As early as 6, years ago, Laoshan was inhabited by two tribes, namely "Bu" and "Qi", which belonged to Laiyi in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Qi in Spring and Autumn Period, Langya County in Qin Dynasty, Donglai County in Han Dynasty, and its subordinate status was even more changeable. It can be said that every change of affiliation is bound to be integrated into the folk customs of different regions, especially the Ming Dynasty immigrants more than 6 years ago, who brought the folk customs of Shanxi, Yunnan and other places to Laoshan. Therefore, for thousands of years, the residents in Laoshan area have not only retained some ancient unique folk customs, but also absorbed and integrated foreign folk customs in terms of food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals and ceremonies, and places of worship to heaven, making them the folk customs of Laoshan that have been passed down to this day.
In the old days, the houses in Laoshan paid attention to the mountain, water (sea), earth and stone buildings, and wooden doors and windows with grass roofs. Most of them were three rooms and were built facing the sun. The heatable adobe sleeping platform is near the south window. The sun shines in winter, and people are warm on the kang. Isn't it scientific to use sunlight to keep warm when living conditions are backward?
Laoshan people also put a lot of thought into their diet. In order to save food, we changed to eat two meals during the slack season in winter (this custom lasted until the end of 196s); In order to make people full, people often use sweet potatoes to make "sweet potato rice", cut sweet potato noodles into noodles and steam them, turn wild vegetables into dregs, or dip green onions in shrimps for dinner ... Over time, it has formed a unique food custom in Laoshan.
Although Laoshan Mountain has been under the jurisdiction of Jimo County for nearly 15 years, it has its own customs in terms of marriage: some villages in Jimo use one sedan chair for wedding, but Laoshan area uses two sedan chairs. The son-in-law takes one sedan chair to get married, and the other sedan chair is taken by the new wife to her husband's house.
Many people in Laoshan think that their hometown is in Yunnan, so when people report to the temple after death, they pray for the soul of the deceased to return to Yunnan while burning paper horses. This has formed a custom in funeral.
Laoshan dialect is more unique: my aunt is called "Zhangzi", my grandmother is called "Mom", and my uncle is called "Da Die and Erdie". What's more interesting is that the spider is called "old mother", the dough soup is called "bone soup", the dumplings are called "small bone soup", the steamed bread is called "steam slip".
The etiquette and folk customs of Laoshan involve all aspects of life. There are families and neighborhoods; There are spiritual and moral aspects, as well as festivals at New Year's Eve. Once etiquette and folk customs are formed, they are extremely binding. For example, when eating, we must ask the old people to move chopsticks first, pay New Year greetings to their elders on New Year's Day, get up to greet guests when they come, don't wear white for weddings, don't wear red for funerals, don't leave their relatives within three years after their family's death, and go to the grave on Qingming Day ... If we violate these taboos in folk customs, we will be considered as rude or cause people's disgust and unhappiness.
The folk customs of cultural recreation in Laoshan area are even more colorful. Dozens of operas and dances have gone from village to village, hundreds of plays have been performed year after year, thousands of ballads have been sung over and over again, and tens of thousands of stories have been passed down from generation to generation. Especially those funny games and those well-known proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings and riddles, who can tell them clearly? For thousands of years, people have sought joy and happiness in these rap lectures, enjoyed and comforted, and been edified and enlightened.
folk beliefs in Laoshan area have become popular. In the old days, people went to the temple to pray for the safety of their ancestors, and slowly formed a temple fair integrating prayer for God, trade and amusement. There are many temples in Laoshan Mountain. There used to be a saying that there are "nine palaces, eight views and seventy-two temples". If there are many temples, there will be many temple fairs. The people in Laoshan always worship gods: heaven and earth gods, earth gods, mountain gods, the god of wealth, Guandi Shengjun, sea gods, etc., all of which are among people's sacrifices, and people worship them. Laoshan folk are both convinced and afraid of foxes and weasels, such as calling foxes fox spirits and weasels "old neighbors' homes" and not daring to hurt them, which is simply regarded as gods. In the old days, people often asked witches for treatment when they were sick, and they often divined good or bad luck when they were in trouble, so witchcraft, magic and divination were in Sheng Xing, Laoshan.
