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The first is classification. According to the internal raw materials, it is generally divided into alkaline and acidic.
The earliest practical battery to enter the market was the zinc-manganese dry battery. As early as 1860, Frenchman George Leclanche invented the prototype of the acidic zinc-manganese battery, so this battery was also called the Leclanche battery. Its shell is a zinc cylinder as the negative electrode, the center of the battery is a graphite rod as the positive conductive material, the positive electrode area is powdered manganese dioxide and carbon powder surrounding the graphite rod, and the negative electrode area is a paste ZnCl2 and NH4Cl mixture.
Alkaline zinc-manganese batteries only began to enter the market after the 1950s. In recent years, in the Chinese market, acidic zinc-manganese batteries are being replaced by more expensive alkaline zinc-manganese batteries. The electrolyte of alkaline zinc-manganese batteries is KOH.
The structure of an alkaline battery is completely opposite to that of an acid battery. The center of the battery is the negative electrode, with zinc in powder form. The positive electrode area is in the outer layer, which is a mixture of MnO2 and KOH, and the outer casing is a steel cylinder. Alkaline zinc-manganese batteries overcome the shortcomings of acidic batteries such as storage time and unstable voltage, but they are still disposable batteries.
Both have the same voltage, 1.5V, but the alkaline battery of the same size has a larger capacity and is better able to adapt to large current discharge.
2. What parts does a battery consist of?
Any battery consists of four parts, namely electrodes, electrolytes, separators and casings.
What is a battery electrode?
An electrode is the core part of a battery. It is generally composed of an active material and a conductive skeleton. The active material is a substance that can release electrical energy through chemical changes and conduct electricity. The skeleton mainly plays the role of conducting electrons and supporting active materials. The electrodes in the battery are divided into positive (electrode) electrodes and negative (electrode) electrodes. The end marked "+" on the battery logo is the positive pole, and the end marked "-" is the negative pole.
What is the working principle of the battery?
The battery usage process is the battery discharge process. When the battery is discharged, an oxidation reaction is performed on the negative electrode, electrons are provided to the outside, and a reduction reaction is performed on the positive electrode. Electrons are received from the external circuit, and the current flows from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the external circuit. The electrolyte is an ion conductor. The ions move in a directional manner between the positive and negative electrodes inside the battery to conduct electricity. The cations flow to the positive electrode and the anions flow to the negative electrode. The discharged negative electrode of the battery is the anode, and the discharged positive electrode is the cathode. An oxidation reaction occurs at the interface of the two conductors of the anode, and a reduction reaction occurs at the interface of the two conductors of the cathode. The entire battery forms a complete discharge system composed of the electronic system of the external circuit and the ionic system of the electrolyte solution, thereby generating electrical energy for power supply.
What is a rechargeable battery?
Rechargeable batteries, also known as storage batteries and secondary batteries, are batteries that can be recharged and used repeatedly. Common ones include: lead-acid batteries (commonly known as "battery" when used in automobiles), nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, etc.
Why can rechargeable batteries be recharged?
Rechargeable batteries generally have the same electrochemical characteristics, that is: the chemical reaction is a reversible reaction, and the electric energy can be released by external power supply. Convert into chemical energy to restore the discharged battery to its original state. Note: If the chemical reaction is irreversible, the battery cannot be charged, otherwise it will cause leakage, explosion, etc.! That's what dry batteries are like.
*Battery purchase
How to purchase a primary battery
(1) First, the battery type and size should be selected according to the requirements of the electrical appliance, and according to The power consumption and characteristics of electrical appliances determine which type of battery to purchase. For example, BP machines generally use alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, and remote controls generally use ordinary zinc-manganese batteries to meet the usage requirements;
(2) Prefer the products recommended by the battery industry management department, and buy brand-name batteries with large sales volume and high quality;
(3) Pay attention to the shelf life of the battery, and buy batteries that have been produced recently. For those who use brand-name batteries? Batteries indicating the shelf life are generally difficult to identify when purchasing, so you should inquire;
(4) Pay attention to the appearance of the battery to see if there are any signs of leakage;
(5) The trademark should indicate the production Manufacturer, battery polarity, battery model, nominal voltage, trademark, etc. When purchasing alkaline manganese batteries, you should check the model or whether there are ALKALINE or LR words.
