Compilation of basic knowledge points of the first semester of politics in the second and eighth grade of junior high school, unit 1, lesson 1, loving each other and being a family, section 1, about honoring parents 1. Why—— (1) Parents regard their children as themselves part of life, loving your children more than yourself. The love that parents have for their children is the most selfless and sincere love in the world. Every step of our growth is inseparable from the care, teaching and influence of our parents. (2) Parents raise and take care of us in life and teach us basic life skills. (3) Parents care about and educate us from an ideological and moral perspective, guide us to establish life goals, and teach us how to behave. (4) Honoring parents is a human duty, a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation, and an obligation that children must fulfill under the law. (Spiritual comfort, daily care) 2. How - Children should respect their parents, love their parents, and repay their parents. Be polite to your parents, understand your parents' thoughts, listen to your parents' teachings, and care about your parents' health. Be considerate of your parents' hard work, share their worries, and do not make excessive demands on your parents. 2. Learn to communicate with parents 1. Factors affecting communication with parents: (1) Psychological aspect: Adolescents, under the control of rebellious psychology (causes, manifestations), are resistant to criticism from their parents and feel unable to communicate with their parents. Difficulties affect communication. (2) Conflicts and misunderstandings with parents also affect communication. (3) Due to the different life experiences between parents and children, there are great differences in family concepts, ways of thinking and behavioral habits, which affects communication with parents. 2. Skills in communicating with parents: (1) Understand your parents. Understand parents' nagging, which is their love for their children; understand parents' ardent hopes and understand their inappropriate ways of caring; understand that parents also have worries and hope to be comforted by their children. (2) Respect your parents. Respect parents' opinions and suggestions; respect parents' personality and strengths; make necessary concessions when there are conflicts and conflicts with parents; do not avoid, alienate or contradict parents when they have differences of opinion. (3) Must master certain skills and methods. Take the initiative to report your studies and physical and mental health to your parents, take the initiative to chat with your parents, carry out some activities to enhance your relationship with your parents, and exchange each other's opinions. (Incorporate tips and methods on page 13). Section 2, Item 2: We are all the descendants of the dragon 1. Regarding the Taiwan issue -----The descendants of Yan and Huang are the comrades of the people of the whole country, including our Taiwan compatriots, who have achieved the reunification of the motherland, the unity of the nation, and the rise of China. This wish is also the unanimous voice of many overseas Chinese. Taiwan has been an integral part of China since ancient times. To realize the complete reunification of the motherland is the unshakable strong will of all the Chinese people and an unstoppable historical trend. 2. What is the national spirit? (p24) The Chinese nation has formed a great national spirit with patriotism as the core, which is unity and unity, peace-loving, hard work, courage, and self-improvement. 3. The role of national spirit. (P24) This national spirit has become the source of endless strength for the Chinese nation from generation to generation, and has also become the soul and tradition of the long history and culture of the Chinese nation. 4. Why we should promote the spirit of patriotism 1) Loving the motherland is the glorious tradition and noble virtue of the Chinese nation. 2). The national spirit with patriotism as the core has become the source of endless strength for the Chinese nation from generation to generation, and has also become the soul of the Chinese nation’s long history and culture. and tradition. 3) Consciously assuming the historical responsibility of building the motherland and revitalizing China is the obligation that each of us owes to the motherland. 4) To promote the great cause of my country's reform and opening up and accelerate the process of socialist modernization, we need to continue to carry forward the fine tradition of patriotism. Only in this way can the Chinese nation regain its glory and make greater contributions to human civilization and progress.

