1. The historic center of Florence is a famous world cultural heritage because it was the cradle of the Renaissance.
Characteristics: Paying attention to people and affirming the value of people (humanistic spirit).
(2 points) In the 14th and 15th centuries, Florence’s industry and commerce developed rapidly (capitalism sprouted), and the bourgeoisie grew in strength; (2 points) The emerging bourgeoisie and advanced intellectuals opposed the asceticism promoted by the church and pursued The enjoyment of this world; (2 points) Ancient Greek and Roman cultures were full of human beauty and catered to the needs of the emerging bourgeoisie and advanced intellectuals. (2 points) Italy is the hometown of ancient Rome. Florentines have access to a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural relics and have the opportunity to obtain ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics.
(2 points) Analytical analysis: This question can be transformed into relevant historical facts of the Renaissance. This question can be equivalent to asking about the core content of the Renaissance; and the reasons for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy. It can be expanded by appropriately combining the materials. Characteristics can be drawn: paying attention to people and affirming people’s value (humanistic spirit). Reason: In the 14th and 15th centuries, Florence's industry and commerce developed rapidly (capitalism sprouted), and the power of the bourgeoisie grew; the emerging bourgeoisie and advanced intellectuals opposed the asceticism promoted by the church and pursued worldly enjoyment; the culture of ancient Greece and Rome was full of the beauty of human nature , catering to the needs of the emerging bourgeoisie and advanced intellectuals.
Italy is the hometown of ancient Rome. Florentines have access to a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural relics, and also have the opportunity to obtain ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics. Improve it by combining the elective content.
Test points: The origin and development of Western humanistic spirit·Self under theocracy·Renaissance. 2. The historical center of Florence is a famous world cultural heritage because it is the cradle of the Renaissance
Answer (3) Characteristics: Pay attention to people and affirm people’s value (humanistic spirit).
(2 points) Background: In the 14th and 15th centuries, Florence's industry and commerce developed rapidly (capitalism sprouted), and the bourgeoisie grew in strength; (2 points) The emerging bourgeoisie and advanced intellectuals opposed the asceticism promoted by the church , pursuing the enjoyment of this world; (2 points) The culture of ancient Greece and Rome is full of the beauty of human nature and caters to the needs of the emerging bourgeoisie and advanced intellectuals. (2 points) Italy is the hometown of ancient Rome. Florentines have access to a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural relics and have the opportunity to obtain ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics.
(2 points) Analysis (3) The first question is about the emerging bourgeoisie from the 14th to the 16th century using “classical culture” to promote humanism; the second question is about the economic development of industry and commerce, and the emergence of capitalism. , politically the demands of the emerging bourgeoisie, culturally Italy retains the classical culture of Greece and Rome and analyzes the background of the popular "classical culture" in Florence. 3. Is Florence or the historical center of Florence
Florence?
Florence means the city of flowers in Italian. The Chinese name was once translated as "Feileng Cui" by Xu Zhimo. Florence became the literary and artistic center of Europe in the 15th century and the birthplace of the European Renaissance. In the 19th century, it once became the temporary capital after the unification of the Kingdom of Italy. There are more than 40 museums and art galleries in the city. It can be said that Florence is a truly famous city of history, culture and art. Today's central city of Florence still maintains the old Roman architectural style. In order to protect the buildings in the central city, the local government has taken strict measures. For example, tourist buses are prohibited from entering throughout the day; residents in the central city area can park their cars with their car passes, and other external vehicles can enter during limited hours every night; only buses and designated taxis are allowed to drive in the central city area as public transportation *** Transportation; if residents in the central city want to repair their houses, they should keep them as old as they were, and all infrastructure in the city should keep their original appearance.
4. What is the history of the ancient city of Florence?
As early as the 8th century BC, an ancient Italian nation with Villanova culture came here and settled between the Arno and Muune rivers. Come down.
In 59 BC, the Romans built a square castle-like city here. Today's Via Corso, Via Specchiari and Via Strozzi are located on the main east-west streets of Florence.
The Byzantines captured Florence in 539, and the Goths captured the city in 541. During Lombardi's reign, Florence gained some autonomy.
During the Frankish rule, it lost part of its territory and the number of residents also decreased significantly. The situation began to improve around AD 1000.
Despite endless debates and painful wars, the "City of Flowers" continued to grow and build new walls for centuries. By the 15th century, Florence was both a trading center and the birthplace of Italian and European culture.
In the first half of the 18th century, Florence became the center of humanism and the Renaissance. Art giants such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo appeared. Florence's reputation reached reached the peak. In 1860, during the revival of Italy, Tuscany was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy by vote, and Florence was once designated as the capital of the kingdom.
