Marble refers to metamorphic or sedimentary carbonate rocks, the main chemical composition is calcium carbonate, accounting for more than 50%, as well as magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, manganese oxide and secondary silicon dioxide. Marble belongs to medium hard stone.
The color of marble plate is related to its composition. White contains calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, purple contains manganese, black contains carbon or asphaltene, green contains diamond, yellow contains chromium, reddish brown, purple and brown contains manganese and iron oxide hydrate, and various colors contain impurities with different compositions. Pure white marble has simple components, but most marble is a mixture of two or more components. Among all kinds of marble, dark red and red are the most unstable, followed by green. The white component is single and relatively stable, and it is not easy to be weathered and discolored. For example, white marble contains red, dark red or smooth golden particles, and its chemical properties are unstable, which will make the structure of marble loose and produce qualitative changes under the action of sunlight. In addition, marble generally contains impurities, mainly calcium carbonate, which is easily dissolved by carbon dioxide, sulfide and water vapor in the atmosphere, losing its surface luster and weathering and cracking. Therefore, except for a few, relatively stable and durable varieties with pure quality and less impurities such as white marble and Ai Yeqing can be used outdoors, while other varieties are not suitable for outdoor use, and are generally only used for indoor decoration. Because marble belongs to medium hard slate, the hardness of the board is low, and if it is used on the ground, the polished surface is easy to fall off, so try not to use marble board on the ground.
Because of its high price, marble plate is a high-grade decorative material, which is often used in hotels, exhibition halls, theaters, shopping malls and so on. Indoor walls, cylinders, telephone poles, window sills, service desks and other parts of public buildings such as airports and stations. Now there are also high-grade residential marble slabs as the floor decoration of the living room, which are noble and elegant. However, marble slabs are rarely used for wall decoration in residential decoration, mainly because of the high technical requirements for the construction and operation of wall decoration marble. In addition, you can also make various marble decorations, such as murals, screens, seat screens, hanging screens, wall hangings, etc. Used for interior decoration, also can be used for embedding flowerpots and high-grade hardwood carved furniture.
Marble decorative board is a polished mirror. The surface is as bright as a mirror, crystal clear, and the texture is smooth and delicate. Therefore, when selecting, the main consideration is whether the color pattern of the surface is in harmony with the materials of other parts of the room.
Natural granite is magmatic rock with aluminosilicate as the main component. Its main chemical components are alumina and silica, and a small amount of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, so it is an acidic crystalline rock. It belongs to hard rock.
Granite has hard texture, acid and alkali resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, light resistance, frost resistance, wear resistance and good durability, and its appearance color can be maintained for more than 100 years. In addition, the granite plate is rich in color and the plaid pattern is even and meticulous. After polishing, it is as bright as a mirror, with strong texture and gorgeous and noble decorative effect. The decorative style of finely crafted plates is simple and three-dimensional.
Because granite is not easy to weather and deteriorate, it is mostly used for wall foundation and exterior wall decoration, and also used for indoor walls, cylinders, windowsills and so on. Because of its high hardness and wear resistance, granite is also often used to decorate the floors of high-grade buildings, such as hotels, restaurants, auditoriums and other halls.
The surface processing degree of granite plate is different, that is, its surface texture is different, so we should pay attention to it when using it. Generally, the surfaces of mirror plates and thin panels are smooth and delicate, which are mostly used for indoor walls and floors, and also for exterior wall decoration of some buildings. After paving, the smoke sparkles and the shadows reflect, giving people a magnificent feeling. Wool panels have rough surface texture, which are mainly used for outdoor wall base and wall decoration, and have an ancient and natural intimacy.
As for the choice of color tone and pattern of granite plate, we should consider the decoration of the whole building and coordinate with the color of materials in other parts.
In addition, natural stone is expensive and should be carefully considered when choosing. The effect of a single stone will be different from that of the whole veneer, and it cannot be determined simply by the gloss pattern of a single sample. It should be considered that if the overall effect of paving a large area is achieved, it is best to learn from the architectural facing decorated with similar stones to avoid waste caused by improper selection of materials.
