Mashan Town is a well-known hometown of Chinese herbal medicines. There are more than 1 kinds of wild Chinese herbal medicines such as Trichosanthes kirilowii, Salvia miltiorrhiza, honeysuckle and wild chrysanthemum, and local farmers have a tradition of planting Chinese herbal medicines. Mashan is also one of the original places of Trichosanthes kirilowii. Trichosanthes kirilowii has been planted in Zhuangke and Jiaozhuang villages for more than 3 years.
Mashan is an authentic place of Trichosanthes kirilowii, with large planting scale and high quality, which is favored by medicine traders. Trichosanthes kirilowii has become a local characteristic economic industry and an important economic source for local villagers. In order to meet the growing market demand, Mashan Town proposed the idea of vigorously developing the Chinese herbal medicine industry and optimizing the agricultural industrial structure in combination with local geographical conditions, actively established cooperation channels between schools and places with Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, gave full play to the advantages of universities, provided technical guidance for drug farmers, and took the Chinese herbal medicine base as the research base of universities. At the same time, relying on the base, the University of Traditional Chinese Medicine transformed the research results, which not only improved the transformation rate of university achievements, but also provided high-quality services for local economic development, achieving a win-win situation between the school and the place.
geographical scope
Trichosanthes kirilowii is located in Mashan Town, Changqing District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 4 kilometers southwest of Jinan, the provincial capital, bordering Feicheng City in the south, 2 kilometers north of Changqing City and 12 kilometers away from Jihe Expressway. It borders Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Fuzhou Expressway and beijing-shanghai railway in the east, and provincial highway 14 runs through the north and south of the town, bordering the Yellow River in the west. The town has jurisdiction over 53 administrative villages, with a population of 33,6 and a geographical area of 8,9 hectares, of which 8 hectares are planted with Trichosanthes kirilowii. Geographical location: located at 116 9 ′-116 11 ′ E and 36 1 ′-36 45 ′ N. The average elevation is 99.1 meters, which is 8 hectares below the designated protected area.
natural ecological environment and human and historical factors
(1) soil landform: the soil type is sandy loam with a pH value of 6.8-7.4, which belongs to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the hilly land in the middle mountain area of Luzhong.
(2) Hydrological situation: the territory is rich in water resources. Precipitation is the main source of surface water, and the annual precipitation is abundant and concentrated. Bingu River passes through the north and south of Mashan Town, and there is a national medium-sized reservoir at the northern end of the town with a capacity of 13 million cubic meters. River runoff varies greatly in season, and the utilization of transit water is small. Groundwater resources are abundant and the water quality is excellent.
(3) Climate: it belongs to semi-humid climate in warm temperate monsoon region. The main feature is that the monsoon is obvious and the four seasons are distinct, which has the climate characteristics of the lower reaches of Huaihe River. It is windy in spring, dry and rainy, and dry and cold in winter. The annual average temperature ranges from 12.8℃ to 14.3℃, and the lowest monthly average temperature is-2℃ in January. The highest in July is 26.9℃. The accumulated annual average sunshine hours are 2598.5 hours, with the maximum being 2897.9 hours and the minimum being 2254.2 hours, and the maximum sunshine hours in May is 281.1 hours. The smallest in February is 173.7 hours. The sunshine percentage is the highest in May, accounting for 66%, and the lowest in July, accounting for 51%. The annual average precipitation is 628.2 mm, and the average precipitation in spring (March-May) is 86.2 mm, accounting for 1.4% of the annual precipitation. In summer (June-August), the average annual precipitation is 399.3mm, accounting for 64% of the annual precipitation; The average precipitation in autumn (September-October) is 122.3 mm, accounting for 19% of the annual precipitation; The average precipitation in winter (December-February) is 2.4 mm, accounting for 3% of the annual precipitation. The monthly precipitation distribution is uneven, with the largest in July and the smallest in January. The first month of average snowfall is on December 7th, the average annual snowfall is on March 17th, and the average number of days between the first and last snows is 11 days. The maximum thickness of snow is 21 cm. The annual average relative temperature is 62%, and the maximum value is 76-79% in July and August. The minimum value is 52-53% in March and April. The frost-free period of the whole year is 215 days, and the first day of freezing is on October 3, and the average day is on March 31.