How to store batteries
Generally, there is self-discharge inside the battery, commonly known as "running out of power". The storage time and storage environment of the battery, especially the temperature, have a great impact on it. Usually The longer the storage time and the higher the temperature, the more "discharge" of the battery; the higher the temperature and the greater the humidity, the more conductive contacts of the battery will become rusty and difficult to use, and it will also increase the "discharge" of the battery, so The storage conditions of batteries are:
(1) The battery storage area should be clean, cool and ventilated;
(2) The temperature should be between 10~30℃, and generally should not exceed 40℃; the relative humidity is generally not more than 65%.
(3) The storage time should not be too long. They should be arranged neatly during storage. Do not connect the positive and negative poles to cause a short circuit of the battery. < /p>
(2) Do not mix old and new batteries, nor can batteries of the same model but different types be mixed;
(3) Do not use heating, charging or other methods to regenerate primary batteries ;
(4) Do not short-circuit the battery
(5) Do not disassemble or heat the battery;
(6) Electrical appliances should be cut off after use First of all, the battery should be removed if it is not used for a long time.
Is a battery without a shelf life an inferior product?
According to regulations, battery packaging must be marked with the production date or expiration date. If it is not marked, it can be regarded as an inferior product.
How to determine the factory date of the battery
Battery batteries generally print the shelf life instead of the factory date. The approximate factory date should be calculated from the shelf life. For example, "02-01" is valid for 2001-2 months, generally:
(1) The shelf life of alkaline batteries is 3 years;
(2) The shelf life of P-type batteries is 2 years;
(3 ) The shelf life of ordinary batteries is 1 year;
(4) Foreign brands have a printed shelf life of 1-2 years longer than domestic brands, so the above reference times for different types of batteries should be added.
*Battery and Environment
What is a green battery?
The so-called green battery is a battery that meets environmental protection requirements, including two meanings: ① does not use materials containing toxic ingredients; ② does not pollute the environment during the production process.
Are batteries usually harmful to the human body when used?
Heavy metals such as mercury in dry batteries, cadmium in cadmium-nickel batteries, and lead in lead-acid batteries are toxic. Therefore, these batteries contain toxic substances, which will cause harmful substances during the production process or after they are discarded. Environmental pollution, based on the sustainable development strategy, pollution-free batteries should be developed. Dry batteries should develop mercury-free batteries. These pollution-free batteries are called green batteries.
Hazardous substances in batteries and their hazards?
The harm of batteries to the environment mainly refers to the environmental pollution caused by the battery production process and discarded batteries. The pollutants are mainly harmful heavy metals, acids, alkalis, and organic electrolytes. For example: lead and sulfuric acid in lead-acid batteries can be absorbed by plants after polluting the water system, and accumulate in the human body through food, affecting the mind, digestion, bones and blood systems and causing anemia; sulfuric acid can cause soil quality to deteriorate and affect crop growth. . Cadmium compounds in nickel-cadmium batteries can accumulate in plants and aquatic organisms. Human poisoning is mainly caused by ingestion of water, food and air through digestion and respiratory tract. The incubation period of cadmium accumulation in the human body is as long as 10 to 30 years. Cadmium can cause hypertension, neuralgia, osteoporosis, nephritis and endocrine disorders. The appalling "bone pain disease" that occurred in Japan was caused by cadmium poisoning.
The mercury in zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline zinc-manganese batteries is a highly toxic metal. It mainly pollutes the water system through discarded batteries, and is converted into methyl groups that are easily absorbed by organisms under the action of microorganisms. Mercury, after being absorbed by the body, can damage the human brain and kidneys.
Battery pollution to the environment also includes pollution from heavy metals such as copper and nickel, pollution from alkali in alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, nickel cadmium, and nickel hydrogen batteries, and pollution from organic electrolytes in lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries. .
What are the requirements for environmentally friendly batteries in various countries around the world?
In order to protect the earth on which human beings live, people are becoming more and more aware of environmental protection. Toxic substances in batteries, such as mercury and cadmium, have also received attention from the industry, and the production of mercury batteries and zinc-manganese batteries have been stopped. , Alkaline manganese batteries must become mercury-free; cadmium-nickel batteries are developing towards hydrogen-nickel batteries, etc. In a word, batteries are developing in a green and pollution-free direction.
