Drugs are substances used to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases. In theory, drugs refer to any chemical substances that can affect the physiological functions of body organs and cell metabolic activities, which fall into the category of drugs, including birth control pills. Basic introduction Chinese name: Drug Foreign name: drug Pinyin: yào wù Category: Traditional Chinese medicine, chemical drugs and biological drugs Function: Treatment of diseases Definition: Articles for the prevention and treatment of diseases, pests and diseases According to: "Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China" Categories: Basic information of more than 400 categories, naming, classification, pharmacodynamics, drug effects, interactions, adverse reactions, drug reactions, target prospects, profit margins, basic information entries: Drug Pinyin: yào wù Word meaning: Drug International General Divided into traditional Chinese medicine, chemical medicine and biological medicine. Basic explanation [remedy;medicine;pharmaceuticals;medicaments] Medicines used to treat diseases, which can be taken internally or externally, are all called medicines. Detailed explanation: Items that can prevent and control diseases, pests, etc. "Zuo Zhuan·Nineteenth Year of Zhao Gong": "To serve the king with all your heart, you can give up medicine." Jin Gehong's "Baopuzi·Dao Yi": "When you are exposed to epidemics many times, you should get the power of medicine." Sun Zhiwei of the Qing Dynasty The third part of "Hakka Rong's Five Songs": "When the cold and warmth are lost, the drama is worrying, and medicines are easy to find for poor families." Yan Fu's "Yuan Qiang Sequel": "After examining the disease and knowing the cause of the disease, the disease will be cured. It is only when the disease is true that the medicine is obtained, and after the medicine is obtained, the disease will be affected. This is a difficult principle. "The Chinese Medicine Alchemy Book says that the medicines mentioned in it, namely the cooked golden elixir, are all innate and intangible. The truth is not a tangible and qualitative medicine in the world, nor is it a tangible and qualitative thing in the human body. What is the real panacea? The innate qi of true unity is also the innate essence, energy and spirit of the three treasures. The qi of innate innocence is also called the true seed. This qi does not fall into the form of form. It reaches nothing but contains the ultimate existence. True. The so-called medicine is like an elephant. When later generations of scholars saw the theory of elixirs and medicines, they mistakenly thought they were tangible and qualitative things, so they took herbal medicines from the mountains and took them together in the hope of longevity. , can only cure visible diseases, but not invisible diseases. If you want to cure invisible diseases, there is no other way than to tap the innate Qi. Naming Knowledge of how drugs are named can help explain the creation of drug trademarks. Each proprietary drug has at least 3 names: chemical name, common name (non-proprietary drug), and trade name (patented or brand name drug). A drug's chemical name describes the drug's atomic or molecular structure. Except for some simple inorganic drugs such as sodium carbonate, chemical names are rarely used for general drugs, because although it accurately reflects the chemical structure of the drug, the actual use of chemical names is very complicated and troublesome. In the United States, nonproprietary names for drugs are determined by an official body, the United States Committee on Nomenclature (USAN). Trade names are chosen by pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical companies always choose unique, short, and easy-to-remember trade names to make it easier for doctors to prescribe and for consumers to order by name. For these purposes, the trade name is sometimes related to the use of the drug, such as Diabinese (trade name for chlorpropamide) for treating diabetes and Flexeril (trade name for triiodoquat) for relieving muscle spasms. The FDA requires that generic formulations of drugs contain the same active ingredient as the original drug and be absorbed into the body at the same rate. Whether manufacturers of generic drugs use trade names depends on whether it will increase sales. Classification According to legal drugs and international classification management, they are divided into two categories: prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs (OTC). Prescription drugs are those that should only be used under medical supervision for medical safety reasons, and must be issued with a written prescription by a licensed physician (such as a physician, dentist, or veterinarian). Over-the-counter drugs refer to those drugs that are quite safe without medical supervision and can be sold directly by pharmacies without a prescription. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the official agency that determines which drugs require a prescription and which drugs can be sold directly in pharmacies. The FDA appreciates that after years of formulary management, the drugs sold in pharmacies have an excellent safety record. Ibuprofen (analgesic) was originally a prescription drug and is now available in general pharmacies. Often, drugs sold at pharmacies actually contain less active ingredient per tablet, capsule, or dose than the corresponding prescription drug.