There are two kinds of stone used for architectural decoration: natural stone and artificial stone, and natural stone is the main one. It belongs to high-grade decorative materials, mainly used for projects with high decorative grade requirements, while artificial stone belongs to low-grade decorative materials and is only used for middle and low-grade interior decoration projects.
Natural stone refers to materials mined from natural rock mass and processed into blocks or plates. There are two main kinds of stone materials used for architectural decoration: granite and marble.
The so-called marble refers to sedimentary rocks or metamorphic carbonate rocks, including marble, dolomite, limestone, sandstone, shale and slate. For example, the famous white marble in China is dolomite produced in Fangshan, Yunnan marble is marble produced in Dali County, and the famous Dandong Green is serpentine skarn. Similarly, all kinds of magmatic rocks mined as stone materials, such as granite, andesite, diabase, greenstone and gneiss, are called granite. For example, the white granite in Beijing Baihujian is granite, Jinan black is gabbro, and the black granite in Qingdao is diabase.
Artificial stone is a synthetic decorative material. According to the different binders used, it can be divided into organic artificial stone and inorganic artificial stone. According to the different production processes, it can be divided into four types: polyester artificial marble, composite artificial marble, silicate artificial marble and sintered artificial marble.
Among the four artificial stone decorative materials, organic (polyester) is the most commonly used and its physical and chemical properties are also the best.
Marble is a high-grade decorative material, so it must be carefully selected to avoid wasting money. The quality of marble appearance can be identified from the following items.
(1) Determines the tone of the pattern. In the case of sufficient light, the selected plate and other marble plates to be purchased in the same batch will be laid flat on the ground at the same time, standing at a distance of 1.5m for careful visual inspection. It is required that the patterns and tones of the same batch of marble plates should be basically coordinated.
(2) Check the surface defects. In the case of sufficient light, put the board flat on the ground, and observe the invisible defects from the marble board and think that there are no defects; At 1.sin, the defects that can be seen but not obvious when away from the plate lin are not obvious defects; The obvious defect of the distance plate 1.sin is considered as a defect. The specific observed defect is the warping of I plate; Whether there are cracks, sand holes, different color spots, stains and depressions on the surface of the plate. If it is judged that there are no above defects, the plate is excellent, and there are no defects such as missing edges and falling corners on the front of the plate; If the above defects are not obvious and there is no obvious lack of edges and corners, then this plate can be considered as a first-class product; If there are several defects that do not affect the use, and the front of the plate is only 1, the length is not more than 8mm, the width is not more than 3mm, and the missing edge or the length and width are not more than 3mm, the plate can be judged to be qualified. If the board is damaged during transportation, loading and unloading, it can be bonded (for broken boards) or repaired (for angular defects, pits or pits on the surface). However, there is no obvious trace on the front after adhesive repair, and the color should be close to the front color.
(3) Check the marking sequence of the marked marble slab: naming, classification, specification, size and grade; the naming sequence of the standard marble slab: raw material place name, pattern and color feature name, and marble (code M). Marble boards can be divided into two categories: general board (code N): square or rectangular board; Special-shaped board (code S): It is a board with other shapes. Marble board has three grades: first-class product (code A), first-class product (code B) and qualified product (code C). The grading is based on the allowable deviation of plate size, flatness, angle, appearance quality and mirror gloss. For example, the first-class plate with the general specification of 600mmX 400mmX 20mm produced by Fangshan white marble block in Beijing is named Fangshan white marble and marked Fangshan white marble (M)N 600X400X20BJC79. The manufacturer's name, trademark and mark shall be indicated when leaving the factory. So you can know the overall appearance quality of the plate by looking at the traces.
