Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
The full name is Polyvinylchlorid. The main component is polyvinyl chloride. It is brightly colored, corrosion-resistant, strong and durable. Due to the addition of polyvinyl chloride during the manufacturing process Some toxic auxiliary materials such as plasticizers and anti-aging agents are used to enhance its heat resistance, toughness, ductility, etc., so its products generally do not store food and medicine. It is a synthetic material that is loved, popular and widely used in the world today. Its global usage ranks second among various synthetic materials. According to statistics, in 1995 alone, the production volume of PVC in Europe was about 5 million tons, while its consumption was 5.3 million tons. In Germany, the production and consumption of PVC averages 1.4 million tons. PVC is being produced and applied worldwide at a growth rate of 4%. In recent years, the growth of PVC in Southeast Asia has been particularly significant on several occasions, thanks to the urgent need for infrastructure construction in Southeast Asian countries. Among the materials that can produce three-dimensional surface films, PVC is the most suitable material.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride), the simple structural formula of its monomer is CH2=CHCl
Chemical and physical properties:
Rigid PVC is the most widely used One of the plastic materials. PVC is actually a vinyl polymer material, and its material is an amorphous material. Stabilizers, lubricants, auxiliary processing agents, colorants, impact agents and other additives are often added to PVC materials in actual use. It has non-flammability, high strength, resistance to climate changes and excellent geometric stability. PVC is highly resistant to oxidants, reducing agents and strong acids. However, it can be corroded by concentrated oxidizing acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, and is not suitable for situations in which it comes into contact with aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The melting temperature of PVC is a very important process parameter during processing. If this parameter is improper, it will lead to material decomposition problems. The flow characteristics of PVC are quite poor and its process range is very narrow. In particular, PVC materials with large molecular weights are more difficult to process (lubricants are usually added to this material to improve flow characteristics), so PVC materials with small molecular weights are usually used. The shrinkage rate of PVC is quite low, generally 0.2~0.6%.
Injection molding process conditions
Drying treatment: Drying treatment is usually not required.
Melting temperature: 185~205℃ Mold temperature: 20~50℃
Injection pressure: up to 1500bar Holding pressure: up to 1000bar Injection speed: to avoid material degradation , generally use a considerable injection speed.
Runners and Gates: All conventional gates can be used. If you are processing smaller parts, it is better to use a pinpoint gate or a submersible gate; for thicker parts, it is better to use a fan gate. The minimum diameter of the needle point gate or submersible gate should be 1mm; the thickness of the fan gate should not be less than 1mm.
Typical uses: Polyvinyl chloride has outstanding features such as rich raw materials (petroleum, limestone, coke, salt and natural gas), mature manufacturing technology, low price, and wide range of uses. It has become the second largest polyvinyl chloride in the world. Vinyl is the second largest general-purpose resin, accounting for 29% of the world's total consumption of synthetic resins. PVC is easy to process and can be processed by molding, lamination, injection molding, extrusion, calendering, blow molding and hollowing. PVC is mainly used to produce artificial leather, films, wire sheaths and other plastic soft products, water supply pipes, household pipes, house wall panels, commercial machine casings, electronic product packaging, medical equipment, speedboat fenders, and can also be used to produce plates, Plastic hard products such as doors, windows and valves.
PVC can be divided into soft PVC and hard PVC. Among them, hard PVC accounts for about 2/3 of the market, and soft PVC accounts for 1/3. Soft PVC is generally used for floors, ceilings and the surface of leather. However, because soft PVC contains softeners (this is also the difference between soft PVC and hard PVC), it easily becomes brittle and difficult to preserve, so its range of use is limited. Hard PVC does not contain softeners, so it has good flexibility, is easy to shape, not brittle, non-toxic and non-polluting, and has a long storage time, so it has great development and application value. Hereinafter, it is referred to as PVC.
