With the transition of the system, the state has put forward a new method for the management of administrative assets: institutions that have the conditions to implement enterprise management should carry out reforms according to the needs of the modern enterprise system and implement operational management. According to this idea and with the transformation of sports from career to industry in China. The core issue of this transformation is the separation of ownership and management rights. Ownership and management right is a kind of social division of labor about asset rights, aiming at improving the efficiency of asset rights. As the sports administrative department of the government, the Sports Bureau has long assumed the function of the owner of large-scale stadiums. Although the management right of each stadium comes from ownership, once the legal person property right is formed, the owner can no longer directly participate in industrial entities and interfere in the activities of each stadium. At present, although many venues have been industrialized, the ownership and management rights are not clear, and it is inevitable that the power will be empty and misplaced.
"There is no separation between ownership and management right" is still one of the main problems in the operation of large-scale competition stadiums and gymnasiums in China. After the large-scale sports events, the government should turn its attention from "serving the events themselves" before the games to the market operation after the games, and the core issue of this transformation is the separation of ownership and management rights, which is embodied in the adoption of different management modes of large-scale sports venues.
second, the choice mode of operation and management of large stadiums
for the choice of operation and management mode of large stadiums, we should give full play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of resources, strengthen the reform direction of enterprise restructuring, and choose suitable reform methods to create more and better comprehensive benefits.
1. Contract management
Under the premise of not changing the nature of ownership, according to the principle of complete separation of ownership and management right of stadiums and gymnasiums, the responsibility, right, benefit relationship and contract period between owners and operators are determined in the form of contract management, so that contractors can operate independently and be responsible for their own profits and losses according to their own conditions and the basic laws of the development of sports and fitness market. According to the provisions of the contract, the contractor pays a certain amount of rent to the owner every year, and is responsible for the daily management and equipment maintenance and repair of large stadiums. However, large-scale equipment renewal and maintenance are still invested by the owner.
for the contracted large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums, it is required that the nature of providing sports and fitness services for the public should not be changed, and the venue services must be guaranteed for national fitness and sports training. However, all kinds of services provided should be charged, and the charging standard should be formulated by the venue authorities in conjunction with the price management department, and marked in the contract, and the contractor must strictly implement it. The contractor has the right to choose whether to retain the original staff of the venue. Although this management method reduces the burden on owners and improves the utilization rate of stadiums, contractors often change the use of large stadiums, such as circus and large-scale activities.
2. Lease management
The lease management mode of separating the ownership and management rights of large stadiums means that the property owner authorizes the lessee to hand over the stadiums to the lessee for a limited period of time, and the lessee pays the lessor the rent and operates the stadiums independently according to the contract. You can also take the form of cooperation, that is, the owner shares and holds shares with venue assets (the equity is higher than 5%), and the leasing operator (operating company) invests 49% of the shares, and signs an operating agreement with the owner. In addition to daily expenses and minor maintenance, the operating income is divided into shares by the owner and the operator. Obviously, this management mode not only enables the owner to have the power of holding shares, but also reduces the operating cost and improves the operating efficiency. It not only expanded the opening of large stadiums and gymnasiums to the outside world, but also met the growing needs of residents for physical fitness, and also improved the treatment and enthusiasm of employees.
3. Entrusting operation and management
This is a mode of operation in which the ownership and management rights of large stadiums and gymnasiums are separated to a small extent, that is, the stadium owner selects the operator as the person in charge of the large stadiums and gymnasiums in a certain way to operate the large stadiums and gymnasiums on behalf of the owner, and the owner does not directly participate in the operation and management. Economically developed countries use this mode of operation to manage large stadiums.
in the management of funds, the operator and the owner signed a contract agreement, stipulating that all income should be paid, and the operator has no right to spend funds. The owner not only approves the annual expenditure budget of the venue, but also issues income budget items and income indicators to strengthen the planning and binding nature of the budget management.