5) How do we carry forward the spirit of patriotism? We must adapt to the development requirements of the times, correctly understand the history and reality of the motherland, enhance our love for the motherland and our sense of responsibility for revitalizing the motherland, and build national self-esteem and self-confidence; we must carry forward the great Chinese national spirit, hold high the banner of patriotism, and forge ahead with determination. , strive for self-improvement, work hard, and fight tenaciously, truly turning patriotism into a journey of serving the country. Study diligently to revitalize China today, and contribute your own strength to create a more glorious future for the motherland tomorrow. Unit 3 Lesson 5 Cooperation makes life smoother Section 1 1. About cooperation and competition 1. Why cooperation 1. Cooperation is everywhere and happens all the time. It is a common phenomenon in life (necessity) 2. The meaning of cooperation (importance) ‘(1). Cooperation is a kind of strength and a wealth. Relying on the cooperation of groups, human beings survive and develop. (2) Cooperation helps individuals grow healthily. Through cooperative learning, we can obtain more information, make up for the lack of personal knowledge, and improve our ability to solve problems. Cooperation helps us form positive psychological qualities such as cheerfulness, liveliness, and courage. (3) Being good at cooperation will contribute to the success of your career. Through cooperation, you can make your career successful by leveraging the intelligence, abilities and talents of others. At the same time, if you want to persist in your career to the end, it is not enough to rely on the support of faith. You must have the nourishment of friendship. Only in this way can you be encouraged when you encounter setbacks, gain strength from it, and then have the courage to move forward on a new journey. (4) Being good at cooperation is the requirement of the times. With the development of society, the content of people's cooperation has become more extensive, the forms of cooperation have become more diverse, and the scale of cooperation has become larger and larger. Especially today, with the rapid development of science and technology, the amount of knowledge and information has greatly increased, and the division of labor in society has become increasingly detailed. The completion of a task is often the result of everyone's cooperation. It can be said that the successful people in the 21st century will be those who are comprehensively developed, those who are full of pioneering spirit, and those who are good at cooperating with others. Section 2 2. Why compete? (Why cooperation is inseparable from competition) 1. Competition and cooperation go hand in hand, and competition is also a common phenomenon in life. (Necessity) 2. The positive effect of competition (1) If there is no competition, cooperation will lack vitality and vitality and become a pool of stagnant water; (2) It is precisely because of the incentives of competitors that people will continue to make progress. Push forward. (3) In the process of competition with opponents, it is easier for people to find gaps and make up for their shortcomings, thereby progressing and developing faster. 3. Correctly understand the relationship between cooperation and competition (why competition is inseparable from cooperation) Competition and cooperation go hand in hand and are common phenomena in life. (Necessity) (1) Competition and cooperation are both opposite and unified. There is competition in cooperation and cooperation in competition. The two penetrate each other and complement each other. We must both cooperate and compete. (2) Without competition, cooperation will lack vitality and vitality and become a pool of stagnant water. That kind of unfair competition that ignores morality and law harms others and ourselves. (3) Win-win is the most ideal result of competition. Most competition in life can "fly together" or even "let a hundred flowers bloom". Compete within the scope permitted by law and ethics and in accordance with the principles of equality, fairness, and integrity to achieve a "win-win" situation. 4. How to do it (1) Compete without forgetting cooperation. (2) Compete within the scope permitted by law and morality and in accordance with the principles of equality, fairness, and integrity. During the competition process, both parties encourage each other, help each other, learn from each other's strengths, and achieve "Win-win". (3) In life, we should treat the relationship between competition and cooperation correctly. We should not only maintain the enterprising spirit of daring to be the first and unwilling to lag behind, but also establish the concept of cooperation and mutual assistance; cooperate in competition, compete in cooperation, Ultimately achieving common development and common improvement. Lesson 6: Ensemble the Movement of a Good Life Section 1 1. How to establish a good cooperative relationship? (How to cooperate) (1) Keep others in mind - three principles of cooperation 1. Treat others as equals. Why: Treating others as equals is the foundation of a good working relationship. Although each of us has differences in family background, physique, intelligence, ability, etc., everyone has strengths and everyone has equal personality and legal status.