Soft PVC is mostly used to make vacuum blister films, which are used for surface packaging of various panels. Therefore, they are also called decorative films and adhesive films. They are used in many industries such as building materials, packaging, and medicine. Among them, the building materials industry accounts for the largest proportion, 60%, followed by the packaging industry, and several other small-scale application industries.
Simply put, an aqueous solution of salt undergoes chemical decomposition under the action of an electric current. This process produces chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen. Refining and cracking petroleum or gasoline produces ethylene. When chlorine and ethylene are mixed, it produces vinyl dichloride, which can be converted into chlorinated vinyl, the basic building block of polyvinyl chloride. The polymerization process links chlorinated vinyl molecules together to form polyvinyl chloride chains. The PVC produced in this way is in the form of a white powder. It cannot be used alone, but can be mixed with other ingredients to create many products.
Chlorinated vinyl was first synthesized in the laboratory of Justus von Liebig in 1835. Polyvinyl chloride was synthesized by Baumann in 1872. But it was not until the 1920s that the first commercial products of PVC were produced in the United States, and large-scale production did not begin in Europe over the next 20 years.
Polyvinyl chloride has flame retardancy (flame retardant value is above 40) and high chemical resistance (resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid, 90% sulfuric acid, 60% nitric acid and 20% Sodium hydroxide), good mechanical strength and electrical insulation. However, its heat resistance is poor, its softening point is 80°C, and it begins to decompose and change color at 130°C, and precipitates HCI.
[Edit this paragraph] Characteristics and molding properties of PVC
Specific gravity: 1.38 g/cubic centimeter, molding shrinkage: 0.6-1.5%, molding temperature: 160-190°C.
Features: Excellent mechanical properties, electrical properties, strong acid and alkali resistance, good chemical stability, but low softening point. Suitable for making thin plates, wire and cable insulation layers, seals, etc.
Molding characteristics:
1. Amorphous material, low moisture absorption, poor fluidity. In order to improve fluidity and prevent bubbles, the plastic can be pre-dried. The mold pouring system should be thick and short, and the gate cross-section should be It should be large and there should be no dead corners. The mold must be cooled and the surface should be chromium-plated.
2. Due to its corrosive and fluidity characteristics, it is best to use special equipment and molds. All products must add different types and quantities of additives as needed.
3. It is extremely easy to decompose. It is more likely to decompose when in contact with steel and copper at a temperature of 200 degrees. During decomposition, corrosive and irritating gases escape. The molding temperature range is small.
4. When using a screw injection machine nozzle, the hole diameter should be large to prevent material stagnation in dead corners. It is best not to use inserts. If there are inserts, they should be preheated.
What are the pollutions of PVC?
Causes of PVC pollution:
Some toxic additives and plasticizers in PVC may leak or vaporize; some additives can interfere with biological endocrine (affect reproductive function), and some It can increase the risk of cancer; incineration of PVC waste can produce carcinogenic dioxins and pollute the atmosphere.
Conventional PVC materials, such as wires and cables, are serious sources of pollution. During manufacturing, use and disposal, a large amount of harmful substances such as dioxins, hydrochloric acid and lead will be produced; when PVC materials are burned, they will produce large smoke and harmful HCL gas; and most PVC materials It contains Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium) and other harmful heavy metals (used as cable stabilizers), which will cause certain harm to human health; after being burned or buried, it will cause pollution to soil and water sources.
Since most disposable medical device products use medical grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polycarbonate (PC), and the thermal decomposition products during PVC processing are highly corrosive to steel, PC The hardness is high and the viscosity is high, so the material requirements for the parts in the plasticized part must be corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and have high polishing performance. At present, most medical injection molding machines use hard chromium plating on the barrel screw or use stainless steel as the material to make the machine screw to meet the above special requirements.
In addition, in order to prevent the gas generated by thermal decomposition during PVC processing, the surface of the movable and fixed templates is required to be aluminized, and the peripheral sheet metal is also aluminized or stainless steel plates are used to make the sheet metal. The sheet metal seams are sealed with non-toxic silicone. To prevent gases generated during plastic processing from escaping to the outside (gases generated during plastic processing can be collected centrally by special equipment and then purified before being discharged into the atmosphere).
