The most representative Tibetan dwelling is the Diaofang. Most of the watchhouses are made of stone and wood, with a dignified and stable appearance and a simple and rough style. The outer walls shrink upward, and if they are built against the mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Diaofang is usually divided into two floors, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The ground floor is the livestock pen and storage room, with a low floor height; the second floor is the living floor, with the large room used as a main room, bedroom, kitchen, and the small room used as a storage room or stairwell. If there is a third floor, it is mostly used as a sutra hall and terrace.
Diaofang has the characteristics of solidity, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only conducive to wind and cold protection, but also easy to protect against enemies and theft.
The tent house is very different from the tower house. It is a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living by water and grass. Ordinary tents are generally relatively short, square or rectangular in plan, with a frame about 2 meters high supported by wooden sticks. They are covered with black yak felt blankets, leaving a gap about 15 centimeters wide and 1.5 meters long in the middle for ventilation and lighting. Use yak ropes to pull it around and fix it to the ground; use grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles to build a low wall about 50 cm high around the inside of the tent, with highland barley, butter bags and dried cow dung (used as fuel) piled on top. The furnishings in the tent are simple, with a fire stove in the middle and a little outside. There is a Buddha behind the stove, and sheepskins are spread on the ground around it for sitting, lying and resting. The accounting room has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and assembly, and easy relocation.
Tibetans are a nation that loves beauty and is good at expressing it, so they are also very particular about the decoration of their residences. Common ones include auspicious patterns painted on indoor walls, and three stripes of blue, green and red on the inner walls of the living room. Color ribbons to symbolize blue sky, land and sea. The houses in Shigatse either draw pictures of the sun, moon and auspicious clouds on their doors, or hang wind and horse flags, while the houses in Mangkang, Qamdo, try their best to exaggerate the exterior walls, doors and windows, and are rich in colorful decorations, which is extraordinary.
The strong religious color is the most obvious sign that distinguishes Tibetan folk houses from the folk houses of other ethnic groups.
The indoor and outdoor furnishings of folk houses show the lofty status of gods and Buddhas. Whether it is the residences of farmers and herdsmen or the mansions of upper-class nobles, there are facilities for worshiping Buddha. The simplest one is also to set up an altar to worship the Bodhisattva.
Decorations with religious significance are the most eye-catching signs of Tibetan houses. Red, blue and white strips of cloth hang under the small eaves protruding from the doors and windows of the exterior walls. The surrounding window covers are black, and the roof daughter The foot lines of the wall and its corners are "buildings" formed by strips of cloth in five colors: red, white, blue, yellow and green. In the Tibetan religious view of colors, these five colors represent fire, cloud, sky, earth, and water respectively, thereby expressing auspicious wishes.
There are also wall decorations that express Tibetan Buddhist sects. For example, the walls of Sakya houses are painted with white strips, and the strips are then painted with earth-red and dark blue-gray strips of the same width, with white hollows. On the top, color bands are also painted in earthy red and white from top to bottom to identify the Sakya sect that believes in this area.
The most representative form of settlement in Tibet is religious settlement. The formation and development of religious settlements have added to the charm of Tibetan residential buildings. For example, the Barkhor Street residential complex in Lhasa was developed around the Jokhang Temple and is a typical representative of urban religious settlements. The formation of residential settlements in agricultural and pastoral areas is centered on temples, which are freely arranged and scattered with each other, forming a non-associated pattern.
While protecting against cold, wind, and earthquakes, Tibetan folk houses also use methods such as opening air doors, setting up patios, and skylights to better solve the impact of unfavorable natural environmental factors such as climate and geography on production and life. , to achieve the effects of ventilation and heating.
Before the democratic reform in 1959, most residents in Tibet lived in low shacks, and the homeless poor could only live under the eaves and on the roadsides. After the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the government invested a lot of money to improve residents' housing. By 1994, the per capita housing area in urban areas reached 12.24 square meters, and the per capita housing area in rural areas reached 20.36 square meters. Due to the slow economic development in old Tibet, building materials were limited to stones and clay. Nowadays, residential buildings have made full use of various modern building materials and built many high-rise buildings, which has given better expression to the Tibetan architectural style.