(4) Human and historical situation: Trichosanthes kirilowii is a famous authentic Chinese herbal medicine in Shandong, which has the functions of clearing away heat and removing phlegm, widening the chest and dispersing stagnation, moistening dryness and smoothing intestines. Clinically, it is used to treat cough due to lung heat, chest obstruction and heartache, and the effect is excellent. The annual output and export volume of Trichosanthes kirilowii, especially Trichosanthes kirilowii, rank first in China. China Authentic Medicinal Materials, edited by Hu Shilin, contains: "Changqing, a fruit user, is one of the authentic herbs". "Shandong Authentic Medicinal Materials" contains: "Changqing has the largest output and the best quality." According to the records of the old county annals of Changqing, as early as before the Qing Dynasty, planting began in Mashanzhuangke and Jiaozhuang areas, with a history of more than 3 years. Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. is of excellent quality, and is well-known at home and abroad for its large size, thick and flexible skin, shrinkage and tendons, orange-red color, full sugar content and strong caramel flavor. The output of Trichosanthes kirilowii in Mashan is large. According to records, the highest annual output of Trichosanthes kirilowii in Shandong is 8, kg, and the output of Changqing is 46, kg, and the output of Mashan accounts for more than 2/3 of the total output of Changqing County.
there is a municipal forest park in Mashan, where the Trichosanthes kirilowii is located, with superior geographical location, good basic conditions and pleasant climate, and many natural and cultural landscapes and historical legends and stories. The park is mountainous, with towering cypresses, dense forests and pleasant scenery. Mashan, the main peak, is 512.3 meters above sea level. It was originally named after Mashan. From a distance, the mountain looks like a horse, with a cliff of 1 feet. The mountain is steep and steep, with places of interest such as "Ten Cave", "Five Springs", "One Cake" and "Five Characters". It is a famous mountain in Changqing, which is also called "Three Mountains" with Mount Tai and Wufeng Mountain. On the mountainside, there is a large plant slogan "Long live Chairman Mao" planted by millions of Platycladus orientalis. In August 21, the Shanghai headquarters of the World kiness Daquan was officially named "Plant slogan" The Best in China ".
Technical requirements for production
(1) Selection of producing area and special contents: Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. is selected with flat terrain, deep soil layer of more than 1m, loose and fertile texture, good ventilation and drainage, no sewage and flood danger, and underground water level below 2.m.
(2) Variety selection and specific requirements: Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. includes Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and Trichosanthes tanguticum Maxim., which has lost its economic cultivation value due to the scarcity of Trichosanthes tanguticum Maxim. At present, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. is selected as Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.
(3) Management of production process, including special use regulations for agricultural inputs: The production process of Trichosanthes kirilowii includes several production periods, such as land selection, propagation methods, vine leading and pruning, male plants and pollination, fertilizer application, water management and integrated pest control. Trichosanthes kirilowii likes warm and humid environment, which is cold-resistant and drought-resistant, so it is advisable to choose a place with more rainfall and convenient irrigation for cultivation. Trichosanthes kirilowii is a deep-rooted plant, so it is better to choose sandy loam with deep soil layer and fertile soil. It can also be planted in front of and behind the house, but it is not suitable for planting in saline-alkali land. Propagation method ① Seed propagation Select mature fruits, take out the seeds, soak the selected seeds in warm water at 4℃-5℃ for one night before and after Qingming Festival, take them out and let them cool slightly, mix them with wet sand, and put them at 2℃-3℃ to accelerate germination. When most seeds are cracked, dig holes with a depth of 5cm-6cm according to the hole spacing of 1.5m-2m, sow 4 -5 seeds in each hole, and cover the soil with 3cm-4cm: keep the soil moist and sprout in about 15 -2 days. (2) Root-splitting propagation In March-April, all tuberous roots and reed heads are dug out, and those with no pests and diseases, a diameter of 3cm-6cm and a white and fresh section are selected as seeds. Cut it into 7cm-1cm pieces. Pay attention to choose more roots of female plants and properly match some roots of male plants to facilitate pollination. Trenching is carried out according to the row spacing of 1.6m-2m, the width of the trench is 3cm, and the depth is 1cm. The seed roots are laid flat in the trench according to the plant spacing of 3cm, covered with soil for 4cm-5cm, and compacted, and the seedlings can grow in about one month. After the emergence of vines and pruning, 1 -2 strong buds are left as the main stem per plant, and the redundant buds and lateral buds at the base of the main stem are removed. When the main stem grows to 1.5m-2m, pick the core in time and leave 3 -4 lateral branches. Picking the core at bud stage to promote bud development and improve fruit