Entrustment management mode does not change the nature of providing venue services for mass sports fitness, sports training and competitions, but only changes the management subject of large-scale sports venues. As a result, new management concepts and management methods are brought into the business activities of sports venues, which improves management efficiency and social and economic benefits. Entrustment management is a more realistic choice for the reform of management system of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums at present, and the entrusted management of Ningbo Swimming Fitness Center is of typical significance and certain representativeness.
4. Enterprise management mode
As a transitional measure, large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums that do not have the conditions to establish a modern enterprise system should also adopt the enterprise management mode of public institutions, strengthen management and try their best to improve economic benefits.
there are several problems to be solved in the enterprise management of large stadiums. First of all, straighten out the management system of large-scale sports venues, give them greater autonomy in operation and management, and lay a solid foundation for the overall development in the future. Secondly, clarify the authorized management responsibility of state-owned assets. The original non-operating assets can be verified and converted into operating assets according to regulations and procedures. Determine the investment methods and procedures, clarify the authority of venues to dispose of operating assets, and control the change and appreciation of state-owned assets, operating profits and income, how to distribute profits, and the distribution plan, all of which must be controlled by financial management and other measures according to the business management procedures. Thirdly, standardize the management of enterprise venues with reference to the enterprise law.
5. Corporate governance mode
The corporate governance mode is actually to choose to establish a modern enterprise system. Corporate governance mode refers to an organizational structure composed of the owner, the board of directors and senior managers. Through this structure, the owner entrusts his assets to the board of directors, which is the highest decision-making body of the company and has the right to hire, reward and punish senior managers and dismiss them. Reorganizing an enterprise into a company can achieve several purposes: raising funds; Through the corporate governance structure of separation of powers and checks and balances, scientific and democratic management is realized; Straighten out the relationship between government and enterprises and change the operating mechanism; Reduce investment risks.
it is a radical reform mode to transform large stadiums and gymnasiums with corporate governance structure, especially with shareholding system. Although the corporate transformation of large-scale stadiums in China is still in the exploratory stage, some large-scale stadiums invested by the society, such as Changchun Wuhuan Gymnasium and Chengdu Longquan Sunshine Sports City, are basically operated in this way, which can provide some valuable lessons and experiences for the transformation of large-scale stadiums management into corporate governance. Although the corporate governance model shows its rationality in many places and reflects the development trend of society and market economy, there are still some difficulties and limitations in applying it to the management system reform of large stadiums and gymnasiums, which need to be actively explored from theory to practice.
6.BOT and TOT mode
BOT stands for construction, operation and transfer, that is, infrastructure projects (mainly municipal facilities projects) are handed over to domestic or foreign contractors for construction and operation within a regular operation period, and after the franchise period ends, the project facilities are completely handed over to state-owned departments for management and operation. This has played a certain role in solving the bottleneck contradiction of infrastructure, alleviating the shortage of funds and accelerating economic development. The application of BOT mode is mainly aimed at newly-built large-scale stadiums. Although this model can alleviate the state's lack of funds in large-scale sports venues to a certain extent, there are still some problems in operation, such as large project investment, long cycle and high risks.
TOT means transfer-operation-transfer. TOT investment mode refers to the operation mode that the government departments finance the construction of urban infrastructure, and after the completion, the government sells the right to operate to private investors, and after the investors recover their investment through operation within the agreed time and get a return, they hand over the right to operate to the original property owner free of charge. For the government, transferring the franchise through TOT can raise the funds needed for related construction to the maximum extent, while for investors, the risks during the construction period need not be borne at all because they have accepted the completed and normal operation projects. TOT model is a better choice for the large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums that have been built, and for those cities with high development of sports competition and performance market. Long-term transfer of the management right of existing large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums to competitive sports clubs by means of contracts can not only reduce the pressure of direct management by government departments, but also save the expenses on the maintenance of stadiums and gymnasiums, and ensure that they can be used for sports.