There are two kinds of marble plates: ordinary plates (square or rectangular plates) and special-shaped plates (plates with other shapes). In order to ensure that the joints of slabs are neat after paving, the national standards stipulate the allowable deviation of specifications and dimensions, the allowable limit tolerance of flatness and the allowable limit tolerance of angle of marble slabs. (1) Description of allowable deviation of specifications and dimensions: When the thickness is less than or equal to 15mm, the allowable limit deviation of the thickness on the plate is 1.0 mm (that is, it is l.0mm thick or thin in the standard thickness, and it is unqualified if it exceeds this value); When the plate thickness is greater than 15mm, the allowable limit deviation of the thickness on the same plate is 2.0 mm, and the length and width of the plate shall not exceed the specified value, but may be slightly lower than the specified value. When measuring the size, measure the length and width of the plate with a steel ruler, and the scale value is1.0 mm; Measure the thickness of the plate with a vernier caliper with a reading of 0.1mm. '
(2) The allowable limit tolerance of flatness refers to the flatness of the plate plane, which affects the flatness of the whole veneer after paving stone. When measuring, stick the steel flat ruler that meets the measurement requirements on the two diagonal lines of the plane where the measured plate is located. Because the plate can't be very flat, there will be a gap between the measuring level surface and the plate surface, and the gap can be measured with a measuring feeler. If the diagonal length of the board to be inspected is greater than 1000mm, use a steel level ruler with a length of 1000mm to detect diagonally. The flatness limit tolerance of the plate is expressed by the maximum gap.
(3) The allowable limit tolerance of the angle is flush, and the included angle between the front and the side shall not be greater than 90. The allowable limit tolerance of the angle of the special-shaped plate is determined by the supplier and the buyer through consultation. Angle refers to the included angle between two adjacent sides on the plane of the board. The clamping angle between two adjacent edges of a common plate should be 90 degrees. When measuring, use the specified 90 "steel square ruler to make the long side of the square ruler close to the long side and short side of the plate, and measure the gap size between the plate and the short side of the square ruler with a feeler gauge. Measure two diagonal corners or four corners of the plate respectively according to regulations, and take the maximum gap size as the allowable limit tolerance value of the angle.
Granite varieties commonly used in China
Name of origin name of origin name of origin
Taishan Green Shandong Jinan Meihua Red Henan Yanshi Grey Purple Jiangxi Shanggao
Shandong Taian Sesame White Henan Xichuan Rouhong Jiangxi Shanggao
Liu Buhong Shandong Licheng Green Henan Xichuan Light Gray Jiangxi Shanggao
Blue-gray Shandong Qixia ink black Hebei Pingshan big black and white spots Fujian Tongan
Black flowers on white background Shandong Haiyang Moyu Hebei Quyang Xiamen white Fujian Xiamen
Laizhou Qingshan Shandong Yexian Hui Shandong Qingdao Fujian Shouning
Grey white Shandong Pingdu light red Shandong Qingdao black and white fine flowers Zhejiang Wencheng
Shandong Qixia safflower black background Shandong Junan gray black Zhejiang Pingyang
Small red flowers on black background Shandong Qixia meat red and black flowers Shandong Junan white Anhui Huaiyuan
Black spots on white background Jiangxi Xingzi grows blue and white Shandong Jinan Doulv Anhui Taiping
Black Jiangxi Xing Zi Taian Green Shandong Taian Di Qing Green Flower Anhui Suxian
Tian Zhongshi, Fujian Hui 'an, white flowers and black background, Jiangxi Nanchang, red and white, Jiangsu Donghai.
Light red Fujian Nan 'an black and white flowers Jiangxi Nanchang gray red Jiangsu Donghai
Black Sesame Fujian Putian Light Green Jiangxi Shanggao Snowflake Jiangsu Donghai
Fujian Changle Tan Jiangxi Shanggao Daluhua Jiangsu Ganyu
Black Jiangsu Ganyu Guifei Red Shanxi Lingqiu Red Shanxi Wutai
Orange red granite in Wutai, Shanxi, asbestos in Sichuan, black gold flower in Heilongjiang Tangyuan.
Hunan Taojiang Pure Black Sichuan Tianquan Green Wood Grain Hunan Taojiang
Pink) Beijing Changping Purple Beijing Changping Southern Lipstick Beijing Changping
Cenxihong Guangxi Cenxi Black King Kong Chifeng Inner Mongolia
Decorative granite polishing plate is as bright as a mirror, with gorgeous and noble decorative effect. Common varieties of granite polishing plates are:
Red series: Sichuan Red, Asbestos Red, Cenxi Red, Tiger Skin Red, Cherry Red, Pinggu Red, Rhododendron Red, Rose Red, Guifei Red, Lu Honghong, Lianzhou Red, etc.