The hazards of DEHP, a commonly used additive in PVC: Because DEHP (diester phthalate) is easily atomized, other vinyl products including car interiors, shower curtains or flooring materials will also release toxic gases into the atmosphere, and DEHP is also easily soluble in oily liquids. In addition, people have also begun to pay attention to the safety issues of additives leaking out if children chew these soft plastic toys. Some research suggests this additive may complicate health problems, but further research is needed. According to some medical studies, PVC plasticizers may cause chronic diseases such as scleroderma, cholangiocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, brain cancer and acrosteolysis. In 2004, a research team composed of Swedish and Danish scholars found that the phthalates DEHP and BBzP, commonly used in PVC, were strongly related to children's allergies.
For unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (U-PVC), since it does not contain plasticizer, there is no DEHP leakage, but stabilizers are usually added during processing. Currently, most of them are stabilized by lead salts. Lead is a toxic substance that will leak out during use and endanger human health, which cannot be ignored. There are already non-lead salt stabilizers, but the cost is high and they have not been popularized.
< p>[Edit this paragraph] Development of China's PVC marketIn recent years, China's polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has developed at an alarming rate. New and expansion projects have been launched one after another, production capacity has been rapidly expanded, and output has increased significantly. From 1997 to 2006, the average annual growth rate of China's PVC production capacity and output was as high as 22.2% and 20.0% respectively.
In 2006, the national cumulative output of polyvinyl chloride resin was 8,238,583.86 tons; in 2007, the national cumulative output of polyvinyl chloride resin reached 9,716,783.63 tons; from January to May 2008, the national cumulative output of polyvinyl chloride resin was 4,028,666.03 tons.
From 2008 to 2012, the global market demand for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is expected to grow rapidly at an average annual rate of 4%, especially in some developing countries, where market demand will show rapid growth. China's demand for polyvinyl chloride resin will also maintain rapid growth, especially in building materials, which has been in a period of rapid growth in recent years. As the pace of internationalization of the Chinese market increases, PVC resin packaging materials and pipes will have broad development space in the fields of cement, fertilizers, grain, food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, cosmetics and other fields, and their demand will be corresponding Significant growth; in addition, the demand for PVC resin in the automotive, communications, and transportation fields is also growing rapidly, and China's PVC resin industry still has large room for development.
[Edit this paragraph] Polyvinyl chloride PVC futures
Polyvinyl chloride PVC futures Polyvinyl chloride (Polyvinyl Chloride, referred to as PVC) is the first in my country and the second largest in the world. PVC synthetic resin material, due to its excellent flame retardancy, wear resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, comprehensive mechanical properties, product transparency, electrical insulation and relatively easy processing, currently, PVC has become the most widely used One of the plastic varieties, it is widely used in industry, construction, agriculture, daily life, packaging, electricity, public utilities and other fields. It is collectively known as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and ABS. It is one of the five general-purpose resins.
1. Introduction to polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride is a non-toxic, odorless white powder. It has high chemical stability and good plasticity. Except for a few organic solvents, it can withstand any concentration of hydrochloric acid, less than 90% sulfuric acid, 50-60% nitric acid and less than 20% caustic soda at room temperature. It is also quite stable for salts; PVC has relatively good thermal stability and light resistance. Poor, it will start to decompose and release hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas above 140℃, causing PVC to change color.
PVC has excellent electrical insulation and generally does not burn. It can burn on a flame and release HCl, but it will self-extinguish when it leaves the flame. It is a "self-extinguishing" and "flammable" substance. Based on the above characteristics, PVC is mainly used in the production of profiles, special profiles, pipes and fittings, plates, sheets, cable sheaths, hard or soft tubes, blood transfusion equipment and films.