Treat others equally so that others can treat you equally. What to do: Treat the other person as an equal to yourself, get along with each other as equals, respect the other person's personality and interests, and consciously assume your due responsibilities. 2． Be considerate of others Why: Whether you can be considerate of other people's situations and respect other people's wishes is related to the effectiveness of cooperation with others. What to do: Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you. In the process of cooperation, don't push things to others or ask others to do things that you are unwilling to do or accept. Put yourself in someone else’s shoes. When conflicts arise with others during cooperation, you should take the initiative to put yourself in the other person's shoes and consider the other person's emotions, so that you can understand the other person and find the best way to solve the problem. 3. Be understanding and tolerant of others. Why: Cooperation between people requires understanding and tolerance. Only by being good at understanding others can you be understood by others, and by being able to tolerate others can you be forgiven by others. Tolerance is not weakness, but a broad mind, a manifestation of understanding and tolerance of people. Stumbles will inevitably occur in cooperation and communication. If you care about everything and worry about it, it will not only bring psychological pressure to yourself, but also gradually alienate your relationship with your classmates and friends. What to do: Forgive others with an open mind. If someone else hurts you unintentionally or through negligence: don’t hold it accountable and forgive sincerely. If someone else deliberately makes things difficult for you: as long as they don’t cause you huge harm and the other person expresses their apology, you can forgive and forgive the other person. Section 2 (2) Pay attention to integrity 1. Why integrity is priceless (1) Honesty and trustworthiness are a virtue in dealing with people and the foundation of being a human being. Keeping your promises and keeping your word is a kind of character. (2), "A person cannot stand without trust." Honesty is the second identity card of a citizen. If a person wants to gain a foothold in society and achieve a career, he must have the character of honesty and trustworthiness. Dishonesty may bring certain benefits in the short term, but in the end you will definitely pay a certain price and suffer huge losses. (3) Honesty is gold and a passport for cooperation and interaction with others. Honesty can make people feel at ease, and trustworthiness can win the trust of others. 2. How to be honest? (1) Integrity must first be honest. Honesty starts with being honest with yourself. Don’t deceive yourself, be truthful to yourself, don’t say or do things that go against your will. Of course, honesty does not mean telling the whole truth and revealing all your secrets. (2) Integrity must be about keeping promises and keeping one's word. When cooperating with others, you must be cautious when making promises: when making a promise, you must consider your own abilities and objective possibilities, and consider the requirements of morality and law. Once a promise is made, it must be honored. If you unilaterally break a contract or find it difficult to fulfill your promise due to irresistible factors, you should truthfully explain to the other party as soon as possible, solemnly apologize to the other party, and actively bear certain material losses caused to the other party as promised or agreed upon. loss. However, unreasonable and incorrect promises made under certain special circumstances cannot be fulfilled. (3) Establish a sense of integrity and raise awareness of the importance of integrity. (4) Actively fight against dishonest and trustworthy behavior around you. Be attentive, loving and attentive. Unit 4, Lesson 7, General Introduction to Law, Section 1. 1. What is law 1. Meaning: Law is a special act formulated by the state, guaranteed to be implemented by the state's coercive force, and has universal binding force on all members of society. (Compared with other norms such as ethics) 2. Characteristics: (1) Laws are enacted by the state (relevant to the functions of the National People’s Congress) (2) Laws are implemented by the state’s coercive force (the most important feature) (3) Laws have an impact on the entire society A manifestation of the universal binding force of members (in our country, all citizens abide by the law equally; anyone who breaks the law must be punished by the law) 3. The essence of law: Generally speaking: the law is the embodiment of the will of the ruling class that controls the state. . Our country: Our country’s laws are the embodiment of the will and interests of the working class and the broad masses of people under its leadership. Because it is a socialist country in which the people are the masters of the country, the people are the masters of the country. 2. About the rights and obligations of our citizens 1. What are: (1) In our country, citizens all equally enjoy the rights stipulated in the constitution and law. While citizens enjoy various rights in accordance with the law, they must also consciously perform various legal obligations. (Just understand the types of rights and obligations) Relationship: (Why) (2) The rights and obligations of our citizens are consistent. Citizens' rights and obligations are inseparable.

