We can divide the types of defense mechanisms into sixteen categories, which belong to five categories.
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(A) to circumvent the defense mechanism
abstract
This is a passive defense, which uses evasive and negative methods to alleviate the pain you feel when you are frustrated or in conflict. Like an ostrich burying its head in the sand and ignoring it. This defense mechanism has the following four forms:
1, depression
(depression)
Repression is the most basic method in various defense mechanisms. This mechanism means that individuals unconsciously reject and suppress some experiences and impulses that they cannot accept or are threatening and painful to the subconscious. It is a kind of "motivational forgetting", in which an individual forgets unconsciously and purposefully when facing unpleasant feelings, which is different from the situation of natural forgetting because of a long time. For example, we often say "I wish it hadn't happened" and "I don't want to think about it again", or in our daily life, sometimes we dream, accidentally spill the beans or occasionally have rude behavior, all of which are the results of this repression.
Depression, on the surface, seems that we forget things, but in fact it is still in our subconscious, affecting our behavior at a certain moment, so that in daily life, we may do something we don't understand. For example, Miss Li's mother-in-law is quite snobbish and picky. Because I have always felt that Miss Li is not worthy of her daughter, every time I see Miss Li for many years, I am always cynical, which makes Miss Li very uncomfortable and embarrassed. Last Sunday, Mrs. Li gave birth to her first son, so she asked Mr. Li to inform her close relatives and friends. After a series of busy tones, Miss Li suddenly realized that she had forgotten to call her mother-in-law. Teacher Li used the defensive way of "repression" to escape the pain of facing her mother-in-law. Depression sometimes leads to memory loss. For example, some people who have suffered extreme sadness or gambling panic will completely forget this experience and can't recall it. For example, soldiers on the battlefield, people who escaped from the fire, people who were lovelorn ... After the incident, they lost their memories to avoid the pain and sadness they faced. For example, Chun Jiao has been dating a man Zhiming for three years. On the eve of their engagement, Zhiming suddenly changed his mind. My mother knew that Chunjiao loved Zhiming very much and worried that she would be sad, so she gently comforted her and said, "Who is Zhiming? Can you tell me what happened? What is my relationship with him? Why can't I remember it at all? " The defense method used by Chunjiao is "suppression". Of course, not every depression will lead to memory loss. Only when the individual subjectively recognizes the extremely terrible experience will it lead to the loss of memory. Psychoanalysis advocates subconscious consciousness to understand the factors that affect our behavior. But some things are still "best forgotten". If you must find the "lost memory", you will usually find the "lost sadness".
Step 2 deny it
(denial)
Denial is a relatively primitive and simple defense mechanism. Its method is to avoid psychological pain by distorting the thoughts, emotions and feelings of individuals in traumatic situations, or to "deny" unpleasant events as if they had never happened, so as to obtain temporary psychological comfort. "Negation" and "repression" are very similar. Just "negation" is not purposeful forgetting, but "negation" of unpleasant things.
This phenomenon can be seen everywhere in daily life. For example, if a child encounters difficulties, he will cover his eyes with his hands, just like an ostrich in the desert. The enemy was forced to face it and buried his head in the sand as if there was nothing, which was a negative performance. Another example is Chunjiao dating her boyfriend Zhiming for three years. On the eve of their engagement, Zhiming suddenly changed his mind. My mother knew that Chunjiao loved Zhiming very much and worried that she would be sad, so she gently comforted her. She didn't know that Chunjiao said, "Actually, it's nothing. I have always been worried about how to balance my family and career after marriage ... "Chun Jiao used" negative "defense to escape the pain of reality.
Many people often instinctively say "this is not true" when facing a terminal illness or the death of their loved ones, and use "denial" to escape the pain of a long distance. Others, such as "out of sight is clean" and "stealing the clock", are all manifestations of negative effects.
Lazarus, a psychologist, found in the study of patients about to undergo surgery that people who use denial and persist in some illusions will recover better than those who insist on knowing all the facts of the operation and accurately estimating the prognosis. Therefore, lazarus believes that "denial" (refusing to face reality) and illusion (false belief in phenomena) are beneficial to some people in some cases. But lazarus also pointed out that denial and hallucination don't apply to every situation (for example, some women refuse to admit that they have a lump in their breasts, which may be a sign of cancer and go to the doctor late). However, when there is nothing to do, denial and fantasy are still effective ways to adapt.
