I. Nobel's life

(1) One:

alfred bernhard nobel (1833-1896), Swedish chemist inventor and industrialist, was the founder of the Nobel Prize. Born in Stockholm, Sweden on October 21st, 1833. Nobel devoted himself to the research of explosives all his life, and was known as the "king of explosives" for inventing nitroglycerin detonators, nitroglycerin solid explosives and colloidal explosives. He is not only engaged in theoretical research, but also engaged in industrial practice. He obtained 355 patents for technological inventions in his life, and opened about 1 companies and factories in 2 countries on five continents, such as Europe and America, and accumulated huge wealth. From 1841 to 1842, he studied at St. Jacoby's Church School in Stockholm. From 1843 to 185, he studied with Russian and Swiss tutors in St. Petersburg, the Russian capital. From 185 to 1852, Nobel traveled extensively in Europe and America, studied extensively, increased his knowledge and broadened his horizons. At the age of 16, he was proficient in English, German, French, Swiss, Swedish and Russian, which laid a solid foundation for his future inventions.

Nobel's father, Emmanuel Nobel, is an inventor and owns a large machinery factory in Russia. From 184 to 1859, his father was engaged in large-scale mine production in St. Petersburg. These mines and other weapons were used in the Crimean War. He invented the boiler system for household heating, designed a machine for making wooden wheels, designed and manufactured a large forging hammer, and reformed the factory equipment. In 1853, Tsar Nicholas I made an exception and awarded Emmanuel Nobel a medal in recognition of his achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's never-ending creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a brilliant road of scientific invention.

after growing up and studying in St. Petersburg, Nobel went to France and the United States for further study. He returned to Sweden to engage in the research and invention of chemistry, especially explosives. Nobel and his son set up a laboratory in the suburbs of Stockholm, and developed a mercury tube to solve the detonation of explosives for the first time. In 1863, he began to produce glycerol explosives. Because liquid explosives are prone to explosion accidents, in 1866, he produced a solid safe and violent explosive "Danamat", which became the cornerstone of Nobel International Industrial Group in the future. In 1867, a safety detonator was invented, and then a variety of more powerful explosives were invented. In his life, he has nearly 4 inventions such as explosives and rayon, and won 85 patents. These inventions made Nobel occupy an important position in the history of world chemistry. Nobel accumulated a lot of wealth by manufacturing explosives. He bought most of the shares of Sweden's B. Gorsbon Arms Chemical Factory, founded the Nobel Chemical Company, opened two trusts for the production of explosives in western European countries, and owned the Nobel Brothers Company for oil exploration in Baku, Russia.

Before his death, he made a will in 1895, and used most of his property of $9.2 million as a fund. With his annual interest ($2, per year), he set up five kinds of prizes for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace (in 1969, the Swedish National Foundation added an economics prize) to reward scholars who made the greatest contribution in the above fields that year. Since 191, prizes have been awarded on December 1th, the day of Nobel's death.

alfred nobel doesn't want to write a biography. He thinks that no one will read those articles about a person.

Nobel's personal evaluation is-"The greatest advantage: keeping his nails clean is never a burden to anyone. The biggest feature: no family, lack of cheerful spirit and good appetite. The biggest and only request: don't be buried alive. The greatest sin: not worshiping the god of wealth. Important events in life: none. "

all his life, under the threat of death, Nobel sought power from nature for human beings. When describing his scientific and technological achievements in his life, he only used a few short sentences: "The author of this article was born on October 21st, 1833. He learned from a tutor and never went to a higher school. He devoted himself to the research of applied chemistry, and invented explosives in his life, such as high explosive, smokeless powder,' Balisti' or C89. In 1884, he joined the Royal Swedish Science Society, the Royal Society in London and the Society of Civil Engineers in Paris. In 188, he won the Science Medal initiated by the King of Sweden and the Grand Medal of France. "

Alfred Berhard Nobel was born on October 21st, 1833. According to the Swedish naming convention, Alfred is the first name and Nobel is the surname. However, according to the established name, the family name of the Nobel family is usually used to refer to Alfred himself.

