〖Diving definition〗

Chinese name: diving

Chinese Pinyin: qián shuǐ

English name: diving

phreatic water 1. [diving]: Hiding in the water

Diving suit

2. [go under water;dive]: Activities below the water surface

Diving

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Detailed explanation:

1. Also known as "diving". 1. Hidden in the water.

Liang Liu Xie of the Southern Dynasty wrote "Wen Xin Diao Long·Yin Xiu": "Therefore, each other changes into lines and becomes four images; pearls and jade dive, and waves represent a circle."

2. Activities below the surface of the water.

Jin Jin's "Little Duck Learning to Swim": "She makes various moves, diving, swimming forward, turning, and many other tricks." "Science Illustrated" Issue 8, 1983: " Diving sports are divided into two categories: one is practical diving, which is used in underwater salvage, underwater exploration and underwater operations; the other is competitive diving, which is mainly competition and includes racing diving and underwater hockey. ”

3. Groundwater hidden in the first aquiclude layer beneath the ground.

Meaning

The original intention of diving is to enter the water below the surface for underwater survey, salvage, repair and underwater engineering operations with or without professional tools. . Diving has gradually developed into a leisure sport with underwater activities as its main content to achieve the purpose of physical exercise and leisure entertainment, and is widely loved by the public. After entering the Internet era, with the continuous popularization of network applications, the public has given diving a new meaning, that is, to watch and share information or leave messages secretly without others knowing, without actively revealing one's identity. , a single individual or act of posting information and replying to other people's information. However, from a geographical perspective, phreatic water also refers to the groundwater buried above the first aquiclude.

[Edit this paragraph]〖History of Diving〗

People have long wished to travel to the bottom of the sea. As early as 2,800 years ago, during the heyday of the Mesopotan culture, Azri The army of the Asian Empire used sheepskin bags to inflate air and attack the enemy from the water. This may be the ancestor of diving. In the Chinese history book "Wei Zhi Japanese Biography" 1,700 years ago, there are already descriptions of fishermen diving and fishing in the sea. By 1720, an Englishman used a custom-made wooden barrel to dive to a depth of 20 meters and successfully salvaged it from the seabed.

Divers discover sea dragons. The predecessor of today's professional diving is the mechanical diving invented by British Guo Mengbeixi 160 years ago to connect a pump to transport air from the water, that is, helmet diving. This type of diving first appeared in Japan in 1854. In 1924, glass was used as a diving goggle, and a "mask submersible" that used a pump to suck air from the surface of the water was used. This was the predecessor of scuba diving equipment. Just this year, the Japanese used a mask-type submersible to dive 70 meters under the Mediterranean Sea and successfully retrieved gold nuggets from the sunken Yasaka, which shocked the world. During World War II, a special military "air cover submersible" was developed, which used a closed-circulation type and an air bottle device. At the end of World War II, France developed an open "air submersible". This type of submersible was very popular in Europe and the United States around 1945. In recent years, the advancement of diving equipment has led to the vigorous development of diving, and more and more people are devoted to diving and enjoy diving.

[Edit this paragraph]〖Diving Equipment〗

All equipment worn and worn by divers when entering the water. There are two types: heavy-loading type and light-loading type. The heavy-duty type includes helmets, gas pipes, communication cables, telephones, diving suits, lead pressure and lead-soled diving shoes, etc.; the light-type types include masks (lightweight helmets are also useful), gas pipes, communication cables, telephones, emergency gas bottles, diving shoes, etc. Clothes, waistband, boots and flippers, etc.

When using heavy diving equipment to work in the water, you must step on the water bottom or real objects, or hold on to the rope with your hands. You cannot work in suspension, and there are dangers of floating (that is, losing control and suddenly rising rapidly under the water due to excessive gas in the diving suit). Large, so heavy diving equipment has gradually been replaced by light equipment.

[Edit this paragraph]〖Buoyancy application〗

For an object placed in water, the buoyancy force it experiences is equal to the weight of the water it displaces. If the weight of the water displaced by an object in the water is greater than the weight of the object itself, the object will float on the water and we say it has positive buoyancy. Otherwise, it sinks, which is called negative buoyancy. If the weight of the water displaced by an object is equal to the weight of the object itself, the object will be suspended in the water and achieve neutral buoyancy.

When diving, it is very important to learn to control buoyancy at the surface and underwater. For example, when you are resting on the water surface, positive buoyancy can save your physical strength. However, when you are at the bottom of the water, you need to maintain neutral buoyancy most of the time to allow you to swim easily and freely in the water, maintain good visibility, and avoid contact with vulnerable people in the water. Creatures take damage.