The indoor facilities of most homes in old Tibet were extremely crude. Now televisions, cassette players, and sets of Tibetan-style furniture have entered the homes of ordinary Tibetan residents. China's reform and opening up has given Tibetan residents more money, and they have decorated their homes beautifully and with unique features. 1． Brief introduction to the text.
Chinese folk houses have ancient and unique charm, are precious heritage of Chinese civilization, and reflect the wisdom and profound cultural heritage of the nation. This text is an explanatory text about local folk houses in my country, and introduces the distinctive Hakka folk houses and Dai bamboo houses.
Hakka houses
Hakka houses are architectural wonders in the mountainous areas of southern China. Its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts.
The article first briefly introduces the characteristics, location and environment of Hakka dwellings, as well as its status among the world's dwellings: its style is "round house or earth building", and "embellished" indicates that it is located in a remote mountainous area , "Wonderful Folk Houses in the World" uses metaphors and comparisons to illustrate the status of Hakka folk houses among the world's folk houses. Then, the text introduces in detail the outstanding characteristics of Hakka houses: the camp-style houses and the reasons and functions of such construction. The author uses examples, data, and metaphors to vividly explain the characteristics of the building materials, appearance, and overall layout of the fortress-style residence. Then write about the arrangement of the circular houses according to the Bagua layout and their symbolic meaning. Finally, write about the internal structural characteristics of the round house and the folk cultural characteristics reflected in it.
Dai Bamboo House
Bamboo house is a special form of residence created by the Dai people according to local conditions. It has the advantages of economical building materials, warm in winter and cool in summer, moisture-proof, waterproof and earthquake-proof.
The first paragraph of the article briefly introduces the architectural environment of the Dai bamboo houses: the bamboo buildings are hidden among the rich green of the bamboo and oil palm forests. The second paragraph describes the traditional custom and reasons of the Dai people's "building many bamboo buildings and living near the water": the Dai people are located in the subtropical zone, and the bamboo buildings have the function of preventing extreme heat and moisture. The third section talks about the appearance characteristics of Dai villages and bamboo houses. The fourth paragraph talks about the characteristics of the bamboo building’s simple internal structure, spaciousness and uniqueness. The fifth paragraph describes the traditional customs and cultural connotations of the Dai people when they built bamboo houses. The custom of having the whole village help when one family builds a house reflects the national psychology and cultural tradition of the Dai people's unity, harmony and willingness to help others.
The language is concise and accurate, plain and simple yet vivid. These are the common features of the two short essays in the text. The author uses various explanation methods such as examples, numbers, comparisons, and analogies to explain the characteristics of Hakka folk houses and Dai bamboo houses in a popular, vivid, and accurate manner, which is highly informative, scientific, and interesting.
The purpose of selecting this text is, firstly, to let students understand the characteristics and folk customs of Hakka houses and Dai bamboo houses, and to stimulate their interest in exploring folk culture; secondly, to understand the explanatory methods and language of the text expressive characteristics and learn to apply them to your own compositions.
2． Word analysis.
(1) Understanding of sentences.
① In the high mountains of southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong, there are thousands of round houses or earthen buildings dotted. These are Hakka houses known as "the most wonderful folk houses in the world".
This sentence uses metaphors and comparisons to briefly explain the status of the Hakka round house in the history of world architecture. Compared with the "world's folk houses", it is a special and rare flower. The word "embellished" is used very cleverly, indicating that the Hakkas live in sparsely populated remote mountainous areas, paving the way for the introduction of camp-style residences below.
② Most of them are three to six floors, with more than 100 to 200 houses arranged like orange petals, with a uniform layout and grandeur.
The author uses numbers and metaphors to vividly and vividly explain the appearance and overall layout characteristics of the round house. No wonder foreign friends couldn't help but exclaim when they saw the round houses from a distance - "flying saucers falling from the sky, mushrooms sprouting from the ground."
Bagua layout diagram ③ The circular houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to the Bagua layout. There are firewalls between the hexagrams, which are neat and uniform.
