1. The pronunciation is Pinyin. As far as Chinese is concerned, a syllable is usually recorded by a Chinese character. Pinyin is generally composed of initials, finals and tones. The biological mother can't form syllables alone, but vowels can. A syllable composed of vowels is called "zero initial". Tone has the function of distinguishing the meaning of words. There are four tones in Mandarin, namely: flat tone (rising tone), flat tone (second tone), rising tone (third tone) and falling tone (fourth tone). 2. Speaking is not to emit phonemes or syllables in isolation, but to emit many phonemes or syllables continuously. In this process, phonemes or syllables interact to produce sound changes. This phenomenon is called sound change. Tone sandhi mainly includes tone sandhi, tone sandhi, tone sandhi of modal particle "ah" and Hua Er. (1) softly, and become a short and faint sound? Tone, this tone is light. Here are some rules of tone sandhi: auxiliary words such as "de, de, de", "zhe, le, guo" and "ba, mo, you, ah". For example: yours, sleeping, walking, ok, thinking. ? Noun suffixes "Zi, Er, Tou", etc. For example: chairs, here, bricks. ? Positional words or morphemes "up, down, inside, edge, face" and so on. For example: morning, underground, indoor, outdoor, front. ? Directional verbs "come, go, come out, go in, get down, get up" and so on. For example, send, go out, go out, walk in, fall down, stand up. ? Some quantifiers. Like "five"? The second syllable after the noun and verb overlap. For example: grandpa, uncle, look and write. ? Personal pronouns as objects. Invite him, call you, call me. ? In addition, the second syllable of some disyllabic words commonly used in spoken English should be read softly.

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(2) Tone sandhi: Mandarin syllables have four tone values when they are read singly, and the basic tone value of each syllable is called this tone. When syllables are read together, this tone will change because of mutual influence. This change is called tone sandhi. For example, to be honest, read it as "l m: o l ā o sh: sh:"

(3) Erhua: Erhua refers to a special phonetic change phenomenon in which vowels roll with tongue color in one syllable. This roll vowel is called "Er Hua Yun". It has the functions of distinguishing word meaning (head: head-head: quotation), distinguishing part of speech (painting: animal-painting: noun) and expressing emotional color (small ball, Xiao Wang 2: expressing kindness and affection).

④ Tone sandhi of the modal particle "ah": It depends on the last phoneme of the syllable before "ah". ? The last phoneme of the syllable before "ah" is the tongue.

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When the vowel is aoei, the sound of "ah" becomes ya. Win over/win over/attach importance to. Other "ah" sound changes are made with the last phoneme of the syllable before "ah" as the rhyme or initial of "ah". Such as: u-wa (read wow) n-na (look).

Speech recognition:

1, do a good job of "two sets" ① remember less and push more. For example, read A in Aiduo numbers and Y in self-pity; Read most of the words in mud, and read in formality and mud; Most of the simple words are pronounced pǔ, and when the surname is given, they are pronounced Pingju and Pio. ② Remember the differences and discard the similarities, such as: read zú by yourself, use it to pronounce the words next to you, suddenly read Cü, and read Cuü into blocks during writing, taking, spitting, stretching and reading SU; Another example is: really read zhēn, use it to pronounce the words next to it, really read zhēn, and read sh carefully.

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èn, fill in, read tián, jump, read Yunnan diān n. Generally speaking, the initial or vowel can be inferred from the pronunciation beside the sound, especially the flat tongue, the tongue (Z, C, S, zh, ch, sh), the vowel of the anterior nasal sound and the vowel of the posterior nasal sound (in, en, ing, eng). As some dialect areas of Gushi dialect, we should overcome "F, H?" ? Phenomenon.

2. Context confirmation uses shape, meaning and part of speech to determine pronunciation. For example, lane has two pronunciations: ① reading xiàng, which is a narrow street, a noun; (2) pronounced "hàng", although it is also a noun, refers to tunnels, especially mining and prospecting. According to this, we can know street reading, street fighting reading, Wuyi Lane reading and roadway reading. Numbers also have two pronunciations: ① pronounce háo, a verb; (2) reading Hao, a noun, is also used as a verb, which has only two meanings, namely, marking a trademark and pulse. Therefore, "howl" to read ①, "so-called" to read ② (with a certain name

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Declare), "shout" and read ② (call like a horn), and "horn" and read ②; "Call" reading ①.

Familiar with common mistakes:

1. Misreading of pictophonetic characters: With the development of Chinese characters, the initials, finals and tones of many pictophonetic characters have changed. For example, bold Chinese characters in indomitable spirit (náo), mechanical spirit (xiè), equivalence (chái), hurricane rain (zh) and indomitable spirit (hù) easily confuse candidates and cause misunderstanding.

2. Misreading of similar words: Many Chinese characters with similar glyphs but different pronunciations are also easy to mispronounce. For example, flattery (ch ǐ n), trap (xiàn) and pie (xiàn) are easily misunderstood by the pronunciation of the last two bold Chinese characters. Another example is: sudden death (cù), quenching body (Cu √) and sperm body (Cu √).

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In CU √, Kuai is easily misunderstood by the pronunciation of the last three bold Chinese characters.

3. Misreading of polyphonic words:

There are two kinds of polysyllabic words, one is polysyllabic words and the other is synonymous polysyllabic words. It is difficult to distinguish the former from the latter. For example, it is difficult for candidates to distinguish between "hu", "Hu" and "huó", which all mean adding liquid to stir. However, in peace (hé) and echo (hè), the pronunciation of "he" is quite different because of the great difference in meaning. The latter candidates are often more likely to misread. For example, (monosyllabic words) are different from those used to form compound words; Bloody (Xiū) and blood feud (xùn), beautiful girl (Li) and beautiful makeup (Ji) have different pronunciations because of the relationship between spoken and written language.

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