setting rate; During the fruit expansion period, the lateral branches of fruit-bearing nodes and the long branches without fruit-bearing nodes are cut off. Male plants and pollinated male plants are planted on the side of the planting wheel, and the growth is controlled by pruning with multiple vines without fertilization, and the growth height is less than 2 m. Artificial pollination can be carried out at 6-8 am, and the method of flower matching is adopted, that is, the male flower is picked and placed on the female flower. Fertilizer application The management and use of fertilizer shall be carried out according to NY/T496. Application of base fertilizer: apply base fertilizer in the open planting hole half a month before planting. It is appropriate to apply 2kg of decomposed livestock manure, 2kg of decomposed cake manure, 5kg of phosphate fertilizer, 5kg-8kg of compound fertilizer and .5kg of boron fertilizer every 666.7m2. After application, soil is used to separate the fertilizer from the seed roots. Application of topdressing: Apply flower-promoting fertilizer skillfully in bud stage, and apply 4 kg compound fertilizer every 666.7m2; After flowering and fruit setting, it is advisable to apply swollen melon fertilizer in combination with the whole technique, and apply 5kg-1kg compound fertilizer and 5kg-1kg urea every 666.7m2. During the water management growth period, the pastoral soil is always moist, especially after fruit setting; In case of drought, water can be replenished in the form of horse racing water, and it is forbidden to water the head. Flood prevention should be done well after heavy rain, and the accumulated water should be drained in time. Anthracnose, Fusarium wilt, stem blight, virus disease and root-knot nematodiasis are the main pests, and aphids, yellow gourd, melon silk moth and Trichosanthes kirilowii are the main pests. Agricultural control methods mainly include: cleaning and cleaning Trichosanthes kirilowii Garden frequently, burning the residual branches, branches of diseases and insect pests, weeds and fallen leaves outside the garden to eliminate the source of diseases and insect pests. Deep ploughing of frozen soil in winter garden, shallow ploughing of soil in early spring, continuous intertillage and weeding, digging holes or furrowing for fertilization, and closed irrigation to kill the larvae and eclosion of Cucurbita moschata and Trichosanthes kirilowii, and reduce the population density. See the table below for chemical control methods.
main diseases and insect pests and their control methods
selection of pesticides for diseases and insect pests
spraying of zinc, bromoxynil and chlorothalonil for anthracnose
spraying of carbendazim and dixone for root irrigation
spraying of Tobuzin and Cuixi for Fusarium wilt, spraying of fenamiphos for root-knot nematodiasis and Mingyi Harvest Granule for soil treatment. One-time clean spraying
root watering with Loeb and Phoxim, spraying with abamectin from Trichosanthes kirilowii, spraying with Regent
spraying with abamectin from Trichosanthes kirilowii, chlorhexidine, Regent
(4) Provisions on product harvesting and post-harvest treatment: The fruit will begin to bear fruit 2 -3 years after Trichosanthes kirilowii planting. Then hang the fruit in a ventilated place to dry, which is the whole Trichosanthes kirilowii. Avoid direct sun exposure, or dig out the roots of the perennial Trichosanthes kirilowii and cut them into small pieces to dry, that is, Trichosanthes kirilowii.
Typical product quality characteristics and product safety regulations
(1) External sensory characteristics: Trichosanthes kirilowii is a perennial herb with tendrils on the stems, heart-shaped leaves, white flowers, dioecious, oval or nearly round fruits, dark green fruits at harvest, yellow skins after drying, and fresh fruits weigh 3-4g, with a few of them weighing about 5g; The consequences of air drying are about 15 grams, the seeds are oblong and brown, and the dried fruits are sweet, slightly bitter and astringent. Trichosanthes kirilowii root (Trichosanthes root), fruit (Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit), pericarp (Trichosanthes kirilowii bark) and seed (Trichosanthes kirilowii kernel) are all used for medicine, and have the functions of relieving fever, quenching thirst, diuresis, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm. Trichosanthes kirilowii preparation has certain curative effect on coronary heart disease and cardiodynia.
(2) Internal quality index: Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit contains triterpenoid saponins, organic acids, fatty oils, resins, sugars and pigments; Seeds contain fatty oil; Roots contain protein, saponins, acids and so on.
packaging marks and other relevant regulations
packaging marks: in line with the provisions and requirements of the Manual for the Design and Use of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products, the users of the marks should uniformly mark the geographical indications of "Trichosanthes kirilowii" agricultural products and the combined patterns of the symbols.
the sign is obvious, and the product, product name, grade and weight (gross weight and net weight) shall be clearly marked, and the name or code of the inspector shall be indicated.
during transportation, pay attention to prevent rain. It is forbidden to use warehouses and carriages contaminated with residual poison, and it is not allowed to mix them with toxic substances and store them in ventilated and dry rooms.