Song Dynasty is the most prosperous and prosperous dynasty in China, with the most prosperous national culture, the most scientific and technological innovations, the healthiest population base growth, the highest crop output per unit area and the highest people's living standards. If you don't believe me, I will introduce you to a dreamlike Song Dynasty, so let's dream back to the Song Dynasty together: 1. The economically developed Fu Song has long been a historical conclusion, and other dynasties "suppressed business" but only the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuang-yin, the great ancestor of the foreign Song Dynasty, said, "Accumulate a lot of money, leaving children and grandchildren to sing and dance in order to enjoy life." After Bo Min became rich, Song Taizong also called it "The skill of making two systems discuss politics and prosperity." When Shenzong was in power, "managing money first" made all the people "manage money first." This is a very important premise to ensure economic development. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, officials studied the way of managing money and seeking wealth, and the Song Dynasty adjusted the emphasis in previous legislation. The traditional practice of light civil law specially studied and implemented monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law and tea law, and the Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of ancient economic legislation in China. Moreover, the economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic actors and conformed to the laws and regulations of commodity economy. These correct policy orientations made the commercial tide flourish, commerce developed rapidly, and handicrafts developed rapidly, which made the Song Dynasty the earliest paper money (jiaozi) bank in the world. This is unique! Even banks can borrow money to pay in different places. Even in modern times, it is a very advanced economic management system. Geographically speaking, the development of Song Dynasty is not limited to old-fashioned areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, but even the social, economic and cultural development of mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas is greater than that of Tang Dynasty. This is also surprising. From the perspective of handicrafts, pits, mines, tea, salt, shipbuilding, sugar, textile and porcelain are all more advanced than those of Tang Dynasty. In addition to the increase in output, the technical improvement is also very obvious. For example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock sugar), the excellent excavation of Song porcelain and so on all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology, and the rise of commerce and handicrafts has liberated a large number of farmers who have been captured in the land and put them into commercial handicrafts. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron and coal deposits have been mined, and the earliest manufacturing factories in the world have appeared all over the country Factories such as shipyards, paper mills, printing factories, weaving factories, firearms factories and official kilns all over the country can be seen that the prosperity of handicrafts at that time was unprecedented! As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China had learned how to make steel by burning coal. The large handicraft industry employed hundreds of full-time industrial workers, while the two military industries of the government employed 8, workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! In 178, for example, the annual output of the steel industry in North China reached 1.25 million tons, while in 1788, at the beginning of the industrial revolution, the annual output of Britain was only 76, tons. In addition, the mining, metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation industry was also highly developed, and the Song Dynasty was worthy of being the "high-tech" home before the modern world, and it was the overlord of handicrafts in the world at that time! From the commercial point of view, cities in the Tang Dynasty tend to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tend to be industrialized. The trade areas in the Tang Dynasty are strictly controlled by officials, and the Song Dynasty is more free. Due to the further development of commodity economy, the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas gradually disappears. Some of these "new" cities in the Song Dynasty have developed to a very large scale, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, with a population of one million. Even in the late Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was "Baghdad", and its population was only between 3, and 5,. Hundreds of years later, Arabian traveler Ibn Betuta called Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The population engaged in industry and commerce has gradually increased, the output has increased, and the investment capital has expanded greatly. Therefore, it is not only agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture, and there have been advertisements for copper plate printing in its commercial operation, which is more than 3 years earlier than that of western capitalism. For Su Dongpo, a bachelor, he once wrote an advertising poem for an old woman who cooked oil and made it prosperous. What is more interesting is that the Song Dynasty also. The emergence of "tabloids" similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademarks in history are of great significance, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in the Song Dynasty. In addition, the famous scholar Shen Kuo wrote < On the velocity of money circulation >: It has also reached the level of modern monetary theory. The prosperous commercial wave in the Song Dynasty is also the mother of the earliest capitalist bud in the world, and the rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty has created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. 