Florence is a magical city, full of culture and art, so it has always been regarded as the cradle of the Renaissance and the Athens of Italy. Today it is not only the pride of Italy, but also a cultural and artistic treasure of all mankind.
In Italy, people call Rome the political capital, Milan the economic capital, and Florence the cultural capital. Florence itself is a huge museum, filled with elegant art everywhere.
Every street, every building, and every place tells people about historical legends, sings ancient and beautiful songs, and presents exquisite pictures. If you want to find a city that represents the highest values ??of Western culture and the highest achievements of aesthetic tradition, it must be Florence, a small Italian city.
It has been 4 centuries since the art, politics and commerce of the Republic of Florence reached their peak, and it is still vibrant and shining with its former glory. . 5. What is the construction history of the Cathedral of Florence?
The real name of this largest church in the city is the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
It is the culmination of centuries of labor by many artists. In 1294, the Guild of Arts commissioned Arnolfo Di Gambio to build a new church to replace the old church of Santa Reparata.
The internal and external construction of the church continued intensively until 1375, which lasted for several decades. In 1375 the new church was completed and the old church of Santa Reparata was demolished.
Work on the church's great dome began at the end of 1420. All works were completed in 1434, and the church was opened two years later, 140 years after construction began.
The lamp pavilion on the great dome was built in 1445 and completed in 1461 after the gilded sphere was installed. The exterior walls of the church were built in the Gothic style in the 19th century.
The large dome of the main church uses a novel fish-bone structure and a method of using rafters to fix tiles, which is built from bottom to top. The dome is a double-layer thin shell with a gap between the two layers and a slightly pointed upper end.
It is 91 meters high, with a maximum diameter of 45 meters, and is located on a huge drum-shaped body. The interior of the dome is frescoed.
Including the lantern pavilion, the church is 107 meters high. The exterior walls of the church are made of white marble from Carrara, green marble from Prato and pink marble from the Maremma.
What decorates the lintels of the three gates is the story of the Virgin Mary. The three crescent-shaped decorations are from left to right: "Mercy", "Our Lady and the Patron Saint of the City" and "Faith".
Between the large rose window in the center of the upper part and the small rose windows on both sides of the lower part, there is a decorative belt of statues, carved with images of the apostles and the Virgin Mary. Above the large rose window, a series of busts of artists are arranged.
Going up to the middle of the gable, it is decorated with a relief statue of the "Eternal Father". The structure of the church is set strictly according to Italian Gothic specifications, with horizontal width and vertical length, and it is majestic.
The main hall and the side hall are decorated with tall square prisms with strips on both sides. The pilasters support the long-span slightly pointed arches and columns, giving the hall a strong sense of rhythm.
Surrounding the altar of King Baggio Bondi Nelli, there are three circular apse divided into five rooms. The floor is paved with multicolored marble and was completed between 1526 and 1660 by Baggio and Giuliano of Daulo, Francesco da Sangallo and other artists.
There are two murals of equestrian figures on the wall of the left hall. 6. Why Florence became the largest center of the Italian Renaissance
In Europe from the 15th to the 16th century, there was actually no concept of "Renaissance". This term was first proposed by the 19th-century French historian Jules Michelet in the book "History of France". It refers to the new era that comes with the discovery of the New World, the heliocentric theory and other scientific developments. This view was later expanded upon by Jacob Burckhardt in his book "Renaissance Culture". The Swiss historian believed that the 15th century marked the advent of the modern era, whose greatest feature was that the religious constraints of the Middle Ages were replaced by humanism, individuality was released, and the "individual" was recognized as a part of the world.
Florence, a city-state under the rule of the Medici family in the 15th century, had the following characteristics: The Medici family itself was engaged in banking. Florence’s gold coins were circulated in many European cities at that time, and the city-state’s economy was also based on this. way to connect with other European regions. In addition, Florence's superior geographical location (Toscana is located in central Italy) and its developed manufacturing industry also accelerated her business development.
There is also the Medici family's strong support for artists. From Giovanni de Medici in the 14th century to his son Cosimo de Medici, they were all major artist patrons. Cosimo de Medici spent nearly 600,000 Florentine gold coins on architecture, visual arts, and education, more than three times the inheritance his father left him. This person is not only generous in his investment in literature and art, but he is also very tolerant of the bad tempers of weird artists. The more famous Brunelleschi had a surly temperament but was gifted in architecture. He later received the support of Cosimo de Medici, thus solving the problem of the giant dome that had plagued Florence since the 13th century.
I personally think that the Art Nouveau style that emerged in Florence during this period (mainly the depiction of flesh-and-blood religious figures, which was deeply influenced by Giotto in the late Middle Ages), has a heavy influence on classical art, architecture, and culture. The burning enthusiasm can be attributed to the financial support for artists from all aspects during this period, whether it was public or private, from the church or from secular authorities.