Bagua is a set of symbols rich in symbolic meaning in ancient my country and one of the representatives of traditional Chinese culture.
The round enclosed houses of Hakka folk houses are arranged according to the Bagua layout, which reflects the national psychology and cultural tradition of the Hakka ancestors advocating circles and looking forward to good luck, happiness and tranquility.
④ Dai people still maintain the habit of "building many bamboo buildings and living near the water".
The bamboo building is a traditional architectural form of the Dai people. This is because the living area of ??the Dai people is located in the subtropical zone, with high temperatures, abundant rain, and high air humidity. Bamboo buildings are good for preventing extreme heat and moisture. Therefore, the Dai Bamboo House is a special form of folk residence created by the ancestors of the Dai people according to local conditions, and it has been maintained to this day. Pong: close, close. "Many bamboo buildings are built and people live near the water" can be understood to mean that because they live near the water, they mainly live in bamboo buildings.
⑤ Various flowers, trees and fruit trees are planted in the fence, which can be said to be "a village full of trees and a garden full of flowers".
The Dai bamboo house was originally "hidden in the thick green bamboo forest." The Dai people also like to plant phoenix bamboo, betel nut, mango, and banana in the bamboo fences around the bamboo house, making the village more beautiful. It is full of poetic and picturesque scenery. It can truly be said that "the village is full of trees and the garden is full of flowers."
(2) Understanding of words.
Min: Another name for Fujian Province.
Guangdong: Another name for Guangdong Province.
Embellishment: To set off or decorate something to make the original thing more beautiful.
Qi Pa: Qi: rare, special, extraordinary; Pa: flower.
Camp: a military camp and surrounding walls.
Tamping: Ramming: a tool used to pound the solid foundation. This lesson refers to the Hakka people who laid solid foundations, built thick walls, and built fort-style earth buildings in the high mountains.
Harassment: Disturbance; making uneasy.
Erosion: gradual deterioration.
Advocate: respect, admire.
Storage: storage, accumulation; warehouse: warehouse, warehouse.
Bagua: a set of symbolic symbols in ancient my country. Use "——" to represent Yang and "--" to represent Yin. Three such symbols are used to form eight forms, which are called Bagua. Each hexagram represents a certain thing.
Extremely hot: describes very hot weather.
To live in harmony: to live in peace and harmony. Be kind to each other.
An Ran is well; An Ran is safe; Ji is sick. It originally means that a person is safe and free from illness. Now generally refers to things that have not been damaged.
2. Teaching objectives
1. Read and write down words such as "harassment, remoteness, charm, gentle breeze, harmonious coexistence, diligent and thrifty housekeeping, orderly, overwhelming, magnificent, unique and beautiful, swarming, safe and sound, high mountains and mountains".
2． Read the text silently, understand the distinctive characteristics of Hakka houses and Dai bamboo houses, and appreciate the rich cultural connotation of traditional Chinese houses.
3. Learn accurate explanations and vivid descriptions of texts, accumulate language, and understand expression methods.
3. Teaching suggestions
1. This is a skimming text. Before class, students can be assigned to collect texts and pictures about Chinese folk dwellings, so that students can have an understanding of relevant knowledge. Teachers can prepare some pictures or audio-visual materials according to the prompts in the after-school information bag. For example, cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi, courtyard houses in Beijing, watchtowers in Tibet, and stilted buildings in Chongqing.
2． According to the characteristics of the textbook arrangement and the high-level reading goal of the course standards, "read explanatory articles and understand the basic explanation methods of the articles", the teaching of this article can be carried out according to the following ideas:
(1) Read the text for the first time and read it correctly Read through and understand the text content. Guide students to read independently according to the prompts. You can use the methods of finding central sentences, key sentences and making outlines to clarify the order of explanations.
(2) Read the text again, draw and criticize, and understand the characteristics of folk houses. Give students enough time for self-reading and self-understanding, to have a serious dialogue with the text, sort out the characteristics of folk houses, and appreciate the cultural connotation. You can also form study groups for cooperative learning based on the selected content. For example, it is divided into Hakka enclosed house group and Dai bamboo house group. First read and discuss in groups, and then communicate and supplement each other.
