CNC lathes are divided into horizontal and vertical lathes, as well as simple CNC lathes.

A horizontal CNC lathe is defined as the main spindle placed horizontally. The main feed axis has two axes (X, Z). The front end of the spindle is positioned with a tapered end face to connect the chuck or turning fixture. The chuck and The fixture needs to be strictly dynamically balanced, otherwise the machine tool spindle will vibrate. Chucks are divided into hydraulic and manual, and are classified into three-claw, four-claw, multi-claw and faceplate.

The connection methods between the spindle and the spindle motor are basically divided into two types: 1. synchronous belt transmission; 2. gearbox transmission. Synchronous belt drive is generally used in smaller lathes. In order to meet the power requirements of machine tool cutting, the motor power will be larger; the rotation speed will generally exceed 4000RPM, and is mostly used for processing non-ferrous metals and smaller shaft parts that require higher rotation speeds. . Gearbox transmission is mostly used on large machines. The user's processing requires larger cutting torque, or the customer's processing requirement is to use turning instead of grinding. The speed generally does not exceed 4000RPM, and is mostly used for heavy cutting or processing of large shaft parts.

Lathe bed designs generally include: saddle type, square box base, 30° inclined back, and 45° inclined back design.

For the turret part, the common forms are hydraulic and electric turrets. The tool positions are generally divided into 10 tool positions and 12 tool positions (except for extra large machine tools). The tool interfaces include standard square and cylindrical tools. The interface also has Coromant’s Capto interface. Contains standard cutting fluid interface.

Applications: This type of machine tool is widely used and covers many industries. For example: crankshafts, camshafts, transmission shafts and other parts in the automobile and motorcycle industries; steam turbine rotors; shaft parts for aviation and aerospace; shaft parts in the machine tool industry, etc.

For vertical CNC lathes, the spindle is defined to be placed vertically. There are two main feed axes, and the spindle installation interface is mainly a faceplate.

The spindle box is also divided into two methods. Due to different processing objects, the spindle power is generally larger.

The bed is designed as a vertical structure, and the large CNC vertical lathe will be designed with a door shape to facilitate processing.

The vertical lathe tool magazine is similar to the machining center tool magazine. The turning head interface has BT or other forms and can automatically change tools.

Application, this type of machine tool is mainly used for turning disc parts, such as: wheels, steering frames, etc. of trains and locomotives; end covers of generator sets, etc.; wheels, brake discs, etc. of automobiles and motorcycles...

There are many types of machining centers, including vertical, horizontal, gantry, floor boring and milling, and multi-axis machining centers.

Horizontal machining centers are currently of foreign brands in China. The spindle is placed horizontally. Different tool interfaces are used for different spindle speeds. Generally, BT, ISO, DIN69871, etc. are selected for ISO40 spindle speeds below 10000RPM. 8000~15000RPM can be selected. BBT, HSK; above 15000RPM, HSK and CAPTO should be selected. The ISO50 spindle classification method is below 6000RPM; 6000~10000RPM; and above 10000RPM. ISO4015000 rpm, ISO5010000RPM and above generally use electric spindles, that is, the spindle is the motor rotor, with high power, and oil and gas lubrication is used for lubrication. For low-speed machine tools, the motors are connected with synchronous belts or gearboxes, and there are also direct-connected structures.

Machine tool structures are generally divided into two types: positive T-shaped and inverted T-shaped. The positive T-shaped structure is the X-axis moving column, and the inverted T-shaped structure is the Z-axis moving column. It should be noted that there is a range of the Y-axis on the work table that is a blind area for processing.

The standard form of the workbench is generally a dot matrix screw hole table, and there are also workbench using T-shaped slots. Double worktable, the table is less than 800x800mm using the rotary exchange method, the table is larger than 800X800mm using the straight-forward exchange method. The larger countertop has only one workbench.

Tool magazine types include cutterhead type and chain exchange arm type. The tool magazine capacity is 60, 80, 120, 160, 180... which can be selected according to customer needs.

Applications: This type of machine tools are mostly used to process automobile and motorcycle engine blocks, cylinder heads, transmission casings; brake calipers, brake pumps; box parts; compressor casings; Mold bases for large molds, medium and large molds with deep cavities...

Vertical machining centers with the spindle placed vertically. Currently, there are a large number of Taiwanese products and imported European and American equipment in the country, and there are also quite a few domestic brands. In the same market competition, private enterprises have also participated in the past two years, making this type of machine tool sales market the most competitive market in the country. The annual domestic demand is about 4,500 to 5,000 units. The division of the machine tool spindle interface is basically the same as that of the horizontal machining center.