Governments around the world attach great importance to banning the use of polluting batteries. At the end of 1997, my country's nine ministries and commissions jointly issued a notice on the "Regulations on Limiting the Mercury Content of Battery Products", which stipulated that starting from January 1, 2001, the domestic production of various types of products with a mercury content greater than 0.025% of the battery weight is prohibited. Batteries; starting from January 1, 2001, all domestic and foreign battery products (including batteries matched with electrical appliances) that enter the domestic market must be marked with mercury content (such as 'low mercury' or 'low mercury') on the unit battery. Mercury-free' indication), batteries that do not indicate mercury content are not allowed to enter the market; starting from January 1, 2002, the domestic distribution of batteries with a mercury content greater than 0.025% of the battery weight is prohibited. The notice also stipulates that starting from January 1, 2005, the domestic production of alkaline manganese batteries with a mercury content greater than 0.0001% of the battery weight is prohibited; starting from January 1, 2006, the domestic distribution of alkaline manganese batteries with a mercury content greater than 0.0001% of the battery weight is prohibited. of alkaline manganese batteries.
Foreign countries have long paid attention to the problem of battery pollution. Many countries and regions have strictly restricted and banned the use of polluting batteries by law, and require the disposal of used batteries. Most countries have stopped producing mercury batteries, and zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline-manganese batteries used in developed countries have become mercury-free. The production of nickel-cadmium batteries is decreasing year by year, and nickel-hydrogen batteries are being developed accordingly. Provisions have also been made for the recycling of nickel-cadmium batteries. By the year 2000, approximately most of them will be recycled and processed. Even lithium-ion batteries, which have just been developed, must be recycled and processed. An international waste battery recycling conference is held every year to promote the recycling and processing of waste batteries in various countries and regions.
In the new century, we will usher in an era of green batteries.
Battery and Environment
"Yijiale" 1.5V rechargeable zinc-manganese alkaline battery has undergone a thorough technological transformation of traditional alkaline batteries, making it have a larger capacity. It has small self-discharge, can be charged and discharged repeatedly, has no memory effect, does not contain mercury, cadmium, and is pollution-free. Today, when environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious and life pressure is increasing, choose a green and environmentally friendly lifestyle and daily necessities for yourself and your family. , not only saves the wealth of the family and society, but also protects the earth on which we live.
*Classification and comparison
There are different methods for classifying batteries. The classification methods can generally be divided into three major categories
The first category: according to electrolyte Category classification includes: alkaline batteries, batteries whose electrolyte is mainly potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, such as: alkaline zinc manganese batteries (commonly known as alkaline manganese batteries or alkaline batteries), nickel cadmium batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, etc.; acid batteries, Mainly use sulfuric acid aqueous solution as the medium, such as lead-acid batteries; Neutral batteries, use salt solution as the medium, such as zinc-manganese dry batteries (some consumers also call them acid batteries), seawater-activated batteries, etc.; Organic electrolyte batteries, mainly Batteries using organic solutions as media, such as lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries.
The second category: divided according to the nature of work and storage method, including: primary batteries, also known as primary batteries, that is, batteries that cannot be recharged, such as zinc-manganese dry batteries, lithium primary batteries, etc.; secondary batteries, namely Rechargeable batteries, such as nickel hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, etc.; batteries are usually referred to as lead-acid batteries, which are also secondary batteries; fuel cells, that is, active materials are continuously added to the battery from the outside when the battery is working. Such as hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, etc.; reserve batteries, that is, the batteries are not in direct contact with the electrolyte during storage, and the electrolyte is not added until the battery is used, such as magnesium-silver chloride batteries, also known as seawater-activated batteries.
The third category: divided according to the positive and negative materials used in the battery, including: zinc series batteries, such as zinc-manganese batteries, zinc-silver batteries, etc.; nickel series batteries, such as cadmium-nickel batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, etc. ; Lead series batteries, such as lead-acid batteries, etc.; Lithium series batteries, lithium-magnesium batteries, etc.; Manganese dioxide series batteries, such as zinc-manganese batteries, alkaline manganese batteries, etc.; Air (oxygen) series batteries, such as zinc-air batteries, etc.