In our country, citizens enjoy rights and perform obligations. When enjoying rights, corresponding obligations must be fulfilled. It is not allowed to enjoy rights without fulfilling obligations. Certain rights and obligations of citizens are combined with each other. Under certain conditions, rights are obligations, and obligations are rights. For example, labor is both a right and an obligation for citizens. Citizens' rights and obligations are mutually reinforcing. The more citizens' rights can be protected, the more conducive it will be to stimulating their enthusiasm for work and promoting them to consciously perform their obligations; and the higher the consciousness of citizens' performance of their obligations, the more conducive it is to the prosperity of the country, and the rights of citizens will also be Get more protection. 2. How to exercise rights in accordance with the law and consciously perform legal obligations (1) General requirements for the correct exercise of rights: abide by the provisions of the Constitution and laws. A. shall not exceed the scope permitted by law, and shall not damage the interests of the country, society, collectives and the legitimate rights and interests of other citizens. , we must respect the rights of others and cannot seek illegal benefits in addition to legal rights, otherwise we will bear corresponding legal responsibilities. If citizens' legal rights are infringed, they have the right to use legal methods and legal procedures to safeguard their rights in accordance with the law, and cannot use illegal means. (2) Conscientiously perform obligations. All behaviors advocated and encouraged by the constitution and laws must be actively performed. All the specific requirements imposed on citizens by the Constitution and laws must be fulfilled. We will resolutely not do any behavior prohibited by the constitution and laws. Otherwise, it is illegal and criminal. Section 2 3. The role of law 1. Laws regulate people’s behavior. Providing the rights and obligations of citizens is an important part of the law. The law regulates people's behavior by stipulating what people can and cannot do. 2. The law protects the legitimate rights of citizens. In our country, any citizen has the right to seek legal protection from relevant departments, agencies and groups in accordance with legal provisions and legal procedures when his or her legitimate rights and interests are illegally infringed upon. Through negotiation and reconciliation, filing of lawsuits (criminal litigation, civil litigation, administrative litigation) and other channels, we can resolve disputes and sanction illegal crimes (unconstitutional sanctions, administrative sanctions, criminal sanctions, civil sanctions) in accordance with the law. The law protects the legitimate rights and interests of citizens by resolving disputes about rights and obligations between citizens and sanctioning illegal crimes. Lesson 8 Rights that accompany us throughout our lives Section 1 Be attentive, loving, and attentive 1. About the right to life and health (Contact Part 7) 1. What is - (P97 related link) 2. Why - Importance: The most precious thing for people is life, and health is an important prerequisite for people's happy life and even life safety. The right to life and health is the basis for citizens to participate in all social activities and enjoy all other rights. Once life is lost, all rights lose their meaning. The right to life and health is the most fundamental personal right of citizens. Legal provisions: Citizens’ rights to life and health are protected by law. (1) Our country’s laws (Constitution, Criminal Law, General Principles of Civil Law, Law on the Protection of Minors, etc.) stipulate that citizens’ rights to life and health shall not be infringed upon, and those who infringe upon citizens’ rights to life and health shall bear corresponding legal responsibilities. (2) my country's Minors Protection Law and other laws provide special protection to minors' right to life and health. It is the future of the motherland and the hope of the nation. Due to young age, lack of ability and lack of experience, life and health are more likely to be harmed. Protecting the lives and health of minors is the common responsibility of the entire society. 3. What to do - Protect our rights to life and health in accordance with the law (1) Protect our rights in accordance with the law. When your life and health are threatened or violated, you must bravely take up legal weapons to defend your rights. First, we must report the crime to the public security organs in a timely and truthful manner, so that the offender cannot go unpunished; second, we must use legal means to seek "justice" for ourselves, and we must not retaliate with tooth for tooth or evil with evil. (2) To protect the right to life and health in accordance with the law, we must also strengthen self-protection, learn some self-protection methods, and improve our ability to seek self-protection. More precautions, more safety. (3) We should love and respect the rights to life and health of others. We must strengthen our sense of the rule of law and never do anything that infringes or endangers the lives and health of others. Students should love and respect each other, and play in moderation to avoid causing harm to each other due to mistakes and causing unnecessary disputes and conflicts.

