1, training the "new army". 2. Advocate business. The Qing government set up the Ministry of Commerce, and encouraged officials and businessmen to set up industrial and commercial enterprises. 3. Education reform. Abolish the imperial examination, run schools and send students abroad to study. 4. Reform the official system. "Redundant bureaucracy", "bureaucratic service" and "stopping donations" have made some changes to the ruling institutions. 5. Examine modern law. Considering the laws of various countries, carefully review and amend them and put forward them appropriately. 6. Financing and restructuring. "learn from the mainland and set up provinces" in order to strengthen border defense. Expand the data 1 and compile the "new army". In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), on August 29th, the Qing government ordered the whole country to stop the martial arts imperial examination. 1 1 In September, all provinces were ordered to imitate Beiyang and Liangjiang to build armament schools. /kloc-in September of 0/2, all provinces in China were ordered to "cut the old army and practice the standing army". The work of training the new army is carried out throughout the country. 2. Advocate business. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), on September 7th, the Qing government set up the Ministry of Commerce, advocating that officials and businessmen set up industrial and commercial enterprises. Then, a series of industrial and commercial laws and regulations and incentive measures were promulgated, such as the Commercial Law of Qing Dynasty, the Charter of Chamber of Commerce, the Charter of Concise Railway, the Charter of Rewarding China Company, the Charter of Mining, the Charter of Company Registration and the Charter of Pilot Bank. These articles of association stipulate that the free development of industry is allowed, the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises is rewarded, and the organization of chambers of commerce is encouraged. These regulations and practices are conducive to the development of national industry and commerce and the prosperity of social economy. 3. Education reform. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), on September 4th, the Qing government ordered the provincial capital academy to be changed into a college hall, the prefectural and Zhili counties to be changed into middle schools, the counties to be changed into primary schools, and more schools were set up. On February 5, 65438, the regulations on imperial examination certificates were promulgated, which stipulated that school graduates could pass the examination to become Jinshi, Juren and Gong Sheng. 4. Reform the official system. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), on July 24th, the Qing government abolished the Foreign Affairs Department of the Prime Minister and set up the Foreign Affairs Department, which was the first of the six departments in the class. 19 In September, the Qing government announced that it would stop reporting donations to official positions. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), on February 24th, the governor of Hedong was removed, and he was transferred to the governor of Henan afterwards. On March 6th, James and Si Tong were dismissed. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the Ministry of Commerce was established on September 7th. In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904) 65438+1February, the governors of Yunnan and Hubei provinces were dismissed and the governors of Yunnan, Guizhou and Huguang were appointed. In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), in July of 18, it was announced that it would stop donating money to Wu Zhi. On September 4 of the same year, the magistrate of Fengtian was dismissed and the governor was appointed; Cut Feng Tianfu and change to study politics in the three northeastern provinces. Set up patrol department. Set up a department to punish imperial academy. In addition to reducing and adding administrative agencies, the Qing government also ordered "stopping donations", "cutting bad regulations" and "fixing public expenses". Examine modern law. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902) and in May of 13, the Qing court issued an imperial edict: "Now, there are many problems in business negotiations. The author sent Shen Jiaben and Wu to carefully review and revise the existing laws and regulations according to the negotiation situation and considering the laws of various countries, and put forward appropriate suggestions. During the service period, Chinese and foreign traffic will have a good governance. " The modernization of China's legal system started with many twists and turns until the end of the 20th century. But the basic framework was laid during the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty. Since the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the Articles of Association for Rewarding Companies, Articles of Association for Trial Registration of Trademarks, General Rules for Businessmen, Company Law, Bankruptcy Law, Articles of Association for Trial Trial Trial by Courts at All Levels, Rules for Examining Judges and Law on Assembly and Association have been promulgated successively. There are three most far-reaching summative laws: the Criminal and Civil Procedure Law of the Qing Dynasty, the Criminal Law of the Qing Dynasty and the Draft Civil Law, which have laid a solid foundation for the modernization of China's laws in the fields of procedural law and substantive law respectively. Although due to the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, civil laws were not as good as deliberation, promulgation and implementation, the government of the Republic of China inherited these three laws in the first half of the 20th century. 6. Financing and restructuring. In September of Guangxu thirty-two years (1906), in the process of official system reform, the minister who compiled the official system reviewed the official system in Beijing and submitted it. He wrote in the attached abridged official list of cabinets and academies: "All countries strive for supremacy, colonization is important, Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, and solid defense. Its administrative affairs are equal to those of the ministries, so it is easy to manage. Subsequently, the imperial edict was issued, announcing that the official "changed the hospital to the department". 1907, in order to strengthen the frontier defense, the Qing government ministers Zuo Shaozuo and Cen Chunxuan invited Jehol, Chahar, URI Sutai, Kulun, Cobudo, Altai and other places to "learn from the mainland and set up provinces". The Qing government was worried that Russia would come forward to oppose it. After consulting ministers, generals and governors, it only announced the abolition of the previous ban on intermarriage between Mongolian and Chinese, and encouraged Chinese mainland people to open up wasteland in Mongolia. Mongolia has increased health bureaus, patrols, schools, and commodity display places to hold the so-called "New Deal". This move seriously threatened the survival of Mongolians and hindered Russia's interests in outer Mongolia. At the same time, due to the increase in the inflow of Han Chinese, some "flag lands" in Inner Mongolia have been changed to counties.