Yellow Red Series: Cenxi Orange Red, Liu Dong Meat Red, Lianzhou Pale Red, Xingyang Peach Red, Xingyang Orange Red, Pale Red Floret, Cherry Red, Coral Flower, Tiger Skin Yellow, etc.
White Flower Series: White Flower, White Tiger Creek, Black and White Flower, Sesame White Flower, White Flower, Lingnan White Flower, Jinan White Flower and Sichuan White Flower.
Black series: light blue black, pure black, sesame black, Sichuan black, Yantai black, Shenyang black, Changchun black, etc.
Cyan series: Sesame Green, Rice Easy Green, Fine Hemp Green, Jinan black, Bamboo Leaf Green, Chrysanthemum Green, Blue and White, Luhuaqing, Nanxiong Green, Panxilan, etc.
Natural decorative stone (marble, granite) is processed from natural stone, so its quality depends on the quality of raw materials on the one hand and the processing technology on the other. Inferior stone is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(l) The patterns and colors on the surface are not beautiful. As decorative stone, people mainly value the decorative effect of the processed surface. Some patterns on the surface of high-quality stone are beautiful and elegant, some are elegant, some are flowing, and some are shining like stars, which makes the decorative surface have excellent decorative effect. However, the surface pattern of inferior stone is not beautiful after processing, which can not give people a beautiful enjoyment. Therefore, the tone of stone surface pattern is the main index to evaluate the quality of stone. As mentioned above, the colored marble produced in Dali, Yunnan Province is the best marble because of its rare patterns and colors.
(2) The appearance quality of the processed plate is poor. After cutting, sawing, grinding and polishing, the surface characteristics of natural stone are exposed. In the process of processing, there will be some defects in the surface appearance of stone (such as warping, cracks, sand holes, depressions, stains, lack of edges and corners, etc.). The appearance defects of granite plates include missing edges, corners, cracks, spots, color lines, pits and so on. ). If these appearance defects exceed the range stipulated by national standards, the stone is unqualified. If these inferior plates with poor appearance quality are used for decoration, the overall decoration effect will not be satisfactory. So when judging the quality of stone, we should not only consider the color of the pattern, but also check its appearance quality.
(3) The deviation of specifications and dimensions is too large. Decorative stone materials are all processed into plates. During construction, the method of paving (when the ground is used) or collage (when the wall is used) is adopted. In order to ensure that the decorative surface is flat and the seams are neat, the national standard stipulates the deviation of the length, width and thickness of the plate, as well as the limit tolerance of the surface flatness and the included angle between the front and side of the plate. Due to the poor processing accuracy, the size deviation of inferior plates is beyond the scope of national standards. This kind of plate will have uneven surface and uneven joints after paving, especially for facade decoration, which will make the decorative surface irregular and affect the overall decorative effect. Therefore, the deviation of specifications and sizes also directly affects the use effect of stone materials.
(4) Stone materials with poor physical and chemical properties for decoration are often selected according to their decorative properties (i.e. color patterns, luster, appearance quality, etc.). ), but when evaluating the quality of stone, other quality indicators should be considered, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, durability, frost resistance, wear resistance and hardness. These stones with excellent physical and chemical properties can well resist the influence of various external factors and ensure the decorative effect and service life of stone decorative surfaces. On the contrary, the poor physical and chemical properties of inferior stone can not guarantee the durability of stone decorative surface. In short, when evaluating the quality of stone, we should not be limited to one aspect, but should evaluate it as a whole, considering both its decorative performance and its use performance.
