Detailed flower business process
With the establishment of the market economy system, the production and sales of seedlings are also becoming market-oriented. Buying seedlings from long distances is often encountered at work. In order to ensure that all When purchasing quality seedlings, the first thing we must consider is the packaging and transportation of the seedlings. Because during transportation, the seedlings are exposed to sunlight and are blown by wind for a long time, which will cause the seedlings to lose too much water, reduce their quality, and even die. Therefore, minimizing water loss and evaporation during transportation will play a great role in ensuring the survival rate of seedlings. This requires us to pay attention to the packaging and transportation of seedlings.
(1) Purpose and materials of packaging
According to relevant information: Annual seedlings of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis were used to dry their roots. The test results showed that in late March in North China, Under direct sunlight, all annual seedlings of Pinus tabulaeformis died within 60 minutes; the survival rate of annual seedlings of Platycladus arborvitae after 4 hours of exposure was only 3.1‰, and the growth of seedlings exposed to the sun was also affected after survival. The average seedlings of Platycladus orientalis seedlings in the control The height is 39.9 cm, the average seedling height is 31.3 cm after 1 hour of sun exposure, 268 cm after 2 hours of sunshine, and the growth is abnormal after 4 hours of sunshine. Moreover, the survival rate of spruce seedlings packed in packaging bags for transportation is still 100 after one week. It can be seen that when the seedlings are transported for a long time, careful packaging must be carried out. Commonly used packaging materials include: straw bags, cattail bags, polyethylene bags, asphalt-coated impermeable sacks and paper bags, container boxes, etc.
(2) Packaging method
It can be packed by packaging machine or by hand. For large seedlings such as deciduous broad-leaved tree species, most of them are bare root seedlings. When packaging, first put the moist material on the packaging material, then place the seedlings root-to-root on top, and add some moist material between the roots (moss, wet straw, wet wheat straw, etc.); or dip the roots of the seedlings in mud . In this way, put the seedlings to a suitable weight, roll the seedlings into bundles, and tie them with ropes. The same method can be used for small naked seedlings. Coniferous and most evergreen broad-leaved tree species have a large number of branches and leaves, have a large amount of transpiration, and damage more root systems when the seedlings are raised. After the seedlings are raised and in the early stages of colonization, the seedlings can easily lose their water balance and die. Therefore, large seedlings of this kind of trees are required to bring soil balls with them when they are growing. In order to prevent the soil balls from breaking up and reduce the loss of water in the root system, the soil balls should be packaged immediately with plastic film, cattail bags, straw bags, straw ropes, etc. after being dug out. ; Or use wooden boxes. For the packaging of precious tree species with special needs, wooden boxes are sometimes used. When packaging, be sure to attach a label to the outside, and indicate the seedling age of the tree species, number of seedlings, grade, nursery name, etc. on the label.
(3) Transportation of saplings
Urban traffic conditions are complex, and saplings are often over-tall, over-long, and over-wide. Necessary procedures should be completed in advance; escort personnel must be in compliance with the regulations during transportation. The driver should cooperate well and try to ensure smooth driving. It is recommended to be prompt and timely during the transportation of seedlings. The seedlings should not be stopped to rest during short-distance transport, but must be transported all the way to the construction site. When transporting seedlings for long distances, the roots of the trees should be frequently sprinkled with water, and the vehicle should be parked in a shaded place during the journey. If the brake rope is loose, the tarpaulin is not tight, or the treetops are mopping the ground, the vehicle should be stopped in time.
(4) Loading methods and requirements for bare-root seedlings
The loading should not be too high or too heavy, and the pressure should not be too tight to avoid damaging the branches and roots; the treetops should not be Mop the floor accurately. If necessary, tie it with a rope and hang it up. The part where the rope comes into contact with the tree body should be padded with cattail bags to prevent damage to the dry skin. Straw bags, cattail bags, etc. should be laid on the back of the truck to avoid scratching the bark and damaging the roots. When installing bare-root trees, the roots should be facing forward and the treetops should be arranged in sequence. When transporting seedlings over long distances, it is best to cover the tree roots tightly with tarpaulin to reduce water loss from the tree roots.
(5) Methods and requirements for loading soil ball seedlings
Saplings below 2 meters (tree height) can be loaded upright, while saplings above 2 meters high should be loaded into trucks. Place it diagonally, or completely lay it down with the soil ball facing forward, and the treetop facing backwards, and set up brackets to stabilize the crown to prevent the crown from shaking when driving, causing it to become loose. The soil balls are larger in size. Seedlings with a diameter of more than 60 cm can only be stacked in one layer; small soil balls can be stacked in 2 to 3 layers. The soil balls should be stacked tightly and should be supported with wooden blocks and bricks to prevent soil from spreading. The ball wobbles. No one is allowed to stand on the earth ball or place heavy objects on it to prevent the earth ball from being crushed.