The machine tool structure is a C-shaped structure when viewed from the side. This structure is only suitable for Y-axis less than 1200mm. If it is larger than this value, the spindle head will be overhanging, which will cause insufficient rigidity of the spindle head. Vibration will occur during machining, so generally you can see vertical machining centers with larger X-axis strokes, but rarely see those with larger Y-axis strokes. In terms of axial movement methods, they can be divided into fixed column type, moving column type and fully moving column type. The fixed column type is a traditional machine tool structure. The column is fixed on the base. The X-axis and Y-axis are vertically overlapped and installed in front of the column. This method does not require high power for the three-axis drive motor of the machine tool. The axial movement responds quickly to the control system of the machine tool, making it easier to solve the problem of machine tool crawling. The moving column type means that the workbench only moves in the X or Y direction, and the corresponding column will move in the Y or X direction. This design method has greater power requirements for the drive motor of the column. The fully moving column design has the worktable fixed, and the columns are fixed on the X and Y axes. This structure requires high power for the drive motors of the X and Y axes, so the machine tool is relatively small, and usually double worktables are installed. Additional rotary exchange table.

The bucket hat type and bidirectional tool changing arm methods are common in machine tool tool magazines, and there are also head disc type tool changing methods. The hat-type tool changer is generally used for processing that does not require high tool change frequency and tool change time. The tool magazine of the bidirectional tool change arm has fast tool change speed and can use larger tool weights. The head disc type tool changing method has high requirements on machine tools and is mostly used in imported high-end vertical machining centers. If the design is reasonable, the tool changing efficiency is extremely high.

The worktable is available in two types: matrix screw hole and T-slot. For mass production of parts, small machine tools can also be equipped with an optional exchange worktable. The exchange methods include rotary type and linear type. The linear type is divided into two types: rack and pinion and hydraulically driven swing arm.

Application, this type of machine tool is a representative of general-purpose machine tools. It is widely used in various industries related to the field of metal cutting. As the production method of industrial products changes to a multi-variety and small-batch production method , the demand for such machine tools will continue to rise, and many machine tool manufacturers are even transforming standard equipment and accepting non-standard customization in order to adapt to market demand.

Gantry type machining center, this type of machine tool is defined as the machine tool spindle is placed vertically. The spindle division method is the same as that of horizontal machining centers.

The structure of the machine tool, the machine tool column is a double column, the Y-axis is a beam, and it forms a portal structure with the column. The Z-axis and the main spindle box move along the portal beam. This type of equipment has a portal structure, so The Y-axis stroke of the machine tool can be very large, which solves the limitation of the Y-axis stroke of the vertical machining center. This type of machine tool has an X-axis stroke of 600mm to dozens of meters, and the stroke span is extremely large. If an angle head is installed on the head of the spindle, the machine tool is called a gantry pentahedron processing machine, which can process five sides in one clamping. The machining accuracy of basic structural parts of large equipment is well guaranteed.

Relatively small machine, the worktable is movable and uses T-shaped slots. Large machine tools have fixed worktables, moving columns, and T-shaped slots.

Tool magazine, the machine tool magazine is on the side of the machine tool, usually a chain tool magazine, and the tool changing arm changes tools. What's special is that the angle head can also be replaced automatically.

Applications: Gantry machine tools are mostly used in places that require the processing of large parts, such as: processing of structural parts in the shipbuilding industry, processing of basic parts in the machine tool industry, processing of covering parts molds in the automotive industry, and processing of large hydraulic press molds. In the processing of large frames in the textile machinery industry, etc., due to the stability of the door-shaped structure, this type of structure is also selected in the processing of small high-precision molds, such as processing computer connector molds, resin lens injection molds, etc.

Floor-standing boring and milling machine. This type of machine tool has a horizontal spindle. The spindle power is generally very high. It adopts gearbox transmission and the machine tool spindle speed will not be too high. The spindle interface mostly uses the ISO interface form.

The structure of the machine tool. The machine tool is also made into fixed column type and moving column type according to the size of the It looks like a pillow, so it is called a ram. There is a spindle head that can extend and retract inside the ram, which is called the W-axis. The shaft diameter is thin and the stroke is slightly smaller than the Z-axis stroke. This structure mainly solves the problem that many parts have deep holes or have many interferences that are difficult to process in machining.

The worktable of small machine tools has a T-slot structure. Because the worktable is small, some machine tool worktables can be indexed. The large machine tool workbench is a fixed workbench with movable columns.

Floor-standing boring and milling machines generally do not have tool magazines, but some users do. However, the number of tools installed in the tool magazine is not large.

Application, this type of machine tool is mostly used for large frame parts that are difficult to process and require a long spindle overhang. For example: the processing of the spindle boxes of some machines, the processing of large marine engines, etc.

Multi-axis machining centers, the driving axes of this type of machine tool mostly have five or more axes, and most of them currently seen in China are European products. Machine tools are generally small and have average power. The spindle interface generally adopts HSK and CAPTO forms. The spindle speed is relatively high, generally above 10,000RPM.