Step 3 return
(regression)
Retreat means that when an individual encounters setbacks, he shows childish behavior reactions that he should not have at his age. It is a retrogressive phenomenon of reverse maturity. For example, children who have developed good living habits show behaviors such as bed wetting, thumb sucking, crying and extreme dependence in infancy. Because their mother gave birth to brothers and sisters or the family suddenly changed.
According to the research of Lei Wen and others, it is considered that children aged 2-5 are retrogressive when encountering setbacks, with an average of one year or one and a half years behind their actual age. Abstinence behavior is not only seen in children, but also sometimes happens to adults. For example, when something important happens, sometimes we shout "Oh, my God!" " Or the husband and wife quarreled and the wife ran back to her mother and cried, all of which were acts of reward. Since knowing that her husband was having an affair, whenever her husband wanted to go out, she cried and shouted on the ground until her husband promised not to go out. There is a female student who has been laughed at by her classmates ever since. Whenever I have to go to school, I have a stomachache and can't go to school. There was a teacher who was disciplined very strictly by her mother when she was growing up. Her mother's rudeness made her have great fear of authority figures. Even as an adult, although she studies well, she will become very opinionated in front of authoritative figures. Just like in the school where she teaches, she is a very popular teacher, but every time the principal sees her, she always feels insecure. Because every time I saw her, she was not only caught off guard, but also said that the principal asked her what she couldn't do, asked her to teach her and asked her to tell her in detail how to do it. All performance, just like an ignorant little girl. In the above three situations, "crying to the ground", "stomachache" and "extreme dependence" are all abstinence behaviors.
When people grow up, they should handle things with adult methods and attitudes, but sometimes, for some reasons, they don't have to adopt naive behavioral reactions. For example, the father plays the role of a horse and cow on the ground for his children to ride, and the wife occasionally spoiled her husband and occasionally went retrograde, which will add a lot of interest and color to life. However, if you often "degenerate", use primitive and naive methods to deal with difficulties, and only use your own depravity to win the sympathy and care of others to avoid facing the real problems and pains, then its depravity is not just a phenomenon, but a psychological symptom.
4. Potential inhibition
In Freud's psychoanalysis, it is described as a manifestation of psychological defense mechanism, which means that individuals unconsciously suppress opposing or unacceptable impulses, desires, ideas, emotions or painful experiences in their consciousness to the subconscious, so that the parties can't detect or recall them to avoid pain.
For example, "Oedipus complex", voyeurism impulse and other psychological forces (including social and moral constraints and beliefs) that definitely conflict with the consciousness level cannot enter the consciousness level unless they are accepted by the consciousness, but they are still active in the subconscious level, but they just cannot be perceived by the consciousness.
In daily life, some things often trigger my feelings. Usually, we express it naturally and directly, but in special circumstances, our reaction will be unusual. For various reasons, it is very likely that I unconsciously suppressed my true feelings. For example, President Ding is a car enthusiast, and his wife often makes fun of his car as his son. One morning, when he hurried to the Education Bureau to attend a meeting, unfortunately, a traffic accident happened and his car was hit by a van following him. At that time, President Ding just got off the bus and casually looked at the damaged rear part. Then he calmly and hurriedly exchanged phone numbers with each other. After copying the other party's license plate, he immediately drove to the Education Bureau. At the same time, he focused on the important speech he will deliver at the meeting. In this incident, because the crash time was 8: 32 and the meeting was about to start in 28 minutes, important matters needed to be decided urgently. President Ding's uncharacteristic performance was only because he adopted a latent defense mechanism.
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(B) Self-deception defense mechanism
abstract
This defense mechanism contains elements of self-deception and is also a negative behavioral response. It is counterproductive and goes to the other extreme. Evil factions will pretend to be extremely decent and deceive themselves. Rationalized people will always find some reasons to justify themselves. Offset effect is similar to rationalization effect, but it is not purely theoretical self-defense, but concrete application. The role of isolation, idealization and division is also to deceive yourself or others by technical means. The above six kinds of defense methods are also commonly used by people. We will explain in detail below, which can help us understand the motives behind our own or others' behavior.