Artificial stone can be divided into four categories according to different production methods, but in fact there are two categories that are widely used: polyester artificial marble (referred to as artificial marble) and cement artificial marble (commonly known as terrazzo). Artificial stone is an ideal decorative material, which is widely used because of its light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, pollution resistance, convenient construction, diverse patterns and low price. But the quality of artificial stone is also different. Inferior artificial stone often has the following characteristics:
(l) The decorative pattern of artificial stone, especially artificial marble, is designed and made by imitating the pattern of natural marble. Imitation of realistic artificial marble will confuse the decorative effect, while inferior artificial marble has ugly surface patterns and poor decorative effect. For terrazzo, if the color of cement varieties and colored stones is not well matched, it will also affect its decorative surface.
(2) the appearance quality does not meet the requirements. For artificial marble and terrazzo, the national standard also stipulates the corresponding appearance requirements, and accordingly divides their quality grades. The appearance of qualified artificial stone should meet these requirements, while the appearance defects of inferior artificial stone are beyond the standard range, which will definitely affect the decorative effect of the facing. Therefore, the appearance quality is an important factor to judge the quality of artificial stone.
(3) The specifications and dimensions do not meet the requirements. For the artificial marble and terrazzo made into plates, there are also requirements for surface smoothness and flat-fell seam uniformity when paving. Therefore, the national standard also stipulates the dimensional deviation and flatness requirements that it should meet to ensure the smoothness and neatness of the whole decorative surface. If the specifications and dimensions are not strictly controlled in the production and processing process, inferior artificial marble plates will be produced, that is, plates whose specifications and dimensions do not meet the specified requirements.
(4) The unqualified physical and chemical properties are also artificial stones for decoration, and the selection of materials is still mainly based on the decorative properties of their surfaces. But when evaluating the quality, we should not only consider the decorative performance, but also consider its physical and chemical properties (such as compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness, pollution resistance, corrosion resistance, durability, etc. ), these are the necessary conditions to ensure the long-term display of decorative performance. For example, polyester artificial marble, because its main bonding material is organic polymer material, will age and deteriorate in practical use, especially under the long-term action of sunlight, heat and air. For terrazzo with cement as binder, if it is not well maintained in production, there will be more pores on the board. If it is contaminated with various pollutants, such as oil, lipstick, vinegar, soy sauce, ink, mercuric chloride, etc. , will be absorbed to pollute the surface and affect the appearance.
In short, the quality of artificial stone should be considered comprehensively, just like judging the quality of natural stone.
China's main stone industry and trade base: After nearly 20 years' efforts, China has initially established a modern stone industry system, forming dozens of stone industry and trade bases, making it the most dangerous stone processing and trade center in Asia.
Shandong Laizhou stone material industry & trade base
With Laizhou as the center, including Yantai, Pingdu, Weihai, Rongcheng, Qingdao and other regions, it has 8 imported plate production lines with an annual output of 6 million square meters.
Guangdong Yunfu stone material industry & trade base
Only dolomite marble is produced locally. With the attention and support of the local government, it has developed into the largest stone processing trade base in China, processing famous granite and marble in China, with an annual output of about 6.5438+0.5 million square meters.
Guangdong Shenzhen stone material industry & trade base
In order to meet the needs of Shenzhen's construction, Shenzhen Granite Factory was built on 1985. Up to now, stone processing and trading bases have been formed, including Dongguan and Shunde, and spread to Shantou, mainly importing raw materials and polished plates, which are processed and sold to the mainland. The local granite resources are very rich, and the products sell well at home and abroad, with a total output of about100000 square meters.
Fujian Xiamen stone material industry & trade base
Including Xiamen, Quanzhou, Fuding and other vast areas. This area is rich in granite resources and has a long history of development. The famous Hui 'an stone carving enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. Even ordinary people's houses are built of stone strips and slabs. The workshop-style small processing plant more than ten years ago has now been converted into an imported assembly line, and the output and quality have been greatly improved. Products sell well at home and abroad, and the plate alone exceeds 6.5438+million square meters. Besides me, there are stone carving processing, stone machinery manufacturing and stone grinding tools manufacturing. Huaqiao University in Quanzhou also has stone machinery research institutions. Its products can be seen everywhere in China.
Guangxi cenxi stone material industry & trade base
It mainly mines and processes local Cenxihong (also known as Fengyehong) granite with an annual output of 6,543,800 square meters.