There is also a unique folk custom in Laoshan Mountain, which is to treat diseases with folk remedies. In the old days, people had no money to buy medicine. Laoshan was a treasure house of medicine, so once they got sick, they took medicine to save themselves. People have summed up many remedies in treating diseases. For example, take 3 to 5 persimmon leaf, boil it in an iron pot, and after the water boils, scoop it into a wooden basin or an iron basin. When it is cool enough to not burn your hands, immerse the legs of the child in the water and take them out immediately after scalding for 5 to 6 minutes. Twice a day in the morning and evening has special effects on treating infantile diarrhea. There are also folk remedies for knife wounds, burns and mouth sores ... According to statistics, there are nearly a thousand kinds of folk remedies at present. Some remedies "treat the disease with medicine" and "root out" (that is, cure the disease) in the words of ordinary people. Therefore, even in today's advanced science, people still believe in folk remedies to treat serious diseases.
3
With the progress of human beings and the development of society, the folk customs of Laoshan Mountain will inevitably change and develop. Some folk customs that do not adapt to the trend of the times have been eliminated, some folk customs have been perfected with the development of society, and some new people and customs have also emerged with the development of society.
People's houses have changed from low thatched houses to tall and spacious brick houses since the 198s. After the 199s, buildings were collectively built in villages, and "upstairs and downstairs, lights and telephones" really became a reality, and the old customs of building houses, checking the day, whipping and helping workers disappeared.
The diet has changed even more. No one eats two meals to save food. Rice and white flour, as staple foods, have replaced the old sweet potatoes and dried sweet potatoes. Those meals that used to live in the old days have become a delicacy favored by guests as the characteristics of Laoshan Mountain. "Don't be greedy, but celebrate the New Year after Laba", which has been circulating for many years, can only be kept as a memory, because adults no longer need to comfort children who are looking forward to the New Year with this sentence.
Clothing has changed even more. Robes, mandarin jackets and cheongsam, which have been popular for many years, were replaced by Chinese tunic suit, Lenin suit and military casual clothes after 195s. After the 198s, suits, casual wear, sportswear, short skirts and miniskirts became the mainstream again. Now, the changes in clothing styles and colors simply make people unable to keep up. The concept of worshipping red and valuing yellow in clothing has long been broken.
In terms of marriage, "marital autonomy" has replaced "the words of media agreement and the orders of parents", and cars have replaced sedan chairs and hotels have become increasingly fashionable. Young marriage, child bride and other arranged and bought marriages have disappeared since 195s. Great changes have also taken place in funeral customs. "cremation" has replaced the customs of burial and burial. Except.
Many temple fairs were abolished as the "Four Old Classics" during the Cultural Revolution. So far, there is no grand occasion of the old days. People's worship of various gods has been greatly reduced.
Many Laoshan dialects have also caught up with the new fashion. Dad is called "Dad", Mother is called "Mom", Zhangzi is called "Aunt" and Bobo is called "Steamed Bread". Laoshan people immediately learned what is emerging in the society.
Great changes have taken place in the folk customs of culture and entertainment: movies, television and karaoke have replaced Liu Qiang and Maoqiang in the old mountain village; Foreign toys such as electronic game consoles have replaced traditional games such as jumping rooms and hiding cats; Playing poker, playing mahjong and lottery tickets have replaced "pushing Pai Jiu", "watching cards", "rolling dice" and "betting on treasures" which have been circulating in mountain villages and fishing villages for thousands of years. Activities such as table tennis, badminton, football, volleyball, basketball and table tennis are also popular in rural areas.