When Nobel was born, his family went bankrupt because of a big fire. His father was worried that he would not live long, because he didn't even seem to have the strength to breathe and nurse, and he had been living in the shadow of illness since his childhood.

School life in alfred nobel is limited to primary schools. When he reached school age, he was sent to St. Jacob's Senior Guardian Primary School in Stockholm for several semesters. In this primary school, he got the highest score in all his lessons and morality, which is one of the three students who got the highest score among 82 students.

In 1842, Nobel went to live in Petersburg, Russia with his family, and his father set up a Nobel family school for his three brothers at home. In the following six or seven years, Nobel, who loves poetry, has been living a "Shelley dream", but his father is disgusted, thinking that poetry is just a pastime for lazy women, and a promising man should not and disdain to be happy with it. In the homeschool, the tutor Qi Ning, the most famous chemist in Russia at that time, had the greatest influence on Nobel science education.

In 185, when Nobel was 17 years old, his father decided to send Nobel to European countries and the United States to see the world for the development of his family business, and at the same time, he inspected the present situation and progress of machinery and chemical industry in European countries and the United States. It was not until he was 21 that he returned to Petersburg. During this period, he began to contact the manufacturing technology of nitroglycerin explosives. In 1863, Nobel returned to Sweden to develop explosives together with his father and younger brother. The factory was blown up by an accidental explosion, killing his younger brother, and the government banned them from further experiments. Therefore, he once set up his laboratory on a barge in Lake Mara outside Stockholm.

one day in the autumn of 1866, the explosion test of mercury fulminate was successful, which is the detonator widely used today. Since then, Nobel's series of inventions in explosives have made him "the father of modern explosives".

Nobel was forced to move to San Remo, Italy in 1891 because of the rejection of the French government. At that time, he was 58 years old. During the six years since he died here in 1896, he has been devoted to various new inventions in San Remo, involving chemical industry, machinery, electricity, medical care and other fields.

How many inventions and patents did Nobel complete in his life? According to the incomplete statistics made by Sohlman, Nobel's assistant, Nobel obtained 351 patents in his life.

On November 28th, 1896, Nobel fell into his study. When the servant saw this, he immediately carried him to the bedroom on the second floor. When the invited doctor arrived, Nobel's brain was already partially necrotic. He is completely unable to speak in French and Italian, which he is familiar with, except that he can mumble some words in his native Swedish. The assistants, doctors and servants present were all French and Italians, and no one could understand his last words except the word telegram. At 2 am on December 1th of the same year, Nobel died of cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63.

When Nobel died, none of his relatives and friends were with him. Even his favorite assistant, Sohlman, was far away in Sweden. Just as he feared before his death: "When I was dying, maybe no relatives and friends were by my side, kindly closed my eyelids and said a word of comfort in my ear."

A generation of science and technology superstars fell in the starry sky at the end of the century.

(2) Second:

1. Technician's family

December 1th is the anniversary of Nobel's death.

On this day every year, the Stockholm Concert Hall in Sweden is full of lights. The grand awarding ceremony awarded the Nobel Prize certificates and medals to winners from all over the world.

The whole world is concerned about this grand ceremony. People regard winning the Nobel Prize as a great honor in science.

The Nobel Prize was established with the legacy of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel according to his will. Since 191, five prizes have been awarded every year for physics, chemistry, physiology (or medicine), literature and peace. Since 1969, economics bonuses have been added.

Nobel is the inventor of safe explosives and smokeless gunpowder. He spent his life developing explosives. Watering this flower of science with all one's efforts makes it deeply rooted and fruitful. He won a lot of patents and accumulated a lot of wealth. Before his death in 1896, he decided to use 33 million kronor as a fund and use the annual interest to award it to outstanding people in the world to promote the development of scientific and cultural undertakings. In his will, he said, "regardless of nationality, race and language, this bonus is only given to those who have really made indelible contributions to mankind."

Nobel lived 63 years. All his life, he worked hard in difficulties and obstacles.

Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, is an ordinary mechanic. He worked in the factory very early, without higher education or chemistry. However, he likes chemical experiments, makes explosives whenever he has time, and has opinions on architecture. He is an enthusiastic man of science.

On October 21st, 1833, a thin baby was born in this family. He was the later dynamite king Nobel. Nobel grew up sickly, tenacious and unwilling to lag behind.

Nobel's father is very concerned about little Nobel's hobbies, and often tells him stories about scientists, encouraging him to be a useful person when he grows up. On one occasion, Nobel saw his father developing explosives and asked with wide eyes, "Dad, explosives hurt people, which is a terrible thing. Why did you make it?" Father replied: "it can be used for mining and road construction, and it is needed in many places!" " Nobel nodded inexplicably and said, "Yes, I want to be an explosive when I grow up."

Yasai, Nobel's mother, is a well-educated woman, bright, intelligent, kind, optimistic and confident. She is strict and kind to her children, and often takes Nobel to do some work such as watering flowers, weeding and removing garbage.

in 1841, at the age of 8, Nobel entered the local primary school about Taiwan. At school, he studies hard and is often among the best.

At this time, Nobel's father had gone to work in neighboring Finland because of difficulties in making a living. He and his mother remain in Stockholm.

Not long after, a mine created by Nobel's father was known by the Russian minister. The minister visited his products and appreciated them very much. He was warmly invited to work in Russia and sent him to Petersburg (Leningrad). The mine he created was used by the Russian army to stop the advance of the British fleet in the Crimean War that broke out in 1853.

In 1842, the Nobel family moved to Petersburg, Russia. The 9-year-old Nobel could not enter the local school because he didn't know Russian and was in poor health. His father hired a tutor to help his three brothers learn culture. Teachers often assess their grades and report their studies to their fathers. Nobel has made rapid progress. After studying, he likes to follow his father and do odd jobs in the factory.

Nobel followed his father and watched him design and develop mines, mine boats and explosives. What he heard and saw, in his young mind, he sprouted the ideal of devoting himself to science. Father also very much hopes that he will study mechanics and become a mechanic when he grows up.

in 185, at the age of 17, Nobel traveled across the ocean in the name of an engineer, and went to the United States to practice in the workshop of the famous engineer Allison. After the internship expired, he visited European and American countries for four years before returning home. During the inspection, wherever he went, he immediately began to work and got a deep understanding of the industrial development of various countries.

Nobel was sickly since he was a child, and he was very diligent. In the summer of 1854, his illness became more and more serious, so he had to give up his work to treat him. During his treatment, he wrote to his father and said, "I hope to end this nomadic life soon and start a new life with more activities." It's really annoying to kill my time in this life at present. " He devoted himself to work and study before he got well.

Nobel's father moved back to Sweden in 1859. At that time, many countries urgently demanded to develop mining industry and speed up mining. Explosives could not meet this need, which was a big problem to be solved urgently. Nobel, who knows the industrial situation of various countries, has strengthened his determination to improve the production of explosives.

just then, an amazing news came: France invented explosives with excellent performance. In fact, the news is inaccurate.

It turns out that General Piguet, a famous French ordnance expert, found that it was impossible to have a better result with the existing explosives when he was studying how to improve the range and speed of bullets, and he had to improve the explosives. So, the war department organized forces and began to study explosives. This incident prompted Nobel to go all out to study explosives.

Nobel was locked in the laboratory all day, looking up information and doing various explosive experiments again and again. His parents understood the danger of engaging in explosives and were very unhappy about his changing his major. One day, his father said to him, "Son, your job is to engage in machinery, so you should concentrate on what you do, and you'd better not be distracted in other aspects." Nobel said: "It is very important to improve explosives. Once used in production, it will create great wealth for mankind. Of course, danger is inevitable. I will try to be careful. "

From then on, Nobel often publicized and explained the significance of improving explosives to relatives and friends. In this way, more and more people sympathized with and sponsored him, and even his parents who opposed him were moved by his strong will and had to acquiesce.

2. Studying explosives

Before Nobel, many people studied and manufactured explosives, and black powder from China had already spread to Europe. Italian sue