In the United States, although it takes many years for a new drug to be invented and approved for marketing, the inventor or discoverer of the drug can hold a patent on the chemical structure of the drug for 17 years. And as long as the patent is valid, the drug is the private property of the inventor. Generic drugs (non-exclusive drugs) are not protected by patents. After the drug patent expires, the drug can be named as a generic drug by all FDA-approved manufacturers or drug dealers, and the price of the drug is lower than when it was a proprietary drug. Pharmacodynamics Two medical terms that affect the selection and application of drugs are pharmacodynamics (the effect of the drug on the body) and pharmacokinetics (the effect of the body on the drug). In addition to exploring the effects of a drug (such as reducing pain, lowering blood pressure, lowering plasma cholesterol levels), pharmacokinetics also studies where and how a drug works (i.e., its mechanism of action). Although the effect of a drug is relatively easy to show, its site and mechanism of action cannot be clarified quickly. For example, opiates and morphine have been used for hundreds of years to relieve pain and treat depression, but it was only recently that the brain structure and brain chemistry associated with pain relief and euphoria were discovered. Drugs must reach the site of disease in order to work, which is why pharmacokinetics is important. A drug must remain in the affected area in sufficient quantity to work without causing serious adverse effects, and every doctor knows that choosing the right dose is a complex art of balancing. Many drugs reach their site of action through the blood circulation. The time for a drug to take effect and maintain its effect are generally determined by the speed at which the drug enters the blood, the amount entered, the speed of clearance, the efficiency of liver metabolism, and the speed of clearance by the kidneys and intestines. Drug effects: Drugs only affect the speed of biological functions of the body but cannot change existing natural biological processes or create new functions. For example, drugs can speed up or slow down the biochemical reactions that cause muscle contraction, the regulation of water and sodium retention and elimination by kidney cells, the secretion of glands (such as mucus, gastric acid, or insulin), and the transmission of information by nerves. The strength of a drug's effect generally depends on the reaction at the target site. Drugs can alter the rate of biological processes. For example, some anti-epileptic drugs instruct the brain tissue to reduce the production of certain chemicals to reduce seizures. However, drugs cannot repair damage beyond repair, making it difficult to treat tissue damage or degenerative diseases such as heart failure, arthritis, amyotrophy, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Each individual responds differently to medications. To achieve the same effect, heavier people need more medication than lighter people. Newborns and the elderly metabolize drugs more slowly than children and young adults. It is also more difficult for patients with liver and kidney disease to eliminate drugs than normal people. The standard or average dose for each new drug is determined by animal testing and human testing. However, the average dose is ostensibly defined as the “dose that suits everyone.” In fact, it only applies to a certain range of individuals and is not completely suitable for every individual. The process of drugs in the body varies from person to person, and many factors can affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs, thereby affecting the final drug efficacy. Other factors can also affect how a drug works, such as genetics, drug interactions, disease, etc. Various Factors Affecting Drug Response Genetic Factors Genetics can influence the metabolic process of drugs. The science that studies the relationship between genetics and the effects of drugs is called pharmacogenetics. Due to genetic differences, some people metabolize drugs slowly, and drugs are prone to accumulate and cause poisoning. Some people metabolize drugs quickly, and it is difficult for drugs to reach effective concentrations in the body. Heredity can also affect other aspects of drug metabolism. For example, drug metabolism is normal at commonly used doses. When the drug dose is too high or combined with another drug of the same type, exceeding its metabolism can lead to drug accumulation and poisoning. Interactions When two drugs are taken together (drug-drug interaction) or certain foods are eaten (drug-food interaction), the effect of the drug can be affected, which is called a drug interaction. Although combination medication is sometimes beneficial, most of the time it is unhelpful or even harmful. Drug interactions can increase or decrease drug effects or adverse effects. Drug interactions mostly occur with prescription drugs, but sometimes they also occur with over-the-counter drugs. The most common ones are aspirin, antacids, and anticoagulants. The risk of drug interactions depends on the type, quantity, and dose of the drug used. Many effects are discovered during the drug development process. Medical staff have medical knowledge to reduce the occurrence of harmful interactions. Some reference books and computer software can help you. Using a drug without considering its characteristics increases its risk. Medical staff guide medication use. If adverse interactions occur, it is because medical staff do not know enough about the medicine.