(6) Transportation methods
Domestic flower transportation usually includes air transportation, road transportation, railway transportation and other methods. The freight cost of air freight is higher, but due to the short transportation time, the product quality is basically not affected. However, the quality of domestic air transport services is currently not high. Potted flowers are fresh products. Staff habitually load and unload potted flowers like fresh cut flowers without paying attention to the signs not to be inverted. This greatly increases the chance of damage to the potted flowers, and the procedures for claiming compensation are complicated. More troublesome, all of which have greatly weakened the competitiveness of air transport. Road transportation is currently the most popular way to transport potted flowers. The freight is only 1/3 to 1/4 of air transportation, and the damage during loading and unloading can be minimized. However, the transportation time is generally long, and long-term high or low temperature conditions during transportation can easily cause serious transportation damage to flowers and trees. Therefore, insulated or heated vehicles must be used for transportation in winter. The price of an insulated vehicle is 1/3 higher than that of a general semi-enclosed vehicle, and the price of a heated vehicle is more than half higher than that of a semi-enclosed vehicle. In areas south of the Yangtze River, insulated vehicles are generally sufficient, while in areas north of the Yangtze River, heated vehicles should be used as much as possible. The price of rail transportation is about 1/4 to 1/5 of that of air transportation. The freight is cheap but the cargo volume is relatively large, and the loading and unloading damage is also large. Reducing pot diameter, controlling height, and using lightweight substrates are the most effective ways to reduce transportation weight and volume, thereby saving transportation costs.
(7) Issues to pay attention to during storage and transportation
If the seedlings are transported over a short distance, the seedlings can be scattered in baskets, and a layer of moist material is placed at the bottom of the basket. When the basket is full, Just cover the seedlings with a layer of moist material. In order to prevent the seedling roots from losing water, if they are transported over long distances, the roots of the bare-root seedlings must be dipped in mud, and the seedlings with soil balls must be sprayed with water on the branches and leaves. Then cover the seedlings with wet tarpaulin. During the storage and transportation process, the life activities and aging of flowers have not stopped, causing some changes in the flowers during storage and transportation. During transportation, plants should be kept in a cold environment as much as possible and the temperature should be kept stable so that the plants are always in a "cold chain" environment after harvest. At the same time, attention should be paid to maintaining air circulation and ventilation. Larger potted plants are often transported on open trucks. The latest transportation method is bare root transportation. Since the transportation medium and container are eliminated, transportation costs are greatly reduced, and the transportation space and weight can be reduced by more than 50%. This method of transport is also used for hydroponically produced plants to comply with sanitary requirements specified by some countries and prevent the spread of soil-borne pathogens. Ethylene produced during storage and transportation will also induce the shedding of flower buds and leaves, and increase flower deformity. The danger of ethylene depends on its concentration, exposure period and temperature. The drop in transportation temperature (above the freezing point) can reduce leaf and flower shedding. Therefore, treating plants with ethylene activity inhibitors (STS or 1-MCP) before long-term transportation can reduce the damage of ethylene. For some plants, treatment with naphthylacetic acid can also reduce the shedding of various plant organs. Fully open flowers are more sensitive to ethylene than flowers in the bud stage. Therefore, it is very important to transport potted plants during the bud stage. Products can be placed together only if they are at close to optimal storage temperatures and to prevent undesirable interactions such as ethylene release, odor and different requirements for relative humidity during storage. The most economical and optimal transportation method should be considered during transportation. For longer-term transportation, the main problems encountered are: leaves and flowers fade and fall off, flower buds cannot open, geotropic bending, disease rapid development and dissemination, etc.
◎ The following is an example of the packaging and transportation of modern poinsettia potted flowers.
The packaging of modern poinsettias includes product names and trademarks, symbols, shipping boxes and special bags. The combination of product name, trademark and symbol forms a brand, which is the manufacturer's logo for sellers and direct users and is synonymous with product quality. At the same time, good packaging can reduce damage during transportation and enable products to maintain good quality after transportation. Good packaging can expand the scope of sales that would otherwise be limited to local sales.
1. Poinsettia packaging
Poinsettia packaging includes transportation boxes, special bags and pallets. Product standardization is the prerequisite for brand packaging.
Because the specifications of the packaging boxes are unchanged, the height and crown size must be unified to avoid increasing transportation costs due to wasted space.
Packaging box specifications The cardboard should have sufficient hardness to resist bumping and compression. The net height of the packaging box is preferably the height of the plant plus the pot plus 4 to 6 centimeters. The length and width of the inner box are measured in multiples of the basin diameter, but the size and weight are suitable for one person to carry easily. Due to the large crown width of poinsettia, the bracts are easily damaged, so it is recommended that the packaging box be open on the side. The material for poinsettia bagging should be soft wrapping paper or plastic. The diameter is 3 to 4 cm larger than the diameter of the pot, and the length should be 3 to 5 cm higher than the leaves and bracts of the plant. The design method of the pallet is to fix the flower pot. There are feet on both sides of the pallet. The height of the feet is preferably 3 to 4 cm away from the mouth of the pot. The diameter of each pot hole in the pallet should be about 0.5 cm smaller than the diameter of the flower pot at the height of the pallet.
2. Transportation methods
Generally, road transportation and railway transportation are used.
3. Transportation requirements
The most suitable temperature range is 12°C to 18°C. If it exceeds 18°C, the sagging of the leaf bracts will be aggravated. If it is transported under conditions of 2℃ to 10℃ for a long time, cold damage will occur, including symptoms such as wilting of leaf bracts, leaf drop, and blue color of the bracts. Moisture Generally, the vehicle should be soaked with water the day before loading. Bag and box when the soil is moderately moist.
Do not apply fertilizer before transportation to prevent root burn and leaf bract damage. Loading requires that the gap between the packaging box and the carriage should be as small as possible. Large gaps should be plugged as tightly as possible with foam or other materials. Arrival Processing Upon arrival, the packaging must be removed immediately and the plants placed in a bright environment between 18°C ??and 23°C. The longer the poinsettia remains in the bag, the more time it will take to recover. It cannot be restored if it takes too long. Therefore, the transportation time should be as short as possible, preferably no more than 3 days.