1, reverse
(reaction formation)
When an individual's desires and motives are not accepted by his own consciousness or society, he is afraid that he will create them, but he suppresses them into his subconscious mind and then expresses them in his explicit behavior with the opposite behavior. This is called rebellion. In other words, the external behavior of people who use reverse gear is inversely proportional to their internal motivation. In essence, rebellious behavior is also a process of repression. For example, stepmother doesn't like the son born by her husband's ex-wife at all, but she is afraid of being criticized. She expressed her love for him through excessive indulgence. Another example is a girl who eats sweets but is warned that eating sweets will lead to tooth decay and is not liked by her mother. Every time I go shopping with my mother, she always points to sweets and says to her mother, "Don't eat sweets. Eating sweets will cause tooth decay, and my mother doesn't like them." There is a song called "I don't have him in my heart". This song emphasizes from beginning to end that "you are the only one in my heart without him." If "you" also know something about "reverse" defense mechanism, you should know whether he has "he" in his heart. Other stories and proverbs, such as China's "There is no silver here for 320", such as "Driving dogs out of poor lanes" and "Retreat for progress", are all reverse expressions. People who usually use "inversion" have no idea that they are using this mechanism, instead of "lip service but not reality", "hiding the knife in the smile" and "false gods"
Reverse behavior, if used properly, can help people adapt to life; But if it is overused, it will constantly suppress its own desires or motives and make the opposite behavior. I dare not face myself and live a hard and lonely life. Excessive use will cause serious psychological distress. In many mental patients, it is often seen that this defense mechanism is overused.
Step 2 rationalize
(rationalization)
When an individual's motivation fails to be realized or his behavior fails to conform to social norms, try to collect some reasons that meet his inner needs and give a reasonable explanation to his behavior, so as to cover up his mistakes, reduce the pain of anxiety and protect his self-esteem from being hurt. This method is called "rationalization". In other words, "rationalization" is to create "reasonable" reasons to explain and cover up your own injuries. In fact, in different experiences of life, apart from facing mistakes, when we encounter unacceptable setbacks, it is understandable to use this method for a short time to reduce inner pain and avoid the collapse of the mind. There is a saying: "Confucianism when you are proud, Taoism when you are frustrated", which is a philosophy that adapts to life. More importantly, when looking for reasonable reasons, you may find a solution to the problem. However, if individuals use this mechanism as usual and use various excuses to safeguard their self-esteem, it is inevitable that they will be suspected of deceiving themselves, which is not the solution to the problem. Many patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis and paranoid psychosis often use this method to deal with their psychological problems.
Generally speaking, "rationalization" can be divided into three ways:
Sour grapes (1) Sour grapes
When you can't get what you are looking for because of your lack of ability, you will be degraded and attacked. This is the so-called sour grape psychology. This mechanism comes from a story in Aesop's Fable (Fab 1e). Once upon a time, a fox walked into a vineyard and saw ripe grapes hanging on the shelves. He wanted to eat, but because the shelf was too high, he couldn't eat it after picking it several times. He said the grapes were sour and he didn't want to eat them. In fact, grapes are sweet because they can't be eaten, but they are sour. There are many such examples in daily life. For example, a student with poor physical fitness said that only people with developed limbs would like sports. Ordinary-looking women especially like to say that "beauty is unlucky since ancient times" and "beauty is a disaster"; The boy who couldn't catch up with his girlfriend said, "This kind of woman is immoral, easy virtue. I don't want to marry me. ".
Causes of sour grape psychology;
1. In our life, there are many foxes' situations and mentality. When we are frustrated, we will find reasons to vilify what we can't get. For example, a student was admitted to an ordinary university instead of a dream famous university. He said in his heart, it is better not to take an examination of a famous university, where the competition is fierce. Maybe I have to study hard to stay behind, but studying in an ordinary university, maybe I can be among the best. For another example, an ordinary cadre is unsuccessful in the position of manager of the competition department. He feels lost and unhappy. Later, it suddenly occurred to him that the higher the position, the heavier the responsibility, so that an ordinary person can feel at ease and have more time to study business. At this time, his mood quickly returned to normal and he was no longer worried.
2. "Sour grape psychology" means that when you feel depressed because your real needs are not met, in order to alleviate your inner anxiety, you make up some "reasons" to comfort yourself, so as to eliminate tension, relieve stress, free yourself from negative psychological states such as dissatisfaction and anxiety, and protect yourself from harm.
3. "A hundred years of life, adversity is nine times out of ten." Psychological defense function can help us better adapt to life and society, but indulging in it has obvious side effects on psychological life. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's Ah Q always looks for sour grapes and sweet lemons to excuse himself for being insulted or unfairly treated, making himself too timid and pathetic.
