The formation, development and extinction of handmade cigarettes are closely related to the development of China's political and economic situation, and handmade cigarettes have played different roles in different periods. In the early days, it was a supplementary commodity of machine-made cigarettes, which was the main economic income of refugees during the Anti-Japanese War. After liberation, it was also the main source of counterfeit and inferior cigarettes. Cigarettes are high-tax and high-profit products. The special production conditions and organizational structure of handmade cigarettes lead to the nature of tax evasion, infringement and counterfeiting, and interference with the normal development of machine-made cigarettes. During the period of the Republic of China, the national government repeatedly ordered to take measures to restrict, control and prohibit handmade cigarettes, but they did not achieve their goals. After liberation, handmade cigarettes gradually died out after the people's government continued to rectify and implement monopoly management and crackdown on clean-up.

I. Formation of Handmade Cigarette Industry

China people have a long-standing custom of wrapping tobacco shreds with paper for smoking, but rolling tobacco shreds into a cylindrical shape with paper for smoking is a hand-made imitation machine-made cigarette. At the end of Qing dynasty, this kind of imitation handmade cigarette appeared in Shanghai, Guangdong and other places in coastal trading ports. In the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), businessman Fan Shanqing founded Fan Qingji, a handmade cigarette workshop in Shanghai. This workshop was born out of the dry tobacco shredding workshop. The cut tobacco used is dry tobacco shreds. The roll paper is cut according to the specified size, and a small wooden stick connected with the canvas is inserted into a small wooden tray as a cigarette device. When operating, the roll paper is placed on the canvas, some cut tobacco is put on the paper, and the stick is pushed by hand to roll into cigarettes, and then the cigarettes are sold in boxes of 5 or 1. This kind of cigarettes has no brand. Most of the cigarette workshops are female workers, with more than 5 employees at most and more than 5, cigarettes per day. In addition to Fan Qingji, there are several manual workshops in Shanghai, such as Xu Zhaoji and Cheng Chang. Handmade cigarettes are simple in equipment and low in manufacturing cost, with a cost of 1 yuan per box, which is only about 1/1 of the cigarette cost of British American Tobacco Company. Besides being sold in Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the products are also exported to Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi.

with the spread of cigarettes, the production of handmade cigarettes has developed from coastal cities to the mainland.

after the founding of the Republic of China, the production of handmade cigarettes has developed. At first, it was mainly concentrated in the flue-cured tobacco producing areas of Henan, Shandong and Anhui. At that time, as British American Tobacco Company tried to plant flue-cured tobacco in Henan, Shandong, Anhui and other places, farmers in these areas began to produce handmade cigarettes by using the inferior leaves of their own flue-cured tobacco.

due to the large planting area of flue-cured tobacco and rich raw material resources, Henan province has provided a continuous material basis for the production of handmade cigarettes. In 1917, Liu Xianzhang, a resident of Xuchang, used a pipe-pushing roll of cigarettes. The following year, Liu Ji cigarette workshop was set up, employing 2 workers and using 1 push pipes, which was an early manual cigarette workshop in Henan. Subsequently, a large number of hand-made cigarettes were produced, including 36 hand-made workshops in Xuchang area in 1927, more than 7 hand-pushed pipes, with an annual output of 3, boxes (5, cigarettes); From 1923 to 1936, there were more than 8 villages in Huiguo Town, Gong County, with a daily output of 4-8 boxes. In 1931, Zhengzhou grew to more than 5, with about 2,5 employees. In addition, there are also Pingdingshan and Luohe areas. Product sales are not only in this province, but also shipped to the northwest.

Handmade cigarettes in Shandong Province are concentrated in Weifang and Jinan. Weifang's handmade cigarettes were founded in 1914, which is a workshop run by Zhuang Zhaofu, a resident of this city. At first, a manual pusher was used to push tobacco. After two or three years, an iron tobacco cutter was built from Qingzhou Qilu Iron Factory. From then on, while cutting tobacco, the business flourished, and soon it developed to zhang jia zhuang in the north of the city, making the number of handmade cigarette households in Weifang reach twenty or thirty. Huashuncheng, the earliest handmade cigarette workshop in Jinan, was founded in September 1931. It hired two technicians Fan Hai and Hou Ruizhen who studied cigarettes from Henan, but it was closed in May of the following year due to sluggish operation. Since then, there have been 26 Cheng 'an Tobacco Company and Meng Guangzhong Workshop. In 1935, more than 121 people were registered. All cigarettes are sold in this city.

