Active ingredients

It mainly contains a variety of saponins. In addition, it also contains volatile ingredients such as panaxynol and β-elem-ene, as well as Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, etc.), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, etc.), trisaccharides, low molecular peptides, various amino acids (threonine, β-aminobutyric acid, β-aminoisobutyric acid), fumaric acid, Succinic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid; as well as palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, choline, vitamins B and C, pectin, β-sitosterol and its glucoside, and manganese, arsenic and other compounds. There are 14 types of saponins isolated from ginseng, including ginsenoside (gi-nsenoside) ro, ra, rb1, rb2, rb3, rc, rd, re, rf, 20-glucose-rf, rg1, rg2, rg3 and rh. , according to the different saponins, it can be divided into three categories:

20s-Protopanaxadiol (protopanaxadiol) category: ginsenosides rb1, rb2, rb3, rc, rd.

20s-Protopanaxatriol categories: ginsenoside re, rf, 20-glucose·rf, rg1, rg2, rh.

Oleanolic acid: ginsenoside ro.

The above two categories 1 and 2 belong to the dammarane series saponins. After hydrolysis with acid, due to epimerization, panaxadiol and panaxartriol are obtained respectively. ), but the real saponins 20s-protopanaxadiol and 20s-protopanaxatriol cannot be obtained.

Ginsenosides are also named panaxoside a, b, c, e, and f, among which a, b, c are hydrolyzed to give panaxatriol, and d, e, and f are hydrolyzed to give panaxadiol.

The content of total ginseng saponins varies depending on the medicinal parts, processing methods, cultivation years and origin. According to reports: lateral roots 6.5~12.0%, white ginseng 2.0~3.5%, red ginseng 3.8~4.9%, white ginseng 9.3~12.3%, red ginseng 8.3~11.7%, 1~6 year old ginseng 2.0~3.5%, ginseng Seedling roots 3.0%, ginseng bark 8.0-8.8%, ginseng leaves 7.6-12.6%, flower buds 15.0%, and seeds 0.7%. The content of various saponins also varies depending on the part: white ginseng and red ginseng contain saponins rb1, rb2 and re about 4%, white ginseng and red ginseng only contain 0.4 to 0.5%, but white ginseng and red ginseng contain saponins rb1, rb2 and re. It contains more saponins than white ginseng and red ginseng.

Medicinal value

1. Ginseng has a sedative effect on the central nervous system, has antagonistic effects on many stimulants, and can reduce the inhibitory effect of central nervous system depressants. Ginsenosides rb have a sedative effect on the central nervous system, while rg saponins may have a weak stimulant effect, but excessive doses can cause inhibitory effects. Ginseng can not only improve the excitatory process of the central nervous system, but also strengthen the inhibitory process, making the inhibition more concentrated and making differentiation more complete.

2. Ginseng has anti-fatigue effects. Panaxadiol, panaxatriol and various ginsenosides have anti-fatigue effects, among which panaxatriol is more than twice as powerful as panaxadiol. Some people believe that ginseng extract can lead to more economical utilization of glycogen and high-energy phosphate compounds, enhance the metabolism of lactic acid and pyruvate, and provide timely energy for muscle activity through aerobic oxidation.

3. Small doses of ginseng can increase blood pressure in anesthetized animals, while large doses can lower blood pressure. However, the therapeutic dose of ginseng has no significant effect on the patient’s blood pressure; ginsenosides have a slight and short-term effect on anesthetized animals. The antihypertensive effect. Ginseng water infusion has a similar effect to cardiac glycosides, which can strengthen the contraction range and slow down the heart rate.

4. Ginseng can enhance the body’s non-specific resistance to a variety of harmful factors. Such as physical (freezing, high temperature, excessive exercise, high or low pressure), chemical (such as various poisons, anesthetic drugs), biological (xenogeneic serum, microorganisms, transplanted tumors) adverse effects, can enhance the body's resistance.

5. Ginseng has the effect of lowering blood sugar in normal rabbits and rats and dogs with hyperglycemia caused by alloxan and epinephrine, but it cannot replace insulin.

6. Ginseng extract has gonadotropin activity, and ginsenosides a, c, and f all have gonadotropin activity of similar intensity.

7. The total saponins of ginseng have almost no hemolytic effect, but have a weak anti-hemolytic effect caused by saponins or lecithin. Experiments in recent years have shown that the parts dominated by rh, rg and rf in total ginseng saponins (i.e., saponins with protopanaxatriol as aglycone) have hemolytic effects, while the parts dominated by rc and rb (i.e., those with protopanaxatriol as aglycone) Saponins (diol as aglycone) have anti-hemolytic effects.

8. Injection of ginseng extract can increase the content of erythropoietin (erythropoietin) in rabbit bone marrow and other places. Whether taken orally or directly added in vitro, ginseng extract can promote the biosynthesis of DNA, protein, and lipids in bone marrow cells. At least part of its active ingredients are ginsenosides (especially rb2, rg1, etc.). Intragastric administration has antidiuretic effect.

9. Ginseng has a good influence on the function of the pituitary adrenal system. It is shown that while ginseng improves animals' tolerance to adverse conditions (high temperature, low temperature, long-term swimming, etc.), it also reduces changes in adrenal function caused by stress.

10. Ginseng can promote the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Research in recent years has proven that ginseng extract can significantly promote the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in rat liver, kidney, bone marrow, and testicular cells, and promote the synthesis of serum proteins.

Many experiments have shown that ginseng can improve the physical and intellectual activity capabilities of animals and humans, and can enhance the body's non-specific resistance to various harmful stimuli. It does not interfere with normal physiological functions at therapeutic doses. It has no side effects and is a kind of beneficial and harmless systemic tonic.

Market conditions

Raw and sun-dried ginseng and red ginseng are mainly produced in Fusong, Ji'an, Jingyu, Dunhua and Antu of Jilin, followed by Huanren, Kuandian and Xinbin of Liaoning , Qingyuan, Wuchang, Shangzhi and other counties in Heilongjiang. It is also cultivated in Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing, Hubei and other provinces and cities. Producers in the three northeastern provinces have a long history and sell well both at home and abroad. In other places, many cultivated products are produced and sold by themselves.

Raw ginseng is mainly produced in Fusong, Ji'an, Changbai, Jingyu, Dunhua, Antu, Liaoning, Huanren, Kuandian, Heilongjiang, Ning'an, Dongning and other places in Jilin. It sells well at home and abroad, but the output is very small.