4. Psychology refers to the behavior of diluting inner desires and reducing anxiety by belittling the original goals when the goals pursued by individuals are hindered and cannot be achieved, which is called "sour grape psychology". This kind of behavior can often be seen in life. When the goal pursued by an individual is hindered and cannot be achieved, in order to protect his value from external threats and maintain psychological balance, the parties will emphasize their vested interests and dilute the results of the original goal to alleviate disappointment and pain. This psychological reaction is called "sweet lemon psychology".
It's like a fox who can't find delicious food, but finds sour lemon, so he comforts himself: "This lemon is just to my taste, and I like sour lemon." If you fail in the exam, say that you work early and earn money early. If you are really admitted, you will lose a lot economically. Sour grape psychology and sweet lemon psychology are psychological defense functions taken by individuals to relieve pain and tension and protect self-esteem, so as to find reasons and defend themselves.
6. From the perspective of mental health, it has certain significance and can play a role in alleviating negative emotions to a certain extent. But to really deal with setbacks, we can't just justify ourselves. When you are emotionally stable, you should calmly and objectively analyze the reasons why you can't achieve your goals, re-select your goals, or improve your efforts.
(2) Sweet lemon
Contrary to sour grapes, another self-defense mechanism is sweet lemon, which means trying to convince yourself and others that what you do or have is the best choice. The fox in Aesop's fable mentioned above later went to the lemon tree. Because he was hungry, he picked the lemon and twisted it to satisfy his hunger. While eating it, he said that the lemon was sweet, but the twisted lemon was sour. It extends to some unpleasant things that happen in our lives. Sometimes, like this fox, we try our best to emphasize the bright side of things to reduce inner disappointment and illness. For example, married a plain-looking wife, saying that she has inner beauty; Marry Mu Na's taciturn husband and say he is honest; The child's qualification is average, calling him "stupid." This mentality of "a blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise" and "contentment can sometimes help us accept the reality, but if we overuse this method, it will hinder us from pursuing the progress of life.
(3) prevarication
This self-defense mechanism refers to blaming personal shortcomings or failures on other reasons, finding someone to bear their own mistakes, and personal peace of mind. For example, students fail in the exam and are unwilling to admit that they are not well prepared, but say that the teacher did not teach well, the teacher's evaluation of the test paper was unfair, or the topic was beyond the scope; The defeated general didn't want to admit that the defeat was due to the wrong use of his own strategy, but said, "This is not a war." Beating people is self-defense; I like socializing, drinking and having fun, saying that it is for business or work to contact feelings; Losing the game, saying that the venue is not good and the referee is unfair; The teacher scolded the students and said, "The depth of love is the urgency of responsibility. These are all prevarications. There is a saying in Taiwan Province Province: "You can't say that the stream is narrow by rowing a boat." The performance of prevarication is very vivid.
3. Rituals and offsets
(ritua 1 and undo)
People will feel uneasy whether they make mistakes intentionally or unintentionally, especially when things involve others and cause innocent injuries and losses to others. If we try to offset the unpleasant events that have happened with symbolic things and behaviors, this way is called ritual and offset. For example, the husband who had an affair bought a car and gave his wife a diamond ring to eliminate his guilt, and this action proved that he was a conscientious husband; For another example, a father who is too busy to spend time with his children provides the best material for his children to eliminate their guilt, as if to prove his care for them with this action. In addition, the same is true of saying "peace through the years" in the New Year, and the defense mechanism of "courtesy and offset" is adopted.
Some mental illnesses are caused by overuse of this mechanism. There was a middle-aged woman who accidentally killed someone in self-defense and suffered from forced hand washing (washing her hands more than 20 times a day for more than 20 minutes each time, and her hand skin almost festered). After psychotherapy, it was found that she was forced to wash her hands because she felt guilty about accidentally killing someone. She thinks her hands are covered with blood and dirty, so she can't control her thoughts and behaviors of constantly wanting to wash her hands (in fact, what she wants to wash away is her guilt). She washed her hands to relieve her guilt.
Step 4 isolate
(isolation)
The so-called "isolation" is to isolate some facts from the field of consciousness and not let yourself realize it, so as not to cause mental unhappiness. What is most often isolated is the personal feeling part related to facts, because this feeling is easy to cause anxiety and anxiety. If a person dies, use "dead", "dead" and "dead" instead of dead.