Handmade cigarettes in Anhui Province are concentrated in Fengyang, Bengbu and Wuhu. In the 192s, the poor in Fengyang began to hand-made cigarettes, using wooden pushers, and four cigarettes were produced at a time, which could roll about 2, cigarettes every day. After successful trial production, the hand-cranked cigarette maker produced 6,42 cigarettes per hour. Soon, Bengbu Yuanchang made a hand-cranked cigarette machine, which was very famous. In the early days, there was a large handmade cigarette workshop in Wuhu Park Road Dazhong Company. In 1931, there were 92 employees.

Handmade cigarettes are cheap and suitable for low-income people. At the same time, in addition to Henan, Shandong and Anhui, hand-made cigarettes in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places have also formed large-scale production.

II. Development of Handmade Cigarettes

Enterprises such as British American Tobacco Company and Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company are concentrated in coastal areas such as Shanghai, Tianjin and Qingdao. In 1937, after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, these areas fell one after another, resulting in the inability to import machine-made cigarettes into the mainland, which lacked normal cigarette supply. For this reason, handmade cigarettes came into being and developed rapidly. Its main development areas are in the areas ruled by the Kuomintang government that have not yet fallen, namely Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan and other places. These areas have their own tobacco resources, on the one hand, they are processed and produced by local residents; On the other hand, it was run by foreign refugees, forming a huge wartime industry. During the Anti-Japanese War, the development of handmade cigarettes in different places was different, and there were roughly two situations.

in the first case, due to the shortage of cigarettes, residents in the province use local tobacco resources to organize hand-made cigarette workshops to process and sell them.

Handmade cigarettes made from Hanling flue-cured tobacco and sun-cured tobacco from Xinchang, Shengxian and Pingyang in Zhejiang have developed rapidly. Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Lishui, Jinhua, Quzhou and other places have set up factories to manufacture and sell. In June, 194, the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Finance instructed all districts and counties to implement the Interim Measures for the Administration of Handmade Cigarette Factories promulgated by the National Government, allowing merchants to raise funds to set up factories and organize handmade cigarette factories. There are hundreds of handmade cigarette factories in the province.

Handmade cigarettes in Guangdong Province mainly use the convenience of Nanxiong tobacco leaves, and set up dozens of handmade cigarette factories in Qujiang, Nanxiong, Lianxian, Chaozhou, Meizhou and other places.

Fujian Fuzhou, Linsen, Changle, Lianjiang and other counties have traditional hand-made cigarette workshops. After 1937, Zhangzhou, Longyan, Xiapu and Gutian also started hand-made cigarettes. In the 194s, handmade cigarette factories spread all over the province. According to statistics, from 1934 to 1949, there were 5 handmade cigarette factories in Fujian, producing more than 1, brands.

In Yunnan in 1944, with the expansion of flue-cured tobacco planting area, cigarette sales increased. In Kunming, Cairo, Dabaoguang, Luyang, Jingjing and Tiancheng have successively opened cigarette factories. In 1946, handmade cigarettes developed from provincial capital to counties such as Zhaotong and Yuxi, and the number of households increased from several to dozens.

in the second case, due to the influx of a large number of refugees from enemy-occupied areas, especially those from Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu, they used to engage in handmade cigarettes in their hometown. After arriving at the home front, we can live by hand. Most of the cigarettes originally produced are cigarettes packed in white paper without brand names, and the selling price goes with the market, so they are called "refugee cigarettes". After the Interim Measures for the Management of Handmade Cigarette Factories promulgated by the National Government, businessmen began to organize refugees to set up hand-made cigarette factories, so they gradually became formal.

A large number of refugees and wounded soldiers from Guizhou have flooded into Guizhou, and many of them have manual cigarette skills, making cigarettes from local flue-cured tobacco in Guizhou. Later, these refugees set up hand-made cigarette workshops in Cengong County, Bijie County, huangping county and Guiyang City, forming a scale. After seeing that handmade cigarettes were profitable, local people began to join the industry. At that time, there were more than 1 handmade cigarette households in Fuquan, Weng 'an, Guiding and Longli counties alone. Guiyang is also a concentrated place of handmade cigarette production. In 1941, there were 17 handmade cigarette factories. In 1943, it increased to 4; In 1944, it increased to 45.