New folk customs are constantly forming. For thousands of years, the old concept of "raising children to prevent old age" has been changed with the implementation of old-age insurance in rural areas. Those old people who "catch up with the good times" have begun to travel abroad by train, ship and plane when they have money! One-child families are not uncommon in rural areas. Some new festivals such as Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day, Seniors' Day, Christmas Day and Gregorian Year are becoming more and more popular among the people. Going out to take a taxi is no longer a "patent" for city people. Motorcycles have long been an important means of transportation for people to work in the fields and go out to work, and cars are increasingly entering people's homes.
iv
in a sense, a complete history of folk custom development is not only a precious national cultural heritage of a country, a nation and a region, but also a history of social development and civilization of a country, a nation and a region. Laoshan folk custom is no exception, it has experienced a development process from low to high, from simple to complex, from vulgarity to civilization. It is not only a precious cultural heritage in Laoshan area, but also an important part of the social development history of Laoshan.
I hope that the folk custom of Laoshan will always maintain its unique attractive charm in the future social changes and become a wonderful flower of Chinese folk culture.
chapter I festival folklore at the age of
chapter I festival folklore at the age of
festival folklore at the age of includes traditional festival folklore and emerging festival folklore.
traditional festival folk custom is a folk custom formed according to the climate change and solar terms change throughout the year. It is an important part of Laoshan folk custom.
traditional festivals are held every month in Laoshan area. After thousands of years of inheritance and variation, these festivals have formed their own different contents and characteristics. There are agricultural festivals reflecting production (beginning of spring, Grain Rain, etc.); There is a festival to honor ancestors (the first day of October in the lunar calendar); There are commemorative festivals to remember national heroes and celebrities (Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, etc.); There are festivals to celebrate the harvest and family reunion (Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival); There are also amusement festivals (Lantern Festival) which belong to entertainment. Many festivals are accompanied by beautiful myths and legends, such as the "Cowherd and Weaver Girl Meeting" on July 7th. Nowadays, traditional festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Half-year, July 7th, Mid-Autumn Festival, October 1st, Winter Solstice, off-year and so on are still valued by people, while some animal and plant birthdays are gradually forgotten by people, and some festivals are gradually celebrated with some new contents and fashions.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the emerging festivals in Laoshan area are international, such as Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day and New Year's Day. It is unique to China, such as Teacher's Day and National Day. There are also unique in Laoshan area, such as Beizhai Cherry Festival, Laoshan Tea Festival and Dead Peach Blossom Festival. These new festivals, especially those founded locally in Laoshan, have enriched the cultural connotation of Laoshan folk customs, improved local popularity and created a good environment for the development of Laoshan local economy.
Now, traditional festivals are more and more prosperous in Laoshan, and emerging festivals are full of new charm in Laoshan.
traditional festivals in the first section
1. Spring Festival
Fireworks give birth to flowers to celebrate the New Year
The origin of the Spring Festival has a long history, but from the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors to the Western Han Dynasty, the dates changed, such as the first day of the first lunar month in the Xia Dynasty, the first day of December in the Shang Dynasty, the first day of November in the Zhou Dynasty, and October in the Qin Dynasty. In 14 BC, the taichu calendar was promulgated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and it was designated as "New Year's Day" on the first day of the first lunar month. This custom spread until the Revolution of 1911. After the Revolution of 1911, January 1st of the Gregorian calendar was designated as "New Year's Day" and the first day of the first lunar month was designated as "Spring Festival". Folks have always been commonly known as "Chinese New Year" and "Lunar New Year".
Spring Festival is the most solemn and lively traditional festival in Laoshan. Although people usually refer to the first to third day of the first lunar month as "New Year", during the period from the 23rd to 15th of the twelfth lunar month, people's festive atmosphere of "Busy Year", "Welcome Year" and "New Year" is very strong. Today, this traditional custom is still intact, and it is constantly developing and more innovative.