Machine tool structure, taking a five-axis machine tool as an example. The main structure of this machine tool is similar to the structure of a vertical machining center. Generally, the machine tool is smaller. In addition to the normal X, Y, and Z axes, it also has rotation Axis, A, B, C axes, common worktables can rotate simultaneously along the X, Y plane (B axis), Y, Z plane (A axis) for thousandths of an index, and the column is in the form of a fully moving column; Alternatively, the worktable can continuously swing along the X and Y planes and the main axis along the X and Z planes (C axis) within a certain angle. In this way, machine tools with different linkage axes can be selected according to different processing needs.

The workbench is generally round and has a cross faceplate structure, which is convenient for clamping the parts to be processed.

Tool magazines often have a bidirectional tool changing arm structure.

Application, this type of machine tool is mostly used for processing high-precision machine tool parts, especially for processing parts with complex curved surfaces, and can have good results. For example: parts of aircraft and rockets in the aviation and aerospace industries, conventional weapon parts in the weapons industry; processing of aircraft engine impellers, power impellers of various generator sets, etc.

Multifunctional machine tools, common ones include turning and milling machine tools, turning centers and special-purpose machine tools.

The turning and milling compound machining center has a horizontal lathe spindle in the spindle part. The structure is similar to the lathe spindle. It can be used for ordinary turning spindle applications. It has high power. An indexing device is installed on the lathe spindle, which can Continuous indexing by thousandths of a degree is similar to the ultimate use of CNC turntables. In addition, the machine tool is also equipped with a milling spindle. The general tool interface is BT, HSK, CAPTO, etc. It can be used as an ordinary milling spindle. The power level is generally slightly smaller than that of a vertical machining center. The tool can be installed with turning tools and rotating tools through the main handle, and the milling axis can move in several directions (X, Y, Z).

General turning and milling compound machine tools are equipped with turning and milling axes, and some machine tools are also equipped with a turning universal turret, that is, the machine tool is also equipped with a turning turret and a bidirectional tool change arm tool magazine. Different turrets or milling spindles can be selected according to different processing needs.

Application, this type of machine tool is relatively expensive and has high technical content. Currently, most of the machines seen in China are foreign products. They are mainly used for the processing of complex shaft parts, which reduces the processing of complex shaft parts. The number of clamping times effectively ensures the processing accuracy of parts. For example: bolt components in guns, spinning shafts in textile machinery, landing gear shafts in aircraft, etc.

The turning center, spindle and turning-milling machine tool have the same structure and function. As the main cutting axis, the axis motor has a larger power. The machine does not have a milling axis.

Tool turret, this type of machine tool turret is called a power turret, that is, the turret contains a power transmission mechanism. In addition to using ordinary turning tools, milling tools can also be installed by installing power tool heads. However, due to Due to structural design limitations, the power of the power turret is relatively small and can only do a small amount of milling work. Some machine tools do not have a Y-axis. Even if a Y-axis is installed, the axial accuracy is poor.

Application, this type of machine tool is between CNC lathes and turning and milling compound processing machine tools. Before the mature application of turning and milling compound machine tools, it has been used to process complex shaft parts, but due to its application limitations , has been gradually replaced by turning and milling compound machine tools, and is generally used to process small parts that are complex but do not require high precision.

For example: automobile steering knuckle ball joint cage, etc.

Special-purpose machine tools, briefly speaking, there are currently multi-column machine tools, multi-spindle machine tools and new machine tools that use fuzzy control theory to control machine tool motion.

As the name suggests, multi-column machine tools have multiple columns that can process parts at the same time. For example: the track beam of Shanghai Maglev, because a single track beam is 60m long, but because the maglev train is running at high speed When turning, the movement surface of the track is very demanding. So there are specially designed orbital processing machines.

Multi-spindle machine tools currently include dual-spindle machining centers, dual-spindle dual-turret lathes and other metal cutting machine tools, which are mostly used in mass production.

Machine tools that use fuzzy control of motion are currently rarely used. Intuitively, the spindle of the machine tool, the motion axis, looks like a six-legged spider, which can be freely rotated for processing. See COROMANT image data.

Machine tool classification visible projection.

CNC system, the quality of the CNC system directly affects the processing accuracy of the mold, and is also crucial to the use of cutting tools. At present, most machine tool manufacturers use CNC systems from SIEMENS and FANUC. Even if some manufacturers do not have the trademarks of these two companies, they actually use the basic modules of CNC system manufacturers and add secondary development that matches the machine tools. After developing the CNC function, he took his own name and introduced it to the market.

The calculation function of the CNC system directly affects the motion control accuracy of the machine tool. For example, in the process of machine tool processing of molds, the control accuracy of axial movement and the smoothness of movement are crucial, which requires the control system to have high computing power. If the machine tool is processing the mold, acceleration and deceleration and corner acceleration and deceleration are very important to correctly describe the processing path. Only by solving these two problems can the processed mold surface be closest to the theoretical value. Only in a smooth, stable and uniform cutting environment can our tools reduce wear and maintain accuracy.