Guangxi refugees brought hand-made cigarette technology and hand-cranked cigarette machines, which made the traditional hand-made cigarette industry in Guilin, Liuzhou and Wuzhou develop rapidly. From 1938 to 1944, 41 new cigarette factories were built in Guilin, bringing the number of cigarette factories in the city to 66, with 267 wooden hand-made cigarette makers and 699 employees, with an annual output of 73,84 cigarettes. From 1938 to 1941, there were 26 handmade cigarettes in Liuzhou. In 1944, it reached more than 4. In addition, the handmade cigarettes in Wuzhou and Wuming have also developed. In 1944, Guilin, Liuzhou and other places fell one after another, and handmade cigarette factories all over Guangxi moved to Sichuan and Guizhou.

Sichuan handmade cigarettes are concentrated in Xiushan, Pingkai, Youyang, Qianjiang, Wanxian and other places, with hundreds of factories. For example, there were only 24 handmade cigarette workshops in Wanxian in 1937, 52 in 1938 and 222 in 1942. Handmade cigarette workshops are mostly run by refugees from Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, among which the larger one is Wang Jinji Cigarette Factory in Qianjiang County, which is set up by Anhui refugees. The factory employs 7 workers, has 2 wooden cigarette makers and produces 3-4 cigarettes a day.

Before the Anti-Japanese War, there were few handmade cigarettes in Jiangxi. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, refugees used tobacco leaves in the province to roll unlicensed refugee cigarettes. Handmade cigarette workshops are distributed in Jingdezhen, Fuzhou, Xinyu, Ji 'an and Ganzhou, with more than 4 workshops, including more than 3 in Fuzhou, especially in Linchuan, Nancheng and Nanfeng counties, with hundreds of cigarette brands.

during the anti-Japanese war in Hunan, hundreds of handmade cigarettes were concentrated in Changsha, Chenzhou, Changde, Loudi and Shaoyang in western Hunan, most of which were built by refugees. Among them, the largest area is Xiangxi. In 1943, there were 159 in the whole area. The largest handmade cigarette factory is Changsha Huazhong Tobacco Co., Ltd., which employs more than 1, workers.

during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, great changes have taken place in Henan, Anhui, Shandong and other traditional handmade cigarette industrial bases in the occupied areas. Due to the shortage of cigarettes in Kuomintang-ruled areas, some hand-made cigarette households fled to the rear of southwest China and set up hand-made cigarette workshops there. The remaining handmade cigarette households are still engaged in cigarette business and flow into the Kuomintang-controlled areas through various channels. There are thousands of handmade cigarette households, hundreds of hand-cranked iron machines, more than 2, employees and more than 3 million sunrise cigarettes in Henan Province. Luoyang and Xuchang are areas where handmade cigarette users are concentrated, among which nearly 1 households are employed in Huiguo Town, Gongxian County, Xuchang. The Panzhai Workshop in the south of Luoyang, Yihe, is famous. A hand-cranked iron machine can produce 7-9 boxes of cigarettes every month. In addition to local supply, the products are mainly sold to Shaanxi and Gansu. Handmade cigarettes are widely distributed in Anhui, especially in tobacco-producing areas. At most, there are 34 small handmade cigarette factories in Bengbu; The daily output of cigarettes is 2 boxes and 1 varieties. In 1937, Fuyang began to produce handmade cigarettes. By 194, there were more than 5 factories and thousands of sporadic cigarettes. The famous enterprises in the province are Shouxian Changhuai Handmade Cigarette Agency and Fuyang Hongda Handmade Cigarette Factory. Handmade cigarettes in Shandong are concentrated in Weifang. In the early days of Japanese occupation, handmade cigarettes developed rapidly, and in 194, it had grown from more than 2 households to more than 4 households. After the Pacific War broke out the following year, the Japanese army took over Qingdao British American Tobacco Company and set up Japanese-funded Qingdao Huabei Tobacco Co., Ltd. to rule cigarettes, so handmade cigarettes were excluded. Since then, there have been 15 registered households in Weifang, and only 52 households have actually opened.