However, when I say "artist" here, I always feel a little strange, because compared to artists, I think craft***en is more appropriate to describe the painters and sculptors of this period. They were more like craftsmen, employed by the church or wealthy businessmen. They contract for murals, stone-carved pulpits, or tower-shaped decorative paintings behind the altar in a certain church. Italian art of this period would not have developed if it were not for the massive demand for these ornaments.
This combination of religious life and secular life formed the unique temperament of Florentines in the 15th and 16th centuries.
This is probably why the Middle Ages, known as the Dark Ages, was replaced by the Renaissance in Florence. People began to pay more attention to themselves and individual liberation, and religion became a private activity rather than an act of obedience to the church. 7. History and culture of Florence Cathedral
Florence Cathedral is the first great building of the Renaissance. It is actually a group of buildings, consisting of a cathedral, a bell tower and a baptistery, located in Piazza Duamo and the adjacent Piazza San Giovanni in Florence today.
It was built by Arnovo di Cambio in 1295 on the site of the original Cathedral of Flotino. In 1296, the citizens were reveling in the victory of taking back power from the nobles. To celebrate the victory, Giovanni Medici funded the construction of a new church, which was completed in 1436. It was finally completed in 1496. This was once the religious center of the Republic of Florence.
Architecture and painting still shine with the light of the Renaissance era. There are many majestic churches in the world, but few are so charming. This beautiful church decorated with white, pink, and green marble in geometric patterns vividly interprets the classicism, elegance, and freedom admired in the Renaissance era.
The large dome of this church is the first large dome in the world. It is a masterpiece of Philippe Brunelleschi (1377~1446). It was designed and built between 1420 and 1434. In the process of completing this giant structure in the sky, the master did not rely on arches, but used a novel connected fish-bone structure and the method of using rafters to consolidate tiles, which was built step by step from bottom to top. The dome is in the shape of a double-layer thin shell, with a gap between the two layers, and the upper end is slightly pointed. It is 91 meters high and has a maximum diameter of 45.52 meters. The historical significance of this dome is: first, the Catholic Church regarded the centralized plane and dome as the shape of a pagan temple and strictly rejected it, but the craftsmen ignored the church's precepts. Although the power of the Catholic Church was very weak in Florence at that time, it still required a lot of courage and a high level of awareness to do this. Therefore, it is a symbol of breaking through the spiritual tyranny of the church in architecture; secondly, the ancient Roman dome and the large Byzantine dome are half-exposed and half-covered in appearance, and they are not used as an important modeling method. But this one in Florence draws on the techniques of small Byzantine churches and uses a drum base to express the entire dome. Including the lighting pavilion, it has a total height of 107 meters, becoming the center of the entire city's outline. This was unprecedented in Western Europe. Therefore, it is a symbol of the original spirit of the Renaissance; thirdly, the magnitude of the dome's originality, both in structure and construction, is very large, which marks the general progress of science and technology in the Renaissance. Vasari, the 16th-century biographer and architect, said enthusiastically that the dome was as high as the surrounding peaks. God was jealous and bombarded it with thunder and lightning again and again, but it remained intact. The dome is a representative work of early Renaissance architecture and a landmark building in Florentine urban architecture. It perfectly combines the Renaissance roof form with the Gothic architectural style, and has obvious transitional characteristics. Brunelleschi was born as a handicraft craftsman. He studied the advanced science of the time, especially mechanics. He was proficient in machinery and casting. He had made achievements in perspective and mathematics, and had deep attainments in sculpture and arts and crafts. . After hard work, he mastered ancient Roman, Byzantine and Gothic architectural structures. In order to design the dome, he stayed in Rome for several years, studying ancient arching techniques and mapping ancient ruins. After returning to Florence, he made models of the dome and scaffolding, and formulated detailed structural and construction plans. In 1420, he received a commission for the project at a meeting of French, English, Spanish and Germanic architects convened by the Council of Florence. Construction started in the same year, and the dome was completed in 1431, followed by the construction of a lighting pavilion on the top. The pavilion was completed in 1470, but Brunelleschi died in 1446.
The most incredible thing is that Brunelleschi did not draw a sketch, nor write down a set of calculation data, nor did he make any calculation drafts, or even build internal scaffolding. He relied entirely on mental calculations and precise calculations. Space imagination begins to work. It was as if the entire dome had already been built in my mind. He was not only an architectural genius, but also a strategist. He knew that an opponent wanted to steal his design list at any time, so he did not leave any drawings and made the entire project a secret in his heart. In fact, there were later attempts to replace him, but no one knew how to build it. He was also imprisoned for a time, and finally he had to be asked to come out. When the church was completed in 1436, even the Pope was surprised by this "mythical dome". His tomb is under the church. His statue in the church square points to the beloved dome.