Divers can adjust the buoyancy through weights, buoyancy adjustment devices (BC) and the depth of breathing.

[Edit this paragraph]〖Types of diving〗

Submersibles are divided into: hard diving, soft diving, semi-closed circuit air supply type, air supply on demand type, self-supply air type .

Divided by diving method: non-saturated diving, saturation diving; Divided by breathing gas type: air diving, nitrogen, oxygen mixed gas (artificial air diving), helium, oxygen mixed gas (artificial air diving) , hydrogen, oxygen mixed gas (artificial air diving), other mixed gases.

Diving activities are divided into professional diving and recreational diving in nature.

Professional diving mainly refers to diving activities that require experienced professional divers in underwater engineering, underwater rescue, underwater exploration and other aspects. Recreational diving refers to diving activities for the purpose of underwater sightseeing and leisure entertainment, which is divided into snorkeling and scuba diving. (That is, diving with air cylinders and underwater breathing apparatus.) The diving sightseeing we usually come into contact with is recreational diving, and the vast majority of what we see in seaside tourist attractions is the diving experience in recreational diving.

Snorkeling is relatively simple. You only need to use a mask, a snorkel and fins to float on the water, and then watch the underwater scenery through the mask. Snorkeling activities can be carried out at home and abroad as long as you pass simple training and do not necessarily need to obtain a snorkeling certificate.

Scuba diving is to carry a compressed air bottle (not an oxygen bottle as many people think) and use an underwater breathing apparatus to breathe underwater. It is a real type of diving into the water. A complete set of scuba diving equipment includes masks, snorkels, fins, respirators, diving instruments, air bottles, buoyancy adjustment vests and diving suits. When diving in open water, divers also carry diving knives, underwater flashlights and even spearguns. Wait for necessary auxiliary equipment.

[Edit this paragraph]〖Free Diving〗

1. 〖Definition of free diving〗

What is free diving? Free diving is diving as deep as possible into the ocean without a tank, like a fish. For many, "AIDA" is an opera by Verdi, with a performance by a diva with incredible lung capacity, while for others, "AIDA" is an organization (Association Internationale pour le Developpement de l'Apnee), an organization of freedivers. Discovering the Shipwreck

2. 〖Characteristics of free diving〗

Rock climbing, bungee jumping and other extreme sports are not as challenging and dangerous as free diving. In fact, this sport has an ancient history. A long time ago, some people dived into the seabed. Looking for food and treasure. Italian diver Maberto Pizzelli said: "Free diving is entering another world, without gravity, color, and sound. It is a long jump into the soul."

〖Pizzilli's Diving Experience〗

In October 1999, Pizzili dived to a depth of 150 meters. He dived and returned in one breath. He extended the record held by compatriot Giovanni by 12 meters. In January 2000, Cuban Francisco Ferreira set a new record of 162 meters in the Gulf of Mexico in 3 minutes and 12 seconds.

The day he dived was his 38th birthday.

Pilizri is now 34 years old. When he was a child, he was afraid of water and would not take a shower. But he can now hold his breath in the water for 7 minutes and 2 seconds (French Andy Le Sauce's record is 7 minutes and 35 seconds), although this shows that his lungs are different from ordinary people, Pizzri said : "What's more important is whether your ears can withstand the pressure of deep water, your muscles and your mental preparation. Your muscle fibers should be thin and long, so that less oxygen is consumed, and you have to eliminate fear and worry."< /p>

〖Records of Free Diving〗

The purest form of free diving is called "constant weight" diving, which means that the diver keeps his or her own gravity constant when diving and coming up. , corresponding to it is called "unrestricted diving". The diver uses a gravity device when diving and a buoyancy device when coming up. Of course, both dives require a guide carrying a tank. Pilizzli's record for a "constant weight" dive is 80 meters, and the world record is 81 meters held by a Hawaiian resident, Berrett Raymaster.

〖Tonya Stout〗

Tonya Stout, the best female free diver in the world, also lives in Hawaii. She holds the women's "constant weight" diving record of 67 meters and the "unlimited" diving record of 113 meters, which is the first-class level of men's free diving in the world. In the "free immersion" method, she is the world champion with a score of 55 meters, which is 3 meters deeper than the men's world best. This method requires divers to only use the power of their arms instead of fins.