(3) Study the text and understand the explanation method.
Again guide students to read the text carefully, grasp the characteristics of folk houses, and think while reading: How does the text clearly introduce the characteristics of these folk houses? Let students find out the explanation methods used, read the discussion, and experience the effect of expression.
3． Combining reading and writing, learning and using. During the learning process, teachers should deepen students’ understanding of the characteristics of folk houses and their understanding of expression methods through timely and appropriate guidance, guidance, induction, and refinement. On this basis, students can be asked to introduce some additional information about residential buildings collected before class. Teachers can also show different types of pictures of residential buildings, audio and video materials, or give students some writing assignments for students to choose from. For example, write a commentary about Chongqing Diaojiaolou (or other local characteristic buildings) for the China Folk Residence Museum; introduce yourself in the tone of a certain type of folk residence. When students practice, the teacher should remind students to pay attention to using the expression methods they have learned.
4. When studying the last section of Hakka folk houses and the last section of Dai bamboo houses, attention should be paid to guiding students to rely on folk custom characteristics, understand the national psychological characteristics reflected thereby, and inherit the fine traditions of the Chinese nation.
5. To study this text, you can compare and read the two short texts: What are the similarities or differences in the expression methods of the two short texts? This can not only deepen your impression of the text, but also help you gain more understanding of expression methods.
4. Teaching Cases
Teaching Fragments
1. Perceive the text as a whole, and focus on a type of folk residence in groups
Teacher: my country’s Territory It is vast, with 56 ethnic groups, and the folk houses in many places have distinctive characteristics. What kind of houses does the text introduce to us? What are its characteristics? Ask the students to read the text silently and think about what they learned from it?
Student: I know that the text mainly introduces "Hakka dwellings" and "Dai bamboo houses".
Teacher: (Write on the blackboard: Hakka folk residences and Dai bamboo houses) Yes, the text mainly introduces us to the folk residences of the two ethnic groups, Hakka and Dai.
Sheng: I think the characteristics of "Hakka houses" and "Dai bamboo houses" are very distinct, and it is exactly as the title says - each has its own characteristics.
Teacher: This is our initial feeling after reading the text. Next we divided into groups to study. After reading the full text, each group will choose a type of folk house to read in depth. After reading, they will discuss: What are the characteristics of this kind of folk house? Then be prepared to report.
(Students read and discuss in groups, and prepare reports on division of labor.)
2. Exchange the characteristics of "Hakka folk houses"
Teacher: Students are ready ? Which group will report first?
Student 1: Our group focused on reading the part of "Hakka Dwellings". Let me first tell you about our group cooperative learning method. First, we found out the sentences that best reflected the characteristics of Hakka houses; then, we read these sentences in depth and summarized the characteristics of Hakka houses; finally, we also studied the reasons for the formation of these characteristics of Hakka houses. Next, let me talk about the sentences we sketched.
(1) This is the Hakka residence known as the "wonderful residence in the world".
(2) Camp-style housing.
(3) Earth building with a wall thickness of 1 meter and a height of more than 15 meters.
(4) More than one hundred to two hundred houses are arranged in the shape of orange petals, with a uniform layout and grandeur.
(5) The circular houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to the Bagua layout.
(6) The rooms in the building are all the same size. They do not distinguish between rich and poor, high or low. Each family is equally allocated a room from the ground floor to the upper floor.
I have finished the report, and other students in our group will continue to report.
Student 2: Through in-depth research on the above sentences, our group discovered that Hakka houses have these characteristics: First, their houses are "fortress-style". We just looked it up in the dictionary, and "camp" refers to a military camp and the walls surrounding it.
The second point is that the arrangement of their houses is very special. The houses we usually see are arranged in rows, but the Hakka houses are arranged like orange petals, which are arranged like orange petals. Circles can be seen clearly in the illustrations in this shape book. The third point is that their circular houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to the Bagua layout. We just read the notes about "Bagua", but we still don't quite understand what the "Bagua Layout" looks like? Teacher, can you tell us something?
Teacher: (Take out a diagram of Bagua layout) Students, please see, this is a diagram of Bagua layout, which is also one of the representatives of traditional Chinese culture.