At present, in the process of expanding the investment and financing channels of large stadiums in China, more experts and scholars advocate adopting a new financing method BOT, and raising construction funds with future management rights as investment returns, which is an effective supplement to alleviate the current national investment shortage.
7. star-rated hotel management
star-rated hotel management mode means that the operation of stadiums should be like a star-rated hotel, and the operation procedures involve issues such as site selection, facility planning, investment structure, later business management, marketing plan, human resource planning, project innovation, and public safety, and the whole operation procedure is run by a professional management team.
The star-rated hotel management mode not only refers to the hotel management after the venue is completed, but also includes changing the investment structure and raising funds through multiple channels through market means. By means of project legal person bidding, or even the government takes its investment as shares, it attracts social (domestic and foreign) funds to finance and hold shares, so that the diversification direction of property rights is basically determined in the feasibility study stage of large stadiums and gymnasiums, and the situation of single investment in stadium construction in the past is reversed. The advantages of star-rated hotel management in large stadiums are as follows: first, the investment structure is diversified; Secondly, meet the diversified needs of the functions of stadiums and gymnasiums and highlight the humanistic concept of "people-oriented"; Third, cultivate a high-quality staff and establish a correct business philosophy; Fourth, it is conducive to grasping the market positioning, developing project innovation and professional management; Fifth, adopt brand marketing strategy, and use brands to extend products and expand the market. The implementation of star-rated hotel management in large stadiums will truly realize the transformation from institutional management to people-oriented management, and the transformation from financial management to modern marketing management.
III. Main factors affecting the choice of management mode of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums in China
The choice of management mode of stadiums and gymnasiums is of great significance to the improvement of their operating conditions. How to choose a scientific and suitable management mode for large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums according to their own characteristics in the future is a difficult problem to be solved at present. There are many factors affecting the choice of management mode of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums in China, mainly the following factors.
1. The condition of large stadiums (www.mianfeilunwen.com, paper net, free of charge)
The condition of stadiums is the main factor that affects the choice of their business model. The status of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums includes the function and scale of stadiums and gymnasiums, the sports that can be carried out, the area and indoor area of stadiums and gymnasiums that can be developed, and whether the supporting shower rooms and dressing rooms are complete or not.
2. The operating orientation of large stadiums and gymnasiums and their potential clients
The operating orientation of large stadiums and gymnasiums also has a great influence on the choice of their operating modes. The business orientation of large-scale stadiums is mainly reflected by their business contents, whether the competition performance industry is the main business content or the national fitness is the main business content; Whether to provide fitness facilities or sports training services as the main business content has a certain degree of influence on the choice of sports venues management model. In addition, the potential goal of the operation of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums, that is, the choice of customers, also has a great influence on its business model. For example, the target customers of stadiums and gymnasiums are located in the high-income class, so there are also higher requirements for the choice of their business model.
3. Geographical location of large stadiums
In foreign countries, the geographical location of stadiums is the main factor affecting the choice of their business model, and China is no exception. Large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums are located in busy urban areas or remote suburbs, and their business models are generally different. For example, stadiums and gymnasiums located near communities and residential areas should generally be left to the community to operate independently. In addition, whether the supporting facilities near the location of large stadiums are complete will also have a certain impact on the choice of their business model.
4. The consumption level of the public in the city or region where the large-scale sports venues are located
The living standard and consumption ability of the public in the place where the large-scale sports venues are located are important factors affecting the operating conditions of sports venues, and will also have a significant impact on the operating mode of sports venues. If the public's consumption power is very limited and the effective consumption demand of sports is insufficient, even adopting advanced business model is futile.
In the future, the choice of management mode of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums in China can be comprehensively analyzed and demonstrated according to the above-mentioned influencing factors and combined with specific reform objectives, and the appropriate management mode can be selected to continuously improve the comprehensive benefits of its management.