Drug interactions are not always negative. For example, when the dosage of some drugs for treating high blood pressure is relatively large, some drugs can be used together to reduce the adverse reactions of the aforementioned drugs. How to reduce the risk of drug interactions. Take medications as prescribed by your doctor. Ask your doctor about your medication regularly. Report your condition to your doctor regularly. Choose a doctor with comprehensive medical knowledge as your guide. Understand the characteristics and purpose of medication. Understand the possible side effects of various medications. Understand how to take medication and why. Take the medicine at the same time. If you can take other medicines at the same time, ask the pharmacist about the usage of over-the-counter medicines. Take the medicine according to your condition or according to the prescription. Take it in accordance with the instructions. You must not use it blindly. Report the symptoms that occur after taking the medicine to the doctor in a timely manner. Due to the systemic distribution of the drug, it affects other parts while acting on the target site. Respiratory medicines can affect the heart, medicines for colds can affect the eyes, and so on. Since drugs not only act on the target site, but also affect other parts, it is necessary to understand the development of the entire disease when taking medication, such as diabetes, hypertension, hypotension, glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, urinary incontinence, insomnia, etc., which should be paid great attention to. Placebo Placebo is a pseudomedicine that has no pharmacological activity. A placebo is an inactive sugar or starch dosage form that looks identical to the drug. Placebos can be used in scientific research as drug comparators; in addition, they can also be used in certain special situations, such as when doctors do not have a suitable drug to choose to relieve a patient's symptoms. The placebo effect is an improvement in symptoms after receiving a treatment that has not been proven to be effective and can occur during any treatment, including medications, surgery, and psychotherapy. Adverse reactions As early as the beginning of the 20th century, German scientist Paul Ehrlich imagined the ideal drug as a "magic bullet", such a drug that could accurately act on the affected area without damaging healthy tissue. While many new drugs are more selective than older drugs, the perfect drug does not exist. Many drugs do not do what Ehrlich imagined and only act on the affected area. While medications can treat disease, they can also come with some undesirable side effects. Undesirable drug reactions during treatment are called side effects or adverse reactions. If drugs can be dynamically monitored, they can automatically maintain the desired level of action. For example, normalizing blood pressure in patients with hypertension or normalizing blood sugar in patients with diabetes. However, many drugs cannot continuously maintain a specific effect. Instead, the effect is too strong, causing the treated hypertensive patients to have low blood pressure or the diabetic patients to have low blood sugar. Adverse effects can be reduced or avoided if patients work well with their doctors. Doctors can adjust the dosage of medication in a timely manner based on the patient's narrative. Even if a drug targets only one site, it may still affect multiple functions. For example, antihistamines can relieve allergic reactions such as nasal congestion, tearing, and sneezing. However, because most antihistamines can affect the nervous system, they can also cause drowsiness, confusion, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, and urination. Difficulties etc. Determine whether the effect of a drug is a side effect or a therapeutic effect based on the purpose of use. For example, antihistamines are a common active ingredient in commercially available hypnotic drugs. When the drug is used for this purpose, its hypnotic effect becomes a beneficial therapeutic effect rather than an unwanted adverse effect. Drug Reactions Pay attention to drug allergic reactions. Allergic reactions to drugs are also called allergic reactions. They refer to some special reactions that occur in a very small number of patients with allergies when taking the usual dosage or lower than the usual dosage of drugs. In mild cases, skin flushing and itching occur. , urticaria, rash, palpitations, fever, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases, anaphylactic shock, which may even be life-threatening. An allergic reaction is an excessive reaction of the human body to a drug. It is essentially an immune reaction. Drug allergic reactions are adverse drug reactions. Drugs causing allergic reactions in the human body have nothing to do with the dosage of the drug. No allergic reactions will occur even when toxic amounts are used. Allergic drugs Not all drugs can cause allergic reactions. The most common drugs that are prone to allergic reactions are: ① Antibiotics, penicillin, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, etc. ②Sulfonamides. ③ Antipyretic and analgesic products, such as aspirin, aminopyrine and phenacetin. ④Hypnotics, sedatives and anti-epileptic drugs. Such as luminal, melonate, Telden, phenytoin, etc. ⑤Xenogeneic serum preparations and vaccines, etc. Such as tetanus antitoxin, snake venom immune serum, rabies vaccine, etc. ⑥ Traditional Chinese medicine can also cause drug eruptions.