Section 2 2. About Personal Dignity 1. What is it - (P102 related link) Including portrait rights, reputation rights, honorary rights, name rights, privacy rights, etc.: Personal dignity is a right that citizens must have and be protected throughout their lives. . 2. Why - legal provisions: Our country's laws respect the personal dignity of citizens and protect citizens' personal dignity from infringement (relevant provisions of the Constitution and Civil Law) 3. How to do it - safeguard our personal dignity in accordance with the law. (1) Have self-respect and self-love, regulate your words and deeds in accordance with the law, and maintain personal dignity. (2) Raise awareness of rights protection. When your personal dignity is violated, you should protect your rights in accordance with the law and regain your lost dignity. (3) Love and respect the personal dignity of others. 3. About the right to privacy 1. What is it - The right to privacy is the personal secrets that citizens enjoy in accordance with the law and do not want to disclose or let others know and do not harm society (an individual’s private life. Diaries, photo albums, living habits, communication secrets, etc.) physical impairment, etc.). 2. Why - Legal provisions: Our country's laws protect citizens' right to privacy. Citizens: In our country, citizens' right to privacy is protected by laws (Constitution, Civil Law, Statistics Law). Minors: (1) Minors also enjoy the right to privacy, protected by law. The Law on the Protection of Minors and the Law on the Prevention of Delinquency of Minors stipulate that no organization or individual may disclose the privacy of minors. (2) In real life, due to people's lack of legal concepts or improper care and love for minors, infringement of minors' privacy rights often occurs. 3. What to do - How do teenagers protect their privacy rights? First, they must manage items containing their privacy. Once you find someone disclosing your personal privacy, you must protect your rights in accordance with the law. We also need to respect the privacy rights of others. Lesson 9 Property Rights Consumer Rights Careful Love Concentration Section 1 1. About Property Rights 1. Our country’s laws protect citizens’ private property rights. What is property: Property is the material basis and basic means for people to survive and develop. Citizens enjoy legal private property rights and the rights to possess, use, benefit from and dispose of their own property in accordance with the law. Why - Legal provisions: Our country's Constitution stipulates that citizens' legal private property shall not be infringed upon. The state protects citizens' private property rights in accordance with legal provisions. The state uses criminal and civil and other legal means to protect citizens' private property rights. Our country's laws only protect the legitimate private property of citizens. Not only does the law not protect property obtained by citizens through illegal means, but the state will also investigate and punish them in accordance with the law. How to do it - State: Civil legal means are the most common and common method for legal protection of citizens' private property rights. Using criminal legal means to crack down on and punish various criminal acts that infringe upon citizens' private property rights is the most severe and effective method for legally protecting citizens' private property. Citizens: When legal property is infringed upon, we must learn to safeguard our legal property rights and ownership in accordance with the law. You can negotiate with the offender and resolve the problem through negotiation. If the negotiation fails, file a lawsuit and seek legal help. At the same time, we must respect the property ownership of others and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of others. 2. Regarding property inheritance rights 1. What it is: The family is the cell of society. People obtain inheritance rights on the basis of marriage, in the formation of joint living and support relationships. 2. Why - legal provisions: Our country's Constitution stipulates that the state protects citizens' inheritance rights in accordance with legal provisions. Protecting citizens’ inheritance rights is an extension and embodiment of protecting citizens’ private property rights. 3. Inheritance methods According to legal provisions, citizens’ inheritance can be divided into two methods: statutory inheritance and testamentary inheritance. Testamentary inheritance takes precedence over statutory inheritance. Every citizen has the right to inheritance in accordance with the law, including adults. Article 45 of the Law on the Protection of Minors specifically stipulates that when hearing inheritance cases, the People's Court shall protect the inheritance rights of minors in accordance with the law. 4. Scope of inheritance: spouse, children, parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents and maternal grandparents 5. Inheritance order: First order: spouse, children, parents Second order: brothers and sisters, grandparents, maternal grandparents. After the inheritance begins, the first-order heir will start. If there is no first-order heir, the second-order heir will inherit.