2. Classification of polyvinyl chloride
According to different application scopes, PVC can be divided into: general-purpose PVC resin, high-polymerization PVC resin, and cross-linked PVC resin. General-purpose PVC resin is formed by polymerizing vinyl chloride monomer under the action of initiator; high degree of polymerization PVC resin refers to the resin polymerized by adding chain extender to the vinyl chloride monomer polymerization system; cross-linked PVC resin is A resin polymerized by adding a cross-linking agent containing diene and polyene to the vinyl chloride monomer polymerization system. Due to its simple preparation method and wide range of uses, most of the general-purpose polyvinyl chloride resins circulating in the spot market are general-purpose polyvinyl chloride resins, while high-polymerization and cross-linked PVC resins are generally used more in special fields. .
According to the method of obtaining vinyl chloride monomer, it can be divided into calcium carbide method, ethylene method and imported (EDC, VCM) monomer method (it is customary to refer to the ethylene method and imported monomer method collectively as ethylene Law). At present, most of the world's PVC is ethylene-based PVC, while my country mainly uses calcium carbide PVC.
According to the polymerization method of vinyl chloride monomer, polyvinyl chloride can be obtained by suspension method, emulsion method, bulk method and solution method. The suspension method is the main production method of PVC due to its simple production process, easy control and large-scale production, and strong product suitability. Worldwide, the production volume of PVC by the suspension method accounts for about 80% of the total. The bulk method does not use water and dispersants, and the post-polymerization treatment is simple and the product purity is high. However, there are problems with stirring and heat transfer during the polymerization process, and the production cost is high. It is an elimination process, and its production capacity is less than 10% of the total. my country Currently, only Tianyuan, Yibin, Sichuan, uses the ontology method to produce PVC. Water is used as the dispersion medium during emulsion polymerization. The particles produced are finer and have poor thermal stability and electrical insulation. They are suitable for the production of paste resin and are mainly used in the manufacture of artificial leather, impregnated gloves, screens, paddy boots, tool handles, etc. For wallpapers, flooring coils, battery separators and toys, the output of PVC paste resin in my country accounts for less than 4% of the total PVC output. Solution polymerization is used only to produce coatings or specialty products. In the United States, the proportions of resins produced using various polymerization methods are: suspension method 87.8%, emulsion and microsuspension method 6.4%, bulk polymerization method 4.4%, and solution method 1.4%. In our country, more than 90% of PVC is prepared and produced by the suspension method.
3. Production process and cost analysis of polyvinyl chloride
1. Production process
There are two main preparation processes for the production of PVC. One is the calcium carbide method, where the main raw materials are calcium carbide, coal and raw salt; the other is the ethylene method, where the main raw material is petroleum. The production of PVC in the international market is mainly based on the ethylene method. However, due to the resource endowment constraints of rich coal, poor oil, and little gas, the production of PVC in the domestic market is mainly based on the calcium carbide method. As of December 2007, the calcium carbide method accounted for approximately 10% of my country's PVC production. More than 70% of total production capacity.
It is worth noting that in the preparation of PVC by the calcium carbide method, hydrogen chloride is used to produce PVC after electrolysis of the original salt, and the remaining sodium is used to produce caustic soda. Therefore, there is actually a biological relationship between chlorine and alkali. , the chlor-alkali balance is also an important factor that must be considered in the development process of the entire industry.
2. Cost analysis
From the perspective of production cost, the cost of the two processes is quite different in different economic development cycles. Normally, in the stage of rapid international macroeconomic development, due to high oil prices, the production cost of the ethylene method is high, and the cost advantage of the calcium carbide method is obvious; but once the international economy enters a recession, oil prices will run at a low level, and the calcium carbide method will have higher energy consumption due to , the prices of coal, electricity, oil and transportation are supported, and the cost advantage disappears. Since 2003, international oil prices have risen sharply, which has increased the cost of ethylene-based PVC, while calcium carbide-based PVC production has been less affected by this. This has led to a new round of upsurge in the construction of domestic calcium carbide-based PVC production equipment, resulting in a sharp expansion of calcium carbide-based PVC production capacity. , posing a great challenge to the production of ethylene-based PVC, and many ethylene-based companies are on the verge of losing money. However, as the price of crude oil continued to fall after May 2008, the cost advantage of the ethylene process was obvious, and the calcium carbide process manufacturers were operating at a low profit, and may even be unsustainable.