Single herbs that cause drug rash include kudzu root, trichosanthes, isatis root, Daqingye, andrographis paniculata, salvia, holly, motherwort, sophora japonica, lithospermum, artemisia annua, saposhnikovia, etc.; among the patent medicines, there are Liushen Pills, Yunnan Baiyao, and Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets. Yinqiao Jiedu Tablets, etc. In addition, some compound Chinese medicines are partly Western medicines, so you should pay more attention when using them. Incubation period There is often a certain incubation period before drug allergy occurs. Allergy to the first medication usually occurs within 4 to 20 days. With repeated administration, symptoms often occur within 24 hours. Especially if allergy occurs after a certain incubation period after taking a drug that has not been taken before, a high degree of suspicion is required. Drug allergy rashes come in various forms and are usually accompanied by severe itching. Except for fixed erythema and urticarial drug allergy, other types of drug allergies are symmetrical and distributed throughout the body, with red rashes and bright colors. Sometimes there may be mucosal damage. The rash usually starts on the face and neck, then spreads to the upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs, or is accompanied by symptoms such as chills, fever, and general malaise. In mild cases, the rash will gradually subside after stopping the medication, but in severe cases, it may be life-threatening. Once an allergic reaction occurs, if the drug is used again, the reaction will inevitably occur again, and the symptoms will become more severe each time. In order to avoid this phenomenon, if an allergic reaction occurs to a certain drug during medication, it is necessary to remember the name of the drug to prevent misuse again. People with allergies should be extra careful when using the drug. If an allergic reaction occurs, the important step is to stop taking the medication immediately. Goal Outlook Two goals in drug development are efficacy and safety. Because all drugs can both help and harm patients, safety is relative. The greater the safety profile, that is, the wider the range between the effective dose and the dose that causes serious adverse reactions, the greater the applicability of the drug. If the commonly used effective dose of a drug is also a toxic dose, doctors will generally not use it unless they have no choice but to save lives. The best medicine is one that is both effective and safe in most treatment situations. One such drug is penicillin, which is virtually non-toxic except for people who are allergic to it, even in large doses. In addition, barbiturates, which are often used for hypnosis, can interfere with breathing, disrupt heart rhythm, and even cause death in overdose. Newer hypnotics such as triazolam and diazepam have a higher safety profile. Although some drugs have a narrow safety profile, they have to be used clinically. Warfarin, for example, acts as an anticoagulant and can also cause bleeding. Patients taking warfarin must be frequently tested to see if the dosage of the drug required to achieve the anticoagulant effect is excessive or insufficient. Clozapine is another example. This medicine is used when other medicines have failed to treat schizophrenia. But it has a serious side effect: The drug can significantly reduce infection-fighting white blood cells. Because of this risk, patients taking clozapine need frequent blood tests while taking the drug. When people understand a drug's effects and side effects, they and their doctors can better evaluate the drug's effects and whether potential adverse reactions have occurred. Every patient should not hesitate to ask doctors, nurses and pharmacists to explain the purpose of taking the medication, possible side effects and how the patient should participate in treatment to maximize the effectiveness of the medication. Patients should keep their health care practitioner informed of all of their medical history, treatment status, and other pertinent conditions. Industry Scenario In 2009, with the possible increase in market standardization brought about by the special rectification of the pharmaceutical industry, market expansion opportunities brought about by the new medical reform plan, an increase in new products on the market, active demand for pharmaceutical terminals, and a new round of investment boom, many other favorable factors will Ensure that China’s pharmaceutical industry continues to grow rapidly. However, with the spread of the financial crisis and the slowdown of the world economy, China's pharmaceutical foreign trade is facing a more severe situation. 2009 may be the most difficult year since the beginning of the new century. However, due to the characteristics of China's pharmaceutical industry and the boosting effect of the new medical reform on domestic demand, China's total pharmaceutical import and export volume is expected to continue to maintain a certain growth. "Turning pressure into motivation and challenges into opportunities" will become the main theme of China's pharmaceutical foreign trade development in 2009. Looking to the future, the prosperity of China's pharmaceutical industry has just begun, and there is huge room for improvement in the future. The pharmaceutical industry has entered a new round of orderly development period driven by the new medical reform. In the future, the new medical reform plan will have a profound impact on the market structure, industrial structure, product structure and other aspects of China's pharmaceutical industry. By 2010, the increase in drugs brought about by the medical reform will be at least 100 billion. Adding the natural growth of the industry, it is expected that The annual growth rate of the pharmaceutical industry in the next 3-5 years will not be less than 20%.

