enterprises, so as to create conditions for small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain more and faster credit support. Sixth, guide and encourage various financial institutions to increase credit support for small and medium-sized enterprises. * * * State-owned commercial banks, joint-stock banks and policy banks can be encouraged to increase the proportion of loans to small and medium-sized enterprises by means of tax discount support, expanding the floating range of interest rates, refinancing and rediscounting. According to the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can study and formulate credit rating evaluation standards and loan operation procedures different from those of large enterprises, reasonably determine the term and amount of loans for small and medium-sized enterprises, and give full play to the role of the credit department of small and medium-sized enterprises within banks. Encourage policy banks to rely on local commercial banks and guarantee institutions to carry out sub-lending and secured loans for small and medium-sized enterprises. Encourage commercial banks to improve the credit evaluation system for small and medium-sized enterprises, issue credit loans to qualified small and medium-sized enterprises, and carry out credit business; Expand corporate wealth management and account custody business for small and medium-sized enterprises with market, benefit and credit; Relax the access conditions of financial leasing companies and support the establishment of financial leasing; Piloting the pledge loan of intangible assets such as patent rights and trademark rights. Support small and medium-sized enterprises to use international financial organizations to invest and use foreign loans in accordance with relevant regulations. Encourage insurance institutions to carry out product and service innovation for small and medium-sized enterprises, and improve service methods and means for small and medium-sized enterprises; Give further play to the positive role of pawn in financing small and medium-sized enterprises. Who has the foreign periodical "Causes and Countermeasures of Liquidity Shortage of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China"? For foreign language translation of graduation thesis, thank you.
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------------------. L database IEEE/IEE(IEL)
(3) ebscohost RSC Royal Society of Chemistry
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(5) Springer electronic journal WorldSciNet electronic journal full-text database
(6) Nature weekly NetLibrary electronic book
(7) Proquest dissertation full-text database
. (8) The ISI Web of Knowledge Engineering Village 2
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good luck! Where can I find free papers on the recruitment problems and countermeasures of small and medium-sized enterprises?
Douding. com and Baidu Library look for papers on the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises as countermeasures.
Financing strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises in the early stage of entrepreneurship, it is best to rely on their own funds. Many small and medium-sized enterprises think of financing at the beginning of their entrepreneurship. In fact, it is better to ask for help than to ask for help. Financing needs time and energy, and it needs to disclose its own business secrets to others. Moreover, the introduction of external equity capital may also introduce contradictions. On the other hand, investors try their best to avoid risks, so it is difficult for ordinary enterprises to get funds at the beginning or early stage. However, when enterprises have grown up and sales and profits continue to grow, many investors will take the initiative to find you. Therefore, in the early stage of starting a business, we must rely on our own funds, start with sales, and actively seek customers. With operating income, we will have the driving force for development. There are also a small number of investment companies that specialize in finding early-stage projects in order to obtain high multiple returns. Even in the early stage of this venture, when investors take care of it, entrepreneurs need to invest some of their own funds. Second, strive to tap internal financial resources. Before seeking external funds, make full use of internal financial resources: enterprises should have a good cash flow forecasting system, provide customers with sufficient incentives to encourage them to pay in time, have strict credit evaluation procedures for customers, and make plans for payment to suppliers. Make every effort to ensure sales revenue, control inventory, improve quality control system, reduce scrap rate and realize idle assets. Third, actively seek external financial resources If the internal resources have been fully utilized, then look at what external resources are available: shareholders' funds, the possibility of bank overdraft or loan in the current account of the enterprise, the discount of the agent's payables or bills, the sale of anti-rent (selling to the leasing company and then renting the asset), commercial bank loans, free subsidies or discount loans from * * * or public institutions, and finally the venture capital fund. Fourth, bank financing Bank financing is the main source of funds for SMEs at this stage. In addition to the traditional working capital loans, there are the following special loans in view of the general lack of collateral for SMEs: Accounts receivable pledge loans: Accounts receivable pledge loans refer to the credit that production enterprises apply for from banks with the accounts receivable formed by their sales as collateral. The pledge rate of accounts receivable is generally 6% to 8%, and the materials required by the applicant enterprises generally include the original sales contract, invoice, receipt, confirmation and commitment letter of the payer, etc. Other required information is the same as general working capital loans. Discount of commercial acceptance bills: Compared with bank acceptance bills, although commercial acceptance bills have no bank credit guarantee, but only the credit guarantee of the drawer (equivalent to the payer of the above accounts receivable), for sellers, it is easy to obtain the approval and cooperation of the payer and the operation is standardized, so sellers are still willing to accept them. Discounting commercial acceptance bills is actually a form of accounts receivable financing. Because there is no bank's credit guarantee, the discount bank has higher credit requirements for sellers and their downstream payers, and only handles this business for enterprises that meet certain conditions. Accounts receivable trust loan: Accounts receivable trust loan refers to the trust contract signed by the applicant enterprise as the principal, the trust company as the trustee and the bank as the beneficiary. Enterprises entrust accounts receivable to trust companies, which are responsible for supervising the recovery of accounts receivable by enterprises. The income of accounts receivable belongs to the bank, and at the same time, the bank signs a loan contract with the enterprise, and the bank issues loans to the enterprise. Because this operation method takes advantage of the independence of trust property to safely isolate accounts receivable as trust property, compared with the above-mentioned accounts receivable pledge, it improves the security of bank loans, and only increases the financing cost for financing applicants, so it will be more attractive to banks and enterprises. Financing lease mode: For enterprises, financing lease is actually a kind of installment payment, which can reduce the short-term cash flow pressure. For those small and medium-sized enterprises that need large-scale mechanical and electrical equipment and bulk raw material procurement, financial leasing is a good financing method. Movable property pledge loan: The movable property that an enterprise can pledge mainly includes finished products and raw materials. Due to the mobility and uncontrollability of movable property, some domestic banks have merged with warehousing companies or logistics companies at present.