The busy New Year's Eve is the last day of the twelfth lunar month, which is commonly known as New Year's Eve and New Year's Eve in the folk. From morning till night, people are busy cleaning, posting couplets, making jiaozi, inviting the New Year, picking up the kitchen, putting out whips and welcoming the New Year, which is even more busy, lively and joyful than the first day of the lunar month. It can be said that there is joy in being busy and it is very enjoyable.
cleaning. Early in the morning, the men first cleaned the inside and outside the door, in front of the house and behind the house.
hanging genealogy. After breakfast, the man nailed the red mat to the north wall in the middle, then hung the genealogy on the red mat (lotus and peony colored pictures were hung on both sides), and put it on the altar before the genealogy. On the table, cakes, fish, meat, chicken, fruits, etc. (three plates, three bowls or five plates, five bowls) are served, and chopsticks, incense burners, wax tables, yellow paper mounting, tin pots (to prepare some wine) are placed. When everything is in order, men burn paper and kowtow to Zongpu.
paste couplets (Spring Festival couplets). The couplets should be pasted from the outside to the inside, followed by the gate, the door, the door and the room. The ones from last year should be taken down with a sieve and burned at home. It is better to stick couplets without wrinkles. Sometimes people are afraid that the weather will be bad except the sun, so they stick it one day in advance, and sometimes they are afraid that the slurry surface will freeze, so they take off the gate and put it in the sun.
spring festival couplets
fishing for next year's dinner. After the millet is boiled for three times, put it in a plate and pile it into a mountain shape, insert red dates (even numbers are auspicious) and put it on the table. When eaten on the first day of the new year, it is the "next year's meal", which symbolizes that there is more food every year.
After lunch, the children put on new clothes and set off firecrackers in the street, playing happily. Women began to mix stuffing and bread jiaozi; Men began to pick water for the next year (to be used before the year) and chop firewood for the next year (symbolizing that there is no need to drink or burn at home). Now, villagers who eat tap water and use gas no longer have to pick water and chop firewood every other year.
before sunset, the men in the family should carry lanterns and offerings, and bring incense paper and firecrackers to the ancestral home to invite the souls of the deceased elders home for the New Year. After putting the offerings on the table in front of the grave with the highest seniority, they burned paper, offered sacrifices and kowtowed one by one from big to small, and finally shouted "Grandpa and Mom went home for the New Year!" After returning home, put a wooden stick horizontally in the gate, called the door stopper, and then burn incense and kowtow to the genealogy. After that, I took my ancestors' souls to the ancestral temple of nature to meet and worship them, and then I took the souls of my deceased old people home to worship them. At present, the custom of celebrating the New Year is still popular, but few people bring offerings, and no one goes to the ancestral temple to worship their ancestors.
the focal point is usually at seven or eight o'clock in the evening. Men of the whole family came to the patio, placed offerings, faced the south sky, burned the statue of the kitchen king and paper together, kowtowed after offering wine, placed incense burners and offerings on the East Pot, and sprinkled sesame, wheat straw and cereal grass on the patio (until the morning of the third day). After taking the kitchen, the whole family drank and ate together, and officially entered the realm of "New Year". Now, people are still connected to the kitchen, but the program has been watered down a lot.
At twelve o'clock on New Year's Eve in jiaozi last year, women began to cook jiaozi. The men began to burn incense, paper, wine, kowtow, offer sacrifices to the gods, ancestors and set off firecrackers, and then offered sacrifices to jiaozi, who was already ripe. At this time, firecrackers exploded outside the house, candles lit inside the house, the smell of burning and the jiaozi flavor of cooking were intertwined, and the burning cigarettes and jiaozi gas filled the room. People are busy, serving jiaozi and setting tables on the kang. Then, the younger generation kowtowed to their elders, and when they kowtowed, they said, "Happy New Year, Dad, and kowtowed to you.". While kowtowing, the adults say yes and share the lucky money. After asking how happy the Chinese New Year is, they eat jiaozi together. When anyone eats peanuts, dates, coins and sweets in jiaozi, they show off to their families. People say that if they eat a piece of candy, it is "sweet" and if they eat coins, they say "rich flowers". Whoever eats more will be happier and push the Chinese New Year atmosphere to a climax. During the Cultural Revolution, the worship of heaven, ancestor worship and kowtowing were abolished as "four old", and some villagers restored them after the 198s. However, most villagers have faded away from the customs of celebrating the New Year, worshipping heaven and kowtowing. On New Year's Eve, the whole family got together, drinking reunion wine, eating reunion dinner and watching the Spring Festival Gala.
After eating jiaozi in the New Year, men will mention it.