The cost structure of the calcium carbide method is mainly composed of calcium carbide costs, hydrogen chloride costs and water and electricity costs. National standards stipulate that the production of 1 ton of PVC consumes 1.45 to 1.5 tons of calcium carbide (generally calculated as 1.45, but the consumption in the actual production process will generally be higher than this ratio, and only a few can meet the standard), and the consumption of hydrogen chloride gas is 0.75 to 0.85 tons (generally Calculated as 0.76), the electricity consumption per ton is about 450~500kw?h. There are also other project expenses, such as packaging fees, initiators, dispersants, water fees, management personnel fees, etc., which vary depending on the manufacturer and production scale. All the same. Generally speaking, the cost structure distribution ratio of the calcium carbide method is approximately: calcium carbide accounts for 65-70%, hydrogen chloride accounts for 15%, electricity accounts for 6%, and other manufacturing expenses account for 6%. A notable feature of the calcium carbide method is its high power consumption. Not only does it consume electricity when producing PVC, but also a large amount of electricity is consumed to prepare calcium carbide from coke. For example, the production of 1 ton of calcium carbide consumes approximately 3450 kw?h of electricity and 0.6 tons of calcium carbide. coke and 0.9 tons of limestone.
The main factors in the cost of the ethylene process include ethylene consumption, chlorine gas consumption, electricity consumption, processing aids, management labor costs, etc. For every ton of PVC produced by the ethylene method, 0.5 tons of ethylene and 0.65 tons of chlorine are consumed, both of which account for about 60% of the cost. The cost of ethylene accounts for the main part of the raw material cost, and the price of ethylene has a greater impact on the cost of polyvinyl chloride. Although the energy consumption of the ethylene method is lower than that of the calcium carbide method, its equipment investment is very huge, so equipment depreciation accounts for a large proportion of the cost. Equipment investment is fixed, so changes in the prices of ethylene and vinyl chloride are the main factors in the price changes of polyvinyl chloride resin.
4. Main uses and industrial chain of polyvinyl chloride
1. Polyvinyl chloride profiles
Profiles and profiled profiles are the largest areas of PVC consumption in my country, accounting for about 25% of the total PVC consumption. They are mainly used to make doors, windows and energy-saving materials. Currently, their applications are in There is still considerable growth across the country. In developed countries, the market share of plastic doors and windows also ranks first, such as 50% in Germany, 56% in France, and 45% in the United States.
2. Polyvinyl chloride pipes
Among the many polyvinyl chloride products, polyvinyl chloride pipes are the second largest consumer area, accounting for about 20% of its consumption. In our country, PVC pipes were developed earlier than PE pipes and PP pipes. They have many varieties, excellent performance, and wide range of uses, and occupy an important position in the market.
3. Polyvinyl chloride film
The consumption of PVC in the field of PVC film ranks third, accounting for about 10%. After PVC is mixed with additives and plasticized, a three-roller or four-roller calender is used to form a transparent or colored film with a specified thickness. The film is processed in this way to become a calendered film. It can also be processed by cutting and heat sealing to process packaging bags, raincoats, tablecloths, curtains, inflatable toys, etc. The wide transparent film can be used in greenhouses, plastic greenhouses and mulch films. Biaxially stretched films can be used for shrink packaging due to their thermal shrinkage properties.