Stout believes that there is no physical reason why women cannot dive as deep as men, but women feel pain more intensely and feel their limits more quickly. She hopes to improve her "infinite diving" record to 122 meters. Completing such a dive will cost about $35,000, including a boat, training, referees, safety guides and equipment. All freedivers require special ear protection against water pressure. During the dive, their heartbeats drop to 10 beats per minute and their lungs shrink to one-sixth of normal size.

〖Words from AIDA Headquarters and its Chairman〗

AIDA is headquartered in Lausanne. Chairman Saberstein Nagel said that there are an estimated 5,000 freedivers in the world, distributed in 40 countries. nation. Nagel said: "Those who want to dive should keep two things in mind. One is not to train alone, and the other is not to train with inexperienced people. The safest training method for free diving is to train without water, even for champions. The best training. "Yes, the most common training methods for freedivers are yoga, long-distance running and gymnastics.

[Edit this paragraph]〖Engineering Diving〗

Engineering diving mainly refers to underwater engineering operations such as rivers, lakes, seas, reservoirs, etc., and nowadays there are more engineering diving It is for offshore oil production engineering (offshore) services. General technical tools include underwater video equipment, underwater welding and cutting equipment, light and heavy diving equipment, underwater concrete splitting equipment, etc. Diving technicians are required to obtain professional qualification certificates, diving operation experience, and have certain requirements for the depth of underwater operations. .

The scope includes underwater operations in dock and bridge construction, reservoir and dam inspection and repair, underwater inspection and repair of ship hulls and docks, underwater welding and cutting, underwater salvage and debris removal, and underwater pipeline laying. Underwater video recording, etc. Provide services to various owners and construction units such as ports, bridges, shipyards, power plants, reservoirs, etc.

Due to the long operation time, high intensity and high safety requirements, engineering diving (also known as commercial diving) generally adopts the form of surface pipe supply. Tube-supplied diving means that the diver breathes gas supplied from the surface gas storage device to the underwater through the umbilical air tube. Compared with SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) diving commonly used in recreational diving, it has a large air supply capacity, long operation time, and can be used in emergency situations. Water surface recycling and other advantages.

Due to the anesthetic effect of nitrogen, our country stipulates that diving with air or nitrogen-oxygen mixture cannot exceed 60m (international regulations are generally 50m). For deeper dives, helium is generally used instead of nitrogen as the neutral breathing gas. Hydrogen-oxygen mixtures are not used due to safety and other reasons.

Generally speaking, the depth of heliox diving can reach about 100m. Reaching deeper depths requires a long underwater decompression time and is unsafe during underwater decompression, so it is not allowed to be used. use. At present, heliox diving generally uses open bell or closed bell diving equipment systems.

To reach deeper depths, the technique of saturation diving must be used. At present, commercial saturation diving has been compared with saturation diving, and all the above dives are non-saturation diving. The so-called saturation diving means that the time a person stays underwater exceeds a certain limit, so that the breathing gas of the human body under the depth pressure is fully dissolved in the human body, reaching a gas partial pressure balance. This enables people to overcome decompression sickness and work and live underwater and in living cabins with considerable underwater pressure for dozens of days or even longer.

Saturation Diving China’s first autonomous saturation dive was completed on December 30, 2006 by the Shanghai Salvage Bureau of the Ministry of Transport.

[Edit this paragraph]〖Diving Organization〗

Due to the increasing popularity of diving, many diving organizations have emerged. There are currently hundreds of diving organizations in the world. Due to differences in business strategies and methods, their popularity, popularity, and degree of internationalization vary. Here are some well-known international diving organizations.

"Recreational Diving"

PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors) was established in 1966, and its education system has spread throughout the world. PADI focuses on developing and designing scuba diving training courses and training materials, maintaining and recording the information of each level of divers in detail, and hopes to establish a globally credible diver qualification certification system.

NAUI (Association of Aquatic Instructors International) was founded in 1960, and its education system is spread throughout the world. NAUI is composed of many members, including: dive masters, assistant instructors, snorkeling instructors, and diving instructors. NAUI stands for "Quality of Training", "Coaching Ability" and "Diving Safety through Education".

CMAS (World Aquatics Alliance) was established in 1958, and its education system is popularized in all regions around the world; most diving organizations cross-certify diver qualifications and levels with CMAS. A small number of diving organizations are members of the CMAS "Technical Committee". CMAS has established three committees. The "Sports Committee" is responsible for coordinating member states and governments to establish international competition rules for fishing, fin swimming, water polo, water hockey, etc. The "Technical Committee" is responsible for formulating "standardized" scuba diving training rules and international certification systems; it is also responsible for promoting and improving the research and development of high-tech materials and diving equipment related to scuba diving safety. The "Scientific Committee" provides funds to implement research projects related to "Diving Technology".