Student 2: Thank you teacher, I will report next. Finally, we discovered the fourth characteristic of Hakka houses. They are very equal in allocating houses. Regardless of rich or poor, high or low, each family can be equally allocated a room from the bottom to the top. These are the characteristics of Hakka houses that we summarized during our cooperative learning.
Student 3: Let me continue. When our group was reading, we also discovered that the characteristics of Hakka houses are inseparable from their living environment and their national culture. For example:
The second natural paragraph says, "The Hakka people moved to the south from the prosperous areas of the Central Plains in ancient times. Most of their residences are in remote and remote mountainous areas. In order to prevent harassment and harassment by bandits, The locals were forced to build camp-style houses. This is the influence of the living environment on the Hakka architectural style.
There is also a third natural paragraph that says "Hakka ancestors admired the circle and considered it a symbol of auspiciousness, happiness and tranquility." Distribution reflects their character traits of unity, harmony, justice and fairness. We feel that it is the living environment and special national culture that created such a unique architectural style of the Hakka ancestors.
Teacher: Your group worked very seriously and deeply in the study. You have a very clear understanding of the characteristics of Hakka houses, and your division of labor report is also very clear. This method of cooperative learning is worth learning from everyone. After listening to your group’s introduction, we felt that by walking into a Hakka house, we really walked into the history and life of the Hakka, and walked into the traditional culture of the Hakka!
3. Understand the characteristics of Dai Bamboo Houses
Teacher: So what are the characteristics of Dai Bamboo Houses? Which group will report?
Student 4: After reading and discussing, our group discovered three characteristics of Dai bamboo houses. Let me report on the first feature first. Please take a look at the first paragraph. The Dai bamboo house has the characteristics of being "hidden in the bamboo forest".
Student 5: I will report the second feature. The second natural paragraph tells us that the Dai bamboo house also has the characteristic of "living by the water". Mainly because they live in the subtropics, bamboo buildings are good for protection from extreme heat and humidity.
Student 6: I will report the third characteristic. The third natural paragraph tells us that the Dai bamboo house also has the characteristics of "the village is full of trees and the garden is full of flowers". Our group report is finished.
Teacher: Your group introduced the three characteristics very clearly during the report. Thank you. But what you reported was mainly on the environmental characteristics of Dai Bamboo Houses. What are the characteristics of the bamboo building itself? Who will add?
Student 1: Let me talk about the overall structure of the bamboo building. Please look at the second half of paragraph 3. "Each bamboo building is square in shape and divided into two floors. People live on the upper floor, and livestock and firewood are piled downstairs. The bamboo building is supported by 20 to 24 pillars." The main point here is Using the method of listing numbers, we can feel the simple structure of the Dai bamboo house. There are also "the beams in the house pass through the columns, and some of the beams are carved with patterns. Floor slabs or bamboo strips are laid seven or eight feet above the ground to divide the building into two floors. In the past, the roof was covered with thatch or wood chips. In recent years, Most of them use tile roofs instead." From this, we can feel that Dai bamboo buildings also have unique and beautiful features.
Teacher: You focused on the characteristics of the Dai bamboo house, which is "simple structure, unique and beautiful". Do other students have anything to add?
Sheng: Let me add. The characteristics of the bamboo building itself are also mentioned in the fourth natural paragraph, "The indoor ventilation is also very good. Sitting indoors, I can only feel the breeze blowing and the flowers and fruits are fragrant." It can be seen that it also has the characteristics of "spacious and well ventilated" .
Sheng: I would like to add something. The last paragraph of the text introduces us to the Dai custom of building bamboo houses: one family builds a house, and the whole village helps. This reflects the unity and friendship of the Dai people, and is also a major feature of Dai house building.
Teacher: That makes sense. This is also a symbol of Dai culture and a part of our traditional Chinese culture.
4. Compare the similarities and differences in the expression methods of the two essays
Teacher: Through the cooperative learning and self-study report of the two groups, we have a better understanding of the characteristics of Hakka folk houses and Dai bamboo houses. Overall understanding. So what are the similarities or differences in the expression methods of these two essays? Ask the students to compare the two essays and think about them carefully.