Alternative defense mechanism
abstract
The alternative defense mechanism is to replace one's own defects with another thing to alleviate the pain caused by the defects. This substitution is sometimes an illusion, because in reality, he can't get the satisfaction of the entity, so he can use fantasy to get the satisfaction of the imaginary world, and sometimes he uses another object to compensate his frustration caused by defects. This defense mechanism can be divided into fantasy type and compensation type.
1, fantasy
(fantasy)
When people can't cope with the difficulties in real life, or can't stand some emotional troubles, they temporarily leave reality, get inner peace in the fantasy world, and achieve satisfaction that they can't experience in real life. This is called "fantasy". Similar to the "daydream" that is often said, for example, worker Jinke was unreasonably scolded by the foreman at work and was very angry, but he was not as good as others and could do nothing. On the way to his home, he bought a Zhang Aiguo lottery ticket and chatted with his wife at dinner, saying, "If he wins the prize, he will open his own factory, hire a foreman with a lot of money, and then give him some color to see see, and make him lose face ...". Frankl, the founder of logotherapy Law, spent four years in a concentration camp during World War II. He found that people who can walk out of the concentration camp alive have little to do with being young or not. The most important thing is to have a "vision" for the future (that is, to support themselves to endure the present suffering by imagining the vision of the future). Fantasy is an imaginative function and a necessary life process for children. Many psychologists believe that the content of personal fantasy is related to learning experience (with the increase of learning experience, the content is different). For example, childhood fantasy is biased towards the acquisition of toys and the satisfaction of games, and adolescence is biased towards hero worship. Generally speaking, withdrawn people often have few opportunities for self-expression, and it is easy to use fantasy to relieve their anxiety and pain.
Fantasy can be an activity that makes life pleasant (many literary and artistic creations come from fantasy) or destructive (when fantasy replaces actual action). Fantasy can be said to be the degeneration of thinking. Because in the fantasy world, you don't have to deal with problems according to realistic principles and logical thinking. Can be compiled according to personal needs.
Fantasy makes people temporarily divorced from reality and relieves personal emotions, but fantasy can't solve real problems. People must summon up courage to face the reality and overcome difficulties in order to solve the problem. Otherwise, when you are often immersed in fantasy and confuse "reality" with "fantasy", you will show symptoms similar to hysteria and grand delusion. For example, a mechanic hired temporarily by a school recently failed to take the technical inspection exam, but compared with the other two technicians hired by the school at the same time, he not only passed the exam, but also was hired as a formal technical post by the school, which made him psychologically frustrated. Besides, his girlfriend broke up with him because he failed the exam and thought he had no future. Under this double blow, he recently began to talk incoherently, saying that he was hired as the principal. The mechanic's behavior is because he changed the reality in his mind with his personal imagination (taking fantasy as a real thing) to maintain his psychological peace, which led to exaggerated paranoia.
Step 2 compensate
(compensation)
The word "compensation" first appeared in Adler's psychology. Adler believes that everyone is born with a certain sense of inferiority (since childhood, he consciously thinks that others are always taller and stronger than himself, thus creating a sense of inferiority), and this sense of inferiority makes individuals have the need to "compete for strength and win over others". In order to meet their own needs, individuals try to overcome their shortcomings by "compensation". What kind of compensation we use to overcome our unique "inferiority complex" constitutes our unique personality type. Therefore, Adler believes that in order to understand human behavior, we must master two basic concepts-inferiority and compensation.