The YMCA (Youth Christian Association) was founded in 1959. Its education system is spread in North America, Central America, Southern Europe, and Northeast Asia. Based on the CNCA (National Council for the Advancement of Aquatics) "Water Breathing Apparatus Development Guidelines", a high-standard safe diving training course, referred to as "Y-SCUBA", has been developed. In 1990, the YMCA provided a full scholarship for the diving instructor course at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, USA.

ADS (International Alliance of Diving Schools) was established in 1980. Its education system is spread in the Pacific Island Arc region of Japan, Taiwan, Palau. Its purpose is to instill correct diving knowledge and skills and the concept of safe diving. It is a specialized school for diving education.

BSAC (British Diving Association) was founded in 1953. Its education system is popularized in the British Association countries, Europe, and Northeast Asia. Its nature is similar to that of a consortium, and the profits gained from the organization's operations must be used for research and development in diving safety to benefit diving enthusiasts. BSAC developed rapidly in the UK from 1954 to 1955 and became the authoritative organization for policy guidance on water sports in the UK. It also established the "BSAC Diving Training School System" in 1976. " BSAC Diving School: It is an independent business group authorized by BSAC to train and award BSAC diving qualifications.

"Technical Diving"

PSA (Professional Scuba Diving Series) was established in 1987, and its education system is popularized in North America. PSA uses the knowledge and experience derived from "air scuba" technical diving to formulate strict safety guidelines, provide appropriate technical diving training, and extend the diving field of recreational divers in the safest way.

TDI (Technical Diver International) was established in 1994. Its education system is popular in North America, South America, Europe, Central Asia, North Asia, and the Middle East. TDI's core management personnel have more than 20 years of experience in the field of diving, which has discovered huge technological discoveries: TDI develops a wide range of technical diving training courses, uses many supporting teaching materials, and provides affordable prices for NITROX, Mixed gas, and Deep diving in the technical diving field. Education and training for air...etc.

IANTD (International Association of Nitrox Diving and Technical Divers) was established in 1985. Its education system is popular in North America, the United Kingdom, Europe, Africa, and Asia. IANTD develops high-quality "Standards and Procedures" to regulate EANx education and training. In 1992, IANTD began to compile systematic technical diving-related teaching materials, including: training manuals for divers at all levels, and various technical diving reference forms (PO2, CNS/OUT%, EAD, heilium, EANx).

ANDI (American Nitrox Diver International) was founded in 1989. Its education system is popular in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and North Asia. ANDI was originally called the "American Nitrox Diver Association". Its goal was to promote the standard formulation and education training of "nitrox" breathing gases, so that divers in the recreational diving field can safely operate under the correct guidance of technical diving instructors. The application has been developed for more than 40 years and has undergone rigorous testing by the US Navy and NOAA. The EANx (NITROX) diving breathing gas developed by the US Navy is used for diving activities. ANDI formulates the preparation procedures and inspection standards for respiratory EANx gas, and registers the trademark "SafeAirTM". The EANx respiratory gas produced in accordance with ANDI specifications is called "SafeAir".

[Edit this paragraph]〖Diving〗

Word: Diving

English: phreatic water

Subject: Hydrogeology< /p>

Explanation: Groundwater with free water surface below the surface and above the first stable aquiclude layer. There is a free water surface in diving, and the distance from the surface to the diving surface is the diving depth. There is no continuous water-proof layer above the phreatic layer, and it does not bear pressure or only partially bears pressure. Precipitation and surface water are recharged through infiltration in the vadose zone. Diving is an important water supply source, which is usually buried shallowly, widely distributed and easy to mine. However, it is susceptible to contamination and should be protected.

[Edit this paragraph]〖Internet terminology〗

1. Diving refers to the behavior of not going online (going online) or logging in invisibly and not making comments. It is often used in online talks in BBS, QQ groups, Baidu groups and other instant messaging software groups. Also known as "TK".

2. With water in the forum, you can naturally dive. Diving refers specifically to those people in the forum who only read and reply. Because this kind of behavior is extremely detrimental to the popularity of the forum, it is also what forum managers and active posters hate the most. If a diver who has not spoken for a long time suddenly speaks, it is called resurfacing.