4. PVC hard materials and plates
Stabilizers, lubricants and fillers are added to PVC. After mixing, the extruder can be used to extrude hard pipes, special-shaped pipes and corrugated pipes of various diameters for use as Sewer pipes, drinking water pipes, electrical conduits or stair railings. By overlapping and hot-pressing the rolled sheets, hard plates of various thicknesses can be made. The plates can be cut into the required shapes, and then PVC welding rods and hot air are used to weld them into various chemically resistant storage tanks, air ducts and containers.
5. PVC general soft products
Using an extruder, it can be extruded into hoses, cables, wires, etc.; using an injection molding machine with various molds, it can be made into plastic sandals, soles, slippers, toys, and auto parts. wait.
6. PVC packaging materials
PVC products are mainly used for packaging various containers, films and hard sheets. PVC containers are mainly used to produce bottles for mineral water, beverages, and cosmetics, as well as for packaging refined oils. PVC films can be used to produce low-cost laminates by extrusion with other polymers, as well as transparent products with good barrier properties. PVC film can also be used in stretch or shrink packaging for mattresses, cloth, toys and industrial goods.
7. PVC siding and flooring
PVC siding is primarily used to replace aluminum siding.
Except for part of the PVC resin, the remaining components of PVC floor tiles are recycled materials, adhesives, fillers and other components. They are mainly used on the hard floors of airport terminals and other places.
8. PVC daily consumer goods
Luggage bags are traditional products made of PVC. PVC is used to make various imitation leathers, used in luggage bags, sports products, such as basketballs, etc. Football and rugby etc. It can also be used to make belts for uniforms and special protective equipment. PVC fabrics for clothing are generally absorbent fabrics (no coating required), such as ponchos, baby pants, imitation leather jackets and various rain boots. PVC is used in many sports and entertainment products, such as toys, records and sporting goods. Currently, PVC toys are growing rapidly. PVC toys and sporting goods have advantages due to their low production cost and easy molding.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Futures Contract
Trading Type
Polyvinyl Chloride
Trading Unit
5 tons/lot
Quotation unit
Yuan (RMB)/ton
Minimum price change
5 yuan/ton
Price limit range
4% of the settlement price on the previous trading day
Contract month
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , July, August, September, October, November and December
Trading hours
Every Monday to Friday 9:00-11:30 am, 13:30-15 pm 00
Last Trading Day
The 10th trading day of the contract month
Last Delivery Day
The 2nd trading day after the last trading day
Delivery grade
The quality standard complies with the SG5 type first-class and superior products specified in "Suspension method general-purpose polyvinyl chloride resin (GB/T 5761-2006)"
Delivery location
Dalian Commodity Exchange designated delivery warehouse
Minimum trading margin
5% of the contract value
Transaction Handling fee
No more than 6 yuan/lot
Delivery method
Physical delivery
Transaction code
V
Listed exchanges
Dalian Commodity Exchange
Polyvinyl chloride delivery standards
PVC standard products are in compliance with national quality standards The SG5 type first-class product of the standard "General-purpose polyvinyl chloride resin for suspension method (GB/T 5761-2006)". High-quality products are allowed to be delivered as substitutes, and there is no grade premium or discount between high-quality products and first-class products.
The exchange recommends manufacturers to recommend brands of polyvinyl chloride, and cargo owners can provide "Dalian Commodity Exchange Soybean No. 1, Soybean No. 2, Corn, Linear Low Density Polyethylene, and PVC Standard Warehouses" Materials stipulated in the Order Management Measures can be exempted from quality inspection after review and approval by the delivery warehouse. The qualifications and list of companies recommending brands by recommended manufacturers shall be determined and published by the exchange.
PVC designated delivery warehouses are divided into benchmark delivery warehouses and non-benchmark delivery warehouses, which are located in Guangdong Province, Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province and other places. The exchange may determine the designated delivery warehouses according to the situation. Make adjustments. The list of designated delivery warehouses and premiums and discounts are determined and announced by the exchange.