(Read silently, think, and annotate.)
Student: I think the two short articles introduced the characteristics of folk houses in a clear and vivid way. I seemed to have seen Hakka folk houses with my own eyes and walked into them in person. The Dai Bamboo House, just like the title of the text, is really a "dwelling with unique characteristics"!
Teacher: Through the author's description, we can fully feel the "each has its own characteristics" of Hakka houses and Dai bamboo houses!
Student: I found that both short articles talked about the reasons for the formation of folk houses, but the reasons were different. The Hakka people built camp-style residences to prevent harassment from bandits and the exclusion of local people; the Dai people built unique bamboo houses to protect themselves from the heat and humidity.
Teacher: Yes, each characteristic folk house has its reasons for its formation. When we collect information, in addition to paying attention to the characteristics of the folk houses, we must also pay attention to the reasons for their formation.
Sheng: The beginnings of the two articles are also completely different. Hakka Folk Houses says at the beginning that it is known as the "wonderful folk house in the world", which makes us want to read it in one sitting to see what kind of "wonderful flower" this is. The beginning of the Dai Bamboo House, "When you set foot on the land where the Dai people live, you will enter the green world" makes us seem to follow the author to the Dai Bamboo House and slowly experience its characteristics together.
Teacher: Yes, different ways of beginning the article will give readers different feelings.
Student: Both essays use many explanation methods, such as listing numbers and making metaphors.
Sheng: I think both essays reflect the charm of traditional Chinese culture through folk houses.
Teacher: Students understand very deeply. In our compositions, we must also be good at learning and using the author's expression methods to write out the distinctive characteristics of things.
5. Related links
1. About the Hakka
The Hakka refer to the Han people originally from the Yellow River Basin. During the war in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, they moved south and began to become a group of residents with a "special identity". In the subsequent migrations, they gradually became Today's Hakka ethnic group with unique features has formed. The most obvious characteristic of the Hakka people is that they speak Hakka, which is one of the eight major dialects of the Han nation.
Currently, there are about 45 million Hakka people in the world. Among them, there are 40 million people in China and about 5 million people abroad. Former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and internationally renowned writer Han Suyin are both Hakkas. There are 17 provinces and 185 cities and counties in China where Hakka people live together. There are more than 20 million Hakkas in Guangdong, accounting for nearly 30% of the total population in the province.
2. Five advantages of Hakka residences
First, they are fully economical. The building materials are mainly loess and fir, which is very economical. The second is good sturdiness. The foundations of the walls are mostly built with stones, with bamboo slices, wooden slats and other horizontal tendons embedded in the wall. The top of the wall is a protruding eave, which protects the house from water attack. The third is the wonderful physical properties. It can prevent the sweltering heat from entering in hot weather, and can isolate the cold wind from entering in cold weather, forming a microclimate in the building that is cool in summer and warm in winter. In addition, the thick earth wall also has an implicit function. It maintains a humidity suitable for the human body. When the environment is too dry, it can naturally release water; when the environment is too humid, it can absorb water. This regulatory effect is very beneficial to human health. The fourth is outstanding defensiveness.
The walls are extremely strong and there are no windows on the ground floor. The thick hardwood door is covered with iron sheets and is secured with a horizontal bar behind the door. A fireproof water tank is placed on the door. The building is equipped with water wells, granaries, livestock pens and other living facilities. It is necessary for them to resist attacks by soldiers, wild beasts and natives. The fifth is unique artistry. This is mainly reflected in the overall shape. From the layout point of view, the circular enclosure is a Tai Chi diagram.
3. Beijing Siheyuan
As the main architectural form where old Beijingers have lived for generations, Beijing Siheyuan is famous both at home and abroad and is well known to everyone.
This kind of folk house has a main house (north house), a reverse floor (south house), an east wing and a west wing surrounded on all sides, forming a square shape with a central courtyard inside, so this courtyard style Residential houses are called courtyard houses.