When an individual can't achieve his goal because of his own physical or psychological defects, he can make up for these defects in other ways to alleviate his anxiety and build his self-esteem, which is called compensation. As far as function is concerned, compensation can be divided into negative compensation and positive compensation. The so-called negative compensation refers to the method used by individuals to make up for defects, which is not helpful to individuals themselves and sometimes even brings greater harm. For example, a person who has failed in his career is addicted to alcohol all day and cannot extricate himself; A person who wants to lose weight will overeat to ease his frustration when something goes wrong; A student who was rejected by his classmates joined a bad gang organization to gain the acceptance of gang members; A child who can't get positive attention and care will develop negative behavior to get others' attention. Another kind of positive compensation, used properly, will bring some good changes to our lives. The so-called positive compensation refers to making up its defects in an appropriate way. For example, a mediocre-looking female student is committed to pursuing knowledge and winning the attention of others; After World War II, the former Federal Republic of Germany set up many charitable relief organizations, especially those aimed at Jews, to make up for the responsibility of Hitler's government for the world catastrophe and the massacre of Jews during World War II. In order to overcome his stuttering, Demos Ansi, an ancient Greek orator, practiced with stones to make his pronunciation more correct. As a result, he not only overcame the defect of stuttering, but also became a famous speaker and debater. The first lady of an American president once said that when she was young, she was not beautiful in appearance, but turned to cultivate inner beauty and pursue a sense of accomplishment, which led to today's achievements. These examples are also what we often say. The meaning of this sentence is the same, and it is a compensation for success. In addition to the above two kinds of compensation, there is another way of compensation, called "over-compensation", which means that an individual denies his own failure or insurmountable shortcomings in one aspect and redoubles his efforts in an attempt to overcome them, but the result is beyond normal. For example, a female teacher who was ridiculed as a "man-woman" at school bought a lot of brand-name cosmetics and brand-name clothes in order to prove to others that she was a "feminine" woman, dressed herself beautifully and wore a new set of clothes every day instead of the previous shirts and jeans. Her change won her praise from others, but it also caused her financial embarrassment. She is short of money and wants to maintain the image of praise. When she was stealing in a department store, she was caught red-handed and brought to justice, which ruined her bright future. Compensation has the function of pulling back (remedy), preventing falling forward (failure, obstacle), which is quite beneficial to individual psychology and behavior; However, it is harmful to use error compensation. The example of the female teacher mentioned above is a good proof. Based on the above examples, we can find that in an imperfect life, people will use compensation to overcome more or less defects in their lives. The difference only lies in some people's physical defects (such as mediocre female students), some people's psychological defects (such as fear that others will suspect that she is not feminine), some people's social defects (such as those who have failed in their careers), and some people's fault defects (such as the psychological guilt of those who caused the catastrophe of World War II).
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(5) Constructive defense mechanism
abstract
A better defense mechanism is to compensate for good things, which is constructive. It can be divided into identification and sublimation.
1, identifying
(recognition)
In life, everyone has some important things to accomplish, the main thing is to complete the process of "identification". From childhood to adolescence, "identity" has become the main development task. Children are used to learn the attitudes and habits of social groups, and teenagers are used to discover themselves and affirm themselves. Therefore, psychologists agree that "identity" is an important method to assist personality development. However, according to psychoanalysis, although "identification" is necessary for children to learn gender roles, it may also become a defensive response if it is not used properly. "Identification" refers to an individual's identification with someone whose status or achievement is higher than his own, so as to eliminate the anxiety caused by frustration when an individual cannot achieve success or satisfaction in real life. By definition, identity can share the success of others psychologically, thus bringing personal satisfaction or enhancing personal self-confidence. For example, a physics student has a beard because he worships a famous professor in the department, and the professor's "registered trademark" is his beard with great personality. The student agreed with the professor and grew a beard. Others such as "Smith" and "learning from the East" are all recognized examples. Identity may sometimes be equated with an organization. For example, a person who dropped out of school as a child joined an academic research group and became an honorary member of the group, constantly boasting about his importance in the group.
Step 2 sublimate
(sublimation)
The word sublimation was first used by Freud. He believes that when some instinctive actions, such as hunger, sexual desire or the internal driving force of attack, are transferred to some areas accepted by themselves or society, it is "sublimation". For example, people who have the impulse to hit people can satisfy themselves by practicing boxing or throwing glue; I like swearing to satisfy myself by becoming a critic; If you want to kill people, you can be a surgeon or a butcher to satisfy your instinctive impulse. The above examples are all sublimation. Sima Qian, a literary historian who was unlucky in the Western Han Dynasty, offended Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was sentenced to prison for speaking out bravely. In prison, he wrote down a historical record. Goethe, the author of young werther, wrote this book when he was lovelorn. They are all strong in grief and indignation, sublimate their own "worries" and create a magnificent literary and historical realm for future generations. Freud's daughter anna Floyd (Freud, A.) published a book "Self and Psychological Defense Mechanism" in 1936, which divides defense into ten types. She believes that nine kinds of defense are common in neurotic adults and normal children, and only sublimation is normal and healthy for adults and children.
Sublimation is a very constructive psychological function and a necessity to maintain mental health. Without it, if some instinctive impulses or dissatisfaction in life setbacks are turned into actions beneficial to the world, many unfortunate people will be added to the world.