Potion Traditional Chinese Medicine Scenario The entire production and demand of Chinese medicinal materials and market supply and demand will undergo the following changes: 1. Production is relatively stable, and supply is tight but sometimes loose. With the initial results of my country's rural industrial structure, the total amount of grain and cotton has been reduced, high-quality varieties have increased, market prices have rebounded slightly, and various cash crops have also been adjusted in accordance with market demand. Traditional Chinese medicinal materials as agricultural products have been increasing since the second half of 1997 There has been an overall decrease and prices have been declining for more than three years. Due to the low drug prices, most medicinal production is marginally profitable or lower than the production cost, which greatly reduces the enthusiasm of drug farmers for planting. At the same time, pharmaceutical farmers learned from the experience and learned lessons, and began to develop production in response to the market, reducing the area of ??unsalable and overstocked varieties, and expanding the production area of ??varieties that are in demand and profitable in the market. After several years of market adjustment and production adjustment, the supply and demand relationship in the medicinal materials market has begun to change. The trend is reasonable. According to relevant data, the national variety area has been fluctuating between 370,000 and 400,000 hectares in the past year or two, especially in Shandong, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Anhui, Shanxi and other provinces. It is expected that commonly used bulk varieties during the year, such as Platycodon, Isatis root, Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica dahurica, Achyranthes root, Scrophulariaceae, Baiyao, Radix Pseudostellariae, Safflower, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Codonopsis root, Radix Adenophora and other varieties have been affected by the "high speculation" in the market in previous years. Due to the impact of falling to the bottom in recent years, production has shrunk to varying degrees, and the market is at a turning point from low to high. With the consumption of inventory over the years, the prices of these varieties are expected to reverse. Due to the influence of various factors on a small number of perennial varieties such as dogwood and coptis, the contradiction between supply and demand is still difficult to improve, and supply will become increasingly scarce. Spices and medicinal materials that are used both as medicine and food, such as anise, galangal, kaempferol, cloves, and herbs, are relatively expensive due to market rules. 2. Social demand is growing steadily and inventories are gradually decreasing. Since oversupply occurred in the national medicinal materials market in 1997, after more than three years of inventory consumption, the inventory of most medicinal materials has begun to become more reasonable, shifting from supply exceeding demand to basically balancing supply and demand, and developing in the direction of tight supply. Mainly due to steady growth in demand. According to relevant information, the current annual demand has increased by more than 100% compared with the previous 10 years. The annual demand for 40 bulk medicinal materials such as astragalus, wolfberry, angelica, platycodon, gastrodia, and tuckahoe has increased by more than 100%. Licorice, dangshen, silver flower, and safflower have all increased in demand. , chrysanthemum, scrophulariaceae, paeonol, cornus, Alisma, forsythia and other varieties, the annual demand for varieties such as Chuanxiong, Shengdi, Atractylodes, ginseng and other varieties has an annual demand growth of more than 30%, and the annual demand for Salvia miltiorrhiza, Isatis root and other varieties has increased by more than 30%. , Radix Pseudostellariae, and Scutellaria baicalensis have all seen exponential growth in demand, and other varieties have also grown to varying degrees. It is expected that the demand for Chinese medicinal materials will increase by 3-5 times in the future. Profit margin In March 2015, a comparison list of the retail prices and ex-factory prices of more than 700,000 drugs was published online. The retail prices of many drugs were seven or eight times the ex-factory prices. For example, the retail price of a cefnicillin injection of 0.5g per tube is 32.8 yuan, while the ex-factory price is only 4.9 yuan; similarly, the tablet form of besartan and hydrochlorothiazide tablets is a commonly used drug for the treatment of essential hypertension, 162.5mg The retail price of ×7 specifications is 38.07 yuan, and the ex-factory price is 4.75 yuan.