Siheyuan is a closed residence with only one street door to the outside. When the door is closed, it can be seen from the sky and the earth. In the courtyard, the houses on all sides open to the courtyard, and the family is enjoying themselves inside. Because the courtyard is spacious, you can plant trees and flowers, raise birds and fish, and stack rocks to create landscaping. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share a beautiful world given by nature.
Beijing courtyard houses are famous because although they are residential buildings, they contain profound cultural connotations and are the carrier of traditional Chinese culture. The decoration, carvings and paintings of the courtyard house reflect folk customs and traditional culture, and express people's pursuit of happiness, beauty, wealth and auspiciousness under certain historical conditions. For example, the pattern composed of the characters "bat" and "shou" means "good fortune and longevity", the pattern of rose flowers placed in the vase means "peace in all seasons", and the auspicious words and auspicious words embedded in the door tubes and door headers are attached to the eaves pillars. The couplets holding pillars on the ceiling, as well as the masterpieces of calligraphy and painting hanging indoors, are a collection of ancient teachings from sages and famous quotes from ancient and modern times. They either praise the beauty of mountains and rivers, or inscribe the knowledge of life, or chant the ambitions of the swans. They are elegant and full of rich culture. breath. Densi Courtyard is like stepping into a palace of traditional Chinese culture.
4． Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi
Cave dwellings are generally built on south-facing slopes, facing the sun, backed by mountains, and facing open areas with few trees to block them. Cave dwellings in a courtyard usually have 3 or 5 holes. The middle kiln is the main kiln. Some are divided into front and back kilns, and some have three openings once you enter. From the outside, each of the 4 holes has its own door. When you walk inside, you can find that they have small tunnel-like structures. The doors are interconnected and the top is semicircular, so that the space of the cave dwelling will be increased. The kiln walls are painted with lime, making them look white, dry and bright. There are pots and stoves on one side of the cave dwelling, and the kang is connected to one end. Since the flue of the stove fire passes through the bottom of the kang, the kang is very warm in winter. The three walls surrounding the kang are usually covered with some patterned paper or collage paintings. People in northern Shaanxi call them kang weizi. Kang fencing is a practical decoration. They can prevent the bedding on the kang from direct contact with the rough walls and keep it clean. The windows of cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi are relatively particular. The windows are divided into four parts: skylights, slanted windows, Kang windows, and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper-cuts. There are window grilles on the windows, which look bright from the outside and bright and comfortable from the inside, creating a unique formal beauty that combines light, color and tone. The window panes are sparse, allowing sunlight to penetrate freely.
5. Tibetan Folk Houses
Tibetan folk houses, like other cultural forms in Tibet, also have their own unique personality. Tibetan folk houses are rich and colorful, including tower houses in the southern Tibetan valley, tent houses in the pastoral areas of northern Tibet, and wooden structures in the forest areas of the Yarlung Zangbo River basin. Even cave dwellings can be found on the Ngari Plateau.
The most representative Tibetan dwelling is the Diaofang. Most of the watchhouses are made of stone and wood, with a dignified and stable appearance and a simple and rough style; the outer walls shrink upward, but the inner walls remain vertical. Diaofang is usually divided into two floors, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The ground floor is the livestock pen and storage room, with a low floor height; the second floor is the living floor, with the large room used as a main room, bedroom, kitchen, and the small room used as a storage room or stairwell. If there is a third floor, it is mostly used as a sutra hall and terrace. Diaofang has the characteristics of solidity, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only conducive to wind and cold protection, but also convenient to protect against enemies and theft.
The tent house is very different from the tower house. It is a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living by water and grass.
Ordinary tents are generally relatively short, square or rectangular in plan, with a frame about 2 meters high supported by wooden sticks. They are covered with black yak felt blankets, leaving a gap about 15 centimeters wide and 1.5 meters long in the middle for ventilation. It is used for lighting; it is pulled around by yak ropes and fixed on the ground; a low wall about 50 cm high is built around the interior of the tent with grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles, on which highland barley, butter bags and dried cow dung are piled (for fuel) ), the furnishings in the tent are simple, with a fire stove in the middle and a little outside. There is a Buddha behind the stove, and sheepskins are spread on the ground around it for sitting, lying and resting. The accounting room has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and assembly, and easy relocation.