Beef cattle generally don’t get many diseases, but dairy cows have more diseases. The most common symptoms are diarrhea and runny nose. During the breeding process, pay attention to cattle epidemic prevention, sanitation and disinfection of the site, regular deworming of cattle, and clean and hygienic feed. If you pay attention to these points, there will be no problem.

1. Bovine

Bovine (Latin scientific name: Bovine) belongs to the Bovine tribe and is a tribe under the Bovine subfamily. The bison with a chromosome number of 56, the cattle with a chromosome number of 60, and the large-fronted cattle with a chromosome number of 58 can produce fertile offspring through crossbreeding. They are mammals. They are prone to Robertsonian translocation (mitochore fusion), which changes the chromosome number and reduces fertility. They are herbivorous and some species. For domestic animals (including cattle, cattle, buffalo and yaks). They are stout and some bulls have a pair of horns on their heads. Cattle can help humans in agricultural production.

2. Growth and reproduction

The single and twin birth rates in cattle generally only account for 1 to 2.3 of the total number of pregnancies. Except for yaks in alpine areas that are grazed all year round and are affected by the climate, which are seasonal estrus, cattle raised in sheds generally have multiple estrus all year round and can be used in any four seasons. The estrus cycle is basically similar, with an average of about 21 days, and the gestation period is about 280 days. The four cattle species in the genus Bovis can hybridize with each other. Some of the hybrid offspring of cattle species (such as zebu × common cattle) have male and female reproductive capabilities; some hybrid offspring of cattle species (such as yak × common cattle, bison ×Common cattle) Cows can reproduce, but bulls are sterile. Buffalo species in the genus Buffalo can also produce offspring by crossing with each other, but they cannot conceive by crossing with any species of cattle in the genus Bovis. Based on these characteristics, creating new varieties or utilizing them through interspecific hybridization has received widespread attention from breeders. The United States crosses Brahman Zebu cattle with European beef cattle to develop beef cattle breeds such as Brahford, Brahgas, Saint Gertrudis, and King Beef Cattle that are suitable for tropical and subtropical climate conditions. In Australia, heat-resistant and tick-resistant Australian dairy zebu cattle were bred by crossbreeding with Xindihong and Sahihua zebu cattle. The United States also conducts three-breed crosses with American bison (3/8) and Hereford cattle (1/4) and (3/8). After thousands of cross-breeding experiments, it finally overcomes the obstacle of infertility of hybrid bulls and breeds more mature bulls. "Bifaro" is a new breed of beef cattle that weighs quickly, tolerates rough feeding, produces more meat, has good meat quality, and has low feeding costs. Canada crosses American bison (1/2) with Brahman cattle (1/2), Charolais cattle (1/4), (1/16), and Hereford cattle (1/16) to produce breeds The production performance of the inter-hybrid "Catro" is similar to that of "Bifaro". It has good adaptability to cold and snowy climates, and can utilize plants such as shrubs and shrubs. China and Russia crossbreed ordinary cattle with yaks. The first-generation interspecific hybrid yak not only increases in size and has stronger working power, but also greatly improves milk production performance.

3. How to raise cattle

Adding feed additives "Relying on science to raise cattle and relying on technology for meat" is an important way to develop the beef cattle industry and improve the efficiency of cattle raising. At present, the most widely used technology is the implantation of weight-increasing agents, which increases beef production and improves feed remuneration. The fattening bulls in the house can be implanted at any time, and the effect is best for steers. Cows do not need to be implanted. For cattle with a long feeding period, they can be replanted once every 100 days to achieve better fattening effects.

Intensive feeding and careful management. In the transitional period of feeding ammoniated forage, you can take 30 mg of albendazole orally per kilogram of body weight to deworm. After taking it, it can also strengthen the stomach. During the fattening stage, grazing in the green grass season can be 1- 2 months, and no less than 1 month of house rearing is required in the later period. The fattening time using high-concentrate diet is 60-90 days. When mixing the ingredients, the ingredients are required to be mixed wet for 1 hour and then mixed evenly with the grass. In addition, clean water must be fed twice a day. The cattle pen should be dehumidified and matted frequently to keep it dry and clean.

Selected cross-bred cattle combine the excellent traits of different breeds and have obvious hybrid advantages. They can produce a large amount of high-quality beef in a short period of time. If there are no hybrid cattle, local steers aged 3-8 years old, weighing 250 kilograms, medium fat, healthy and disease-free can be chosen for short-term fattening.

Feeding ammoniated grass Feeding cattle with grass treated with ammonia technology can improve the nutrient conversion rate, enhance palatability and reduce production costs. The production of ammoniated grass is based on the ratio of 100 kilograms of grass, 3 kilograms of urea and 40 kilograms of water, and it can be sealed in the ammoniation chamber.

The ammoniated straw should be moved to an open field when the weather is fine and constantly turned to release ammonia. When there is no ammonia smell, it should be accumulated indoors for later use. There should be a transition period of 7-10 days for feeding ammoniated grass. The normal feed intake of cattle generally accounts for 2% of the body weight. Based on the principle of eating well and not wasting, feed 3 times a day. Grazing can be done during the day during the green grass season, and silage grass can be fed in the winter and spring months.

The reference formula of the supplementary feeding mixture is: corn 60, vegetable cake or cotton cake 37, starch 2, salt 1, soybean meal powder can be used when there is no cake to reduce feeding costs. The feed is fed regularly according to the body weight, and the feed is divided into two times a day. ?In addition to good cold protection and hygiene, three measures must be taken. First, when the weather is fine, go to the grassland or hillsides and woods for grazing, so that the cattle and sheep can choose to eat some high-quality grass and leaves. Especially the leaves of Sophora japonica contain more lysine, which is very beneficial to the health of cattle and sheep. Second, when the weather is cold and the ground is covered with heavy snow, cattle and sheep need to be fed in housing, and some high-quality dry grass should be selected. It would be better if there is silage. Also feed succulent feed from tubers such as carrots and pumpkins regularly. The third is to change the single concentrate into compound feed. In the cold season, farmers and professional households often use corn or bran as concentrated feed to supplement cattle and sheep, but the feeding effect is poor. Feeding some compound feed often doubles the effect. The formula is: corn 10, dried melon 10, sorghum 8, oil cakes (soybean cake, cottonseed cake, peanut cake, etc.) 10, bran 60, bone meal 1.5, salt 0.5. Preparation method: After pulverizing the above-mentioned various feeds, add water to mix them to make them adhere, and then place them in the sun to dry, which will become irregular-shaped and not very strong granular compound feeds. This kind of feed has a crunchy texture and good palatability, and cattle and sheep especially like to eat it.

Reference materials

Baidu Library: /view/ec520d2576eeaeaad0f330a0.html