6. What to do - How to safeguard inheritance rights. Citizens must be aware of rights protection after their legal inheritance rights are infringed. After minors are infringed upon, they should investigate the legal liability of the infringer through their guardians in accordance with the law and safeguard their inheritance rights. When exercising inheritance rights, it must be carried out in accordance with the law. Inheritance rights cannot be obtained illegally and the legitimate rights of others cannot be harmed. Section 2 3. About the right to intellectual achievements 1. What is it - intellectual achievements: they are the fruits of labor created by human mental labor. Specific manifestations include: scientific and technological achievements, inventions and literary and artistic works, etc. 2. Intellectual achievement rights are also called intellectual property rights. Intellectual achievement rights mainly include copyrights, patent rights, invention rights, discovery rights and other scientific and technological achievement rights. 3. Copyright includes the right to publish, authorize, modify, protect the integrity of the work, use and receive remuneration. 4. Ways to protect intellectual achievements P115 Apply for patent 2. Register trademark 3. Copyright registration 5. After being infringed, the ways to protect through civil legal means are: use heart, love and concentrate (1) stop infringing activities (2), eliminate the impact ( 3), public apology (4), compensation for economic losses 7. Why - legal protection (theoretical basis for the analysis question) Citizens' intellectual achievements are protected by law. Article 47 of our Constitution stipulates. Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation, and other cultural activities. This not only provides legal protection for intellectual achievements, but also provides a legal basis for other laws and regulations that have not been formulated to protect the right to intellectual achievements. In order to protect intellectual achievements, my country has formulated relevant laws and regulations such as copyright law, patent law, and trademark law. Our country's laws stipulate that every citizen's intellectual achievements are equally protected. Of course, adults are no exception. my country's Minors Protection Law clearly stipulates that the state protects the intellectual achievements of minors from infringement in accordance with the law. For minors with special talents or outstanding achievements, the state, society, families and schools should create favorable conditions for their healthy development. 3. How to protect the right to intellectual achievements according to law? . Continuously deepen the understanding of the protection of intellectual achievements in accordance with the law, and strive to enhance the awareness of the protection of intellectual achievements. (Application for patent, registered trademark, copyright registration) When your intellectual achievements are infringed, you should actively seek legal help and use legal weapons to protect your legitimate rights and interests. (Mainly civil legal means) Protect and respect the intellectual achievements of others, and do not do anything that infringes on the intellectual achievements of others. Section 3 4. About the rights of consumers 1. What are the nine rights that consumers enjoy? (The first five items will be judged based on examples) Consumers enjoy the right to personal and property security in accordance with the law, the right to know the true situation, the right to make independent choices, the right to fair transactions, the right to claim compensation in accordance with the law, the right to associate in accordance with the law, the right to obtain knowledge, the right to supervise and criticize, and personal dignity nine rights including respect for national customs and habits. 2. How to create a safe consumption environment? General: Producers, sellers and consumers must follow the principle of honesty and trustworthiness and regulate their economic behavior in accordance with the law. Producer: Status: The most important participant in consumer activities. The quality of products is directly related to the vital interests of consumers. Requirements: abide by national laws and regulations, and are not allowed to produce products that are expressly prohibited and eliminated by the state. It is strictly forbidden to leave the factory with unqualified products. You cannot forge the place of origin or use other people's factory addresses, factory names and trademarks. Seller: status: the link between producers and consumers, an important participant in economic activities. Requirements: abide by the laws and regulations of the country, adhere to the service commitment of Xinshou, do not sell products that are short of weight, expired and deteriorated, do not use malicious fraud to benefit others, and do not infringe on the personal rights of consumers. Provide warm and thoughtful service. Consumers: abide by market order, conduct fair transactions, promptly report the manufacture and sale of counterfeit goods to relevant departments, and protect your rights in accordance with the law when your legitimate rights and interests are infringed upon. Relevant national departments: They should strengthen management, increase law enforcement, and vigorously improve the moral quality of citizens. 3. How can consumers protect their legitimate rights and interests from being infringed? (1) When legitimate rights and interests are infringed upon, rights should be safeguarded through correct channels in accordance with the provisions of my country's Consumer Rights Protection Law. First, you can directly negotiate with the operator, and both parties can resolve the dispute on the basis of voluntary mutual understanding; second, if the negotiation is invalid, you can request the consumer association or other departments for mediation or file a lawsuit with the People's Court.

Can be exposed to the media (2) Consumers should strengthen self-protection (P119 related links)