PVC delivery products are required to be packaged by the original manufacturer or approved by it. The packaging bag should be marked with the trademark, product name, product standard number, net mass, name and address of the manufacturer, and the product model. .
The packaging material is a kraft paper bag lined with a plastic film bag, a polypropylene woven bag, or a kraft paper and polypropylene woven composite bag. It should be ensured that the product packaging is not damaged during normal storage and transportation, and the product is not contaminated. Does not leak. The net weight of each bag is 25±0.2kg, 40 bags per ton, no overflow or shortage.
The price of PVC packaging is included in the PVC contract price.
4. The main uses and industrial chain of polyvinyl chloride
1. Polyvinyl chloride profiled profiles
Profiles and profiled profiles are the largest consumers of PVC in my country It accounts for about 25% of the total consumption of PVC and is mainly used to make doors, windows and energy-saving materials. At present, its application volume is still growing significantly across the country. In developed countries, the market share of plastic doors and windows also ranks first, such as 50% in Germany, 56% in France, and 45% in the United States.
2. Polyvinyl chloride pipes
Among the many polyvinyl chloride products, polyvinyl chloride pipes are the second largest consumer area, accounting for about 20% of its consumption. In our country, PVC pipes were developed earlier than PE pipes and PP pipes. They have many varieties, excellent performance, and wide range of uses, and occupy an important position in the market.
3. Polyvinyl chloride film
The consumption of PVC in the field of PVC film ranks third, accounting for about 10%. After PVC is mixed with additives and plasticized, a three-roller or four-roller calender is used to form a transparent or colored film with a specified thickness. The film is processed in this way to become a calendered film. It can also be processed by cutting and heat sealing to process packaging bags, raincoats, tablecloths, curtains, inflatable toys, etc. The wide transparent film can be used in greenhouses, plastic greenhouses and mulch films. Biaxially stretched films can be used for shrink packaging due to their thermal shrinkage characteristics.
4. PVC hard materials and plates
Add stabilizers, lubricants and fillers to PVC. After mixing, an extruder can be used to extrude hard pipes of various diameters. , special-shaped pipes, corrugated pipes, used as sewer pipes, drinking water pipes, wire casings or stair handrails. By overlapping and hot-pressing the rolled sheets, hard plates of various thicknesses can be made. The plates can be cut into the required shapes, and then PVC welding rods and hot air are used to weld them into various chemically resistant storage tanks, air ducts and containers.
5. PVC general soft products
Use an extruder to extrude hoses, cables, wires, etc.; use an injection molding machine with various molds to make plastic sandals , soles, slippers, toys, auto accessories, etc.
6. Polyvinyl chloride packaging materials
Polyvinyl chloride products are mainly used for packaging various containers, films and hard sheets. PVC containers are mainly used to produce bottles for mineral water, beverages, and cosmetics, as well as for packaging refined oils. PVC films can be used to produce low-cost laminates by extrusion with other polymers, as well as transparent products with good barrier properties. PVC film can also be used in stretch or shrink packaging for mattresses, cloth, toys and industrial goods.
7. PVC wainscoting and floors
PVC wainscoting is mainly used to replace aluminum wainscoting. Except for part of the PVC resin, the remaining components of PVC floor tiles are recycled materials, adhesives, fillers and other components. They are mainly used on the hard floors of airport terminals and other places.
8. Polyvinyl chloride daily consumer goods
Luggage bags are traditional products made of polyvinyl chloride. PVC is used to make various imitation leathers. Luggage bags, sports products such as basketballs, footballs and rugby balls, etc. It can also be used to make belts for uniforms and special protective equipment. PVC fabrics for clothing are generally absorbent fabrics (no coating required), such as ponchos, baby pants, imitation leather jackets and various rain boots. PVC is used in many sports and entertainment products, such as toys, records and sporting goods. Currently, PVC toys are growing rapidly. PVC toys and sporting goods have advantages due to their low production cost and easy molding.
PVC industry chain levels
That’s detailed enough. ,. . . . . .