during the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the development of handmade cigarettes in different places was unbalanced. Affected by the war, there was a shortage of machine-made cigarettes in Kuomintang-controlled areas, which led to the rapid development of handmade cigarettes. On April 7, 1943, the Tobacco Monopoly Bureau of the Ministry of Finance of the National Government made statistics on the number and output of handmade cigarettes in the provinces in the Kuomintang-controlled areas in 1942, as shown in Table 1:

Table 1: Table of Handmade Paper Cigarette Factories and Output in the Provinces in 1942

(Source: compiled according to the files of Tobacco Monopoly Bureau No.3-1811 in Nanjing, China's Second Historical Archives)

From the above-mentioned national government officials.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the traffic resumed and the cigarette market gradually recovered, but the situation in different places was different. At first, the domestic cigarette factories in coastal areas were damaged by the war, and the supply of cigarettes was relatively tight, which led to a large influx of American cigarettes. Handmade cigarettes have a narrow market, and consumers are limited to the lower class citizens and farmers in the city. Handmade cigarette industry in various places is in recession. On August 29th, 1946, Economic Weekly published Zhang Yibin's article "Rescuing the Current Cigarette Industry in China", which wrote: "After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, there were 69 original cigarette factories, but now due to the influx of smuggled foreign goods, the cigarette factories were the first to collapse. Among the 69 factories, only more than 1 survived. ..... Chaoshan, Meizhou area, the original more than 5 cigarette factories have mostly closed, leaving only more than 1 home-made cigarette factories, the sales have been hit hard. Only sold to the lower class citizens or rural areas. Qujiang cigarette factories have also closed down, and more than a dozen of them have a bleak future. " In inland areas, due to the gradual entry of cigarettes and foreign cigarettes in coastal areas, local prices have risen and cigarette sales have dropped sharply. Some cigarette factories run by refugees have closed down and returned home, and the handmade cigarette factories in the city have been dissolved or moved to counties to continue production. For example, the hand-made cigarettes in Xiangxi, Hunan Province, which flourished for a while, began to be neglected, and only a few owners continued to operate; A large number of hand-made cigarette industries in Guiyang, Guizhou Province have moved out, which has made the hand-made cigarette industry in Tongren County, which is relatively closed, develop.

after a period of time, the procurement of raw materials for flue-cured tobacco and sun-cured tobacco and the sales channels of cigarette products have been restored smoothly, and handmade cigarettes have also begun to recover. In 1946, there were more than 3 cigarette factories in Liuzhou, Guangxi, and 4 in Yishan. Guiyang handmade cigarette factory in Guizhou has been restored to 22. There are 1 large and small cigarette manufacturers in Zhejiang province, and semi-mechanical and manual cigarette factories are concentrated in Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou, Quzhou, Lishui and other places. Each factory has 5-6 wood machines, 5-6 employees and 5, cigarettes a month. Handmade cigarettes in Shandong are thriving again in Weifang, Yidu, Huai 'an, Changyi and Shouguang, with more than 5 households in Weifang Chengguan alone. However, the good times did not last long. With the resumption and establishment of British American Tobacco Company, Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company and national capital tobacco factories, handmade cigarettes were once again affected. Most of the handmade cigarette factories in Ningbo, Wenzhou, Quzhou and Taizhou in Zhejiang are closed. The manual cigarette factories in Shaoxing and Lishui all closed down or closed down; Of the 24 newly opened hand-made cigarette factories in Jinhua and Lanxi counties, 19 were shut down. Among them, the longest construction period is 14 months, and the shortest is only 2 months. There were still six handmade cigarettes in Guiyang, Guizhou Province in 1948, but there were no handmade cigarette factories in 1949.

during this period, handmade cigarettes in the liberated areas developed rapidly. At that time, the civil war broke out and the traffic was blocked. On the one hand, the liberated areas faced the economic blockade of the national government; On the other hand, the liberated areas also imposed an embargo on American cigarettes and cigarettes produced in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. In order to realize self-help in production, hundreds of cigarette factories have been opened in liberated areas such as Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei, Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia. According to the news of Shijiazhuang Daily on October 4, 1948, "There was no private cigarette factory before liberation. At that time, stubborn American cigarettes such as" coffee "and" Mi Xulin "were popular. After liberation, stubborn American goods were banned from entering the country, and handmade cigarettes mushroomed and flourished. By September, there were 13 handmade cigarette factories in the city, with about 3 cigarette boxes.