2. The pursuit of the rich spirit of cultural splendor and material life has become more and more urgent, so the Song Dynasty has a strong cultural need at the same time as economic development, and the aesthetic taste of national leisure life has contributed to the high cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty. Acrobatics, operas, folk music, novels, calligraphy and architecture all developed at a high speed in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in the Song Dynasty. Everyone is familiar with them, such as Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Kou Zhun Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu Xi and Li Qingzhao. Even now, these scholars are still in their prime, and their luster remains undiminished. Among the eight most famous Tang and Song families in ancient and modern times, China and abroad, the Song Dynasty accounted for as many as six, Calligraphers are even more numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the "great traitor", can learn a wonderful pen and dance well. If he is a decent man, he must be a calligrapher and writer, not to mention Yue Fei and other heroes who are bold and resourceful! Because of the blooming of culture, the two Song Dynasties were divided into the north and the south: there were four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Mao, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism), and there were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi and Zhang Wei, who wiped Lv Zuqian. It was precisely because of the vigorous development of Song Wenhua that the Song Dynasty completed the "Confucian revival" and produced new Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) The traditional "Confucian Classics" entered a new stage of "Song Studies", which also promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. "Ci" rose in the late Tang Dynasty and reached its peak through the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. Therefore, there are Tang poetry and Song poetry, and Yuan Qu, etc. It is said that visible ci is one of the representatives of the Song Dynasty culture. It is necessary to have an understanding of its ci before studying the Song Dynasty culture, and the most representative is Su Shi's "When is the Bright Moon", which is almost unknown. That is, ordinary children can sing two words, which make people feel elegant and floating, and make people feel like they are in a fairyland and lonely in the world, and those who are sad everywhere can be described as the pinnacle, which brings the advantages of Shuidiao's epigraph to the extreme! "Jiang Chengzi? Hunting in Mizhou is also written by him, and other poets have also made great achievements. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao are indispensable. Women are good at writing and have reached such a level. Since ancient times, Li Qingzhao is the only one in the Song Dynasty. If I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not be able to say it all in one day, but I will just count the nine Niu Yi hairs of Song Ci culture. As far as Song Ci is concerned, the whole book is * * *. Kong Fanli's Supplement to the Poems of the Whole Song Dynasty, which received more than 1,3 poems by more than 2, poets, added more than 1 poets to write more than 4 poems on the original basis, which fully reflected the status of Ci culture in the Song Dynasty and the fact that Ci was worthy of being the representative of Song culture and showed Song Wenhua's cheerful vitality! "Poetry" is the essence of China's ancient literature. In the Song Dynasty, the interpretation of "poetry" was raised to a new level, a more popular and universal level, and a more free metrical level. Although the Song Dynasty was the heyday of "Ci", it was also a country of "poetry". No matter in primary schools, middle schools, universities or even graduate students, the poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties were the most contacted, and they were the continuation, development and breakthrough of the poems of the Song Dynasty. The types and forms of richer poems reached an unprecedented number in the Song Dynasty. As far as I know, Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9, authors, four times as many as the Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty! As far as the number of individual poems is concerned, the individual with the most poems was born in the Song Dynasty. Let's always remember the name of this person who cares about the country and the people. He is Lu You. Do you still remember the great poet's dying wish for national rejuvenation? Do you remember his last words? If you forget, then listen! What a simple language "Julian Waghann Beiding Central Plains Japanese Family Festival without forgetting to tell it to Weng". I didn't see Zionism before my death. I will also hear this news after my death ... My children, don't forget to tell your father this news when you worship the sacrifice ... Let me die in my grave ... I closed my eyes and shed tears for some reason. And in tears, not only for the sadness hidden in the "poetry", but also for Qian Qian's millions of patriots like Lu You, and even more for the final fate of the Song Dynasty! (Ha-ha, the keyboard is wet. Let's take a rest. Let's cheer up and continue to write.) The poems of Tang and Song Dynasties are a huge treasure house, which is inexhaustible. The poems contain countless wealth of knowledge, but we have little knowledge and development of this treasure house. Can we not regret it? There are so many potential resources waiting for us to develop. Why are we not tempted? Before I talked about the calligraphy of the four great calligraphers, I didn't say much about the achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty, which painters emerged in the Song Dynasty? The most famous painters are Zhao Ji, Fan Kuan, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Guo Xi, Li Tang, Zhang Zeduan and other famous artists < Riverside Scene on Qingming Festival > It is from Zhang Zeduan's hand that the non-Song landscape painting that best represents the highest artistic achievement of Chinese painting in the history of China is sometimes broad and sometimes ethereal, and the artistic conception is as flowing as clouds. In the Song Dynasty, landscape painters can be described as talented people with their own strengths. For example, painters in the Northern Song Dynasty have Fan Kuan (who is good at mountains and snow scenes), Xu Daoning (who is good at trees and wild waters) and Guo Xi (who is good at depicting the subtle changes in the four seasons) Li Cheng (known as Selin Pingyuan), Hui Chong Zhao Linglong (known as lyrical small scenes), Mi Fei Mi Youren and his son (also known as Yunshan Ink Opera) have rich contents that cannot be exhausted in words, while Xia Gui Mayuan and Li Tang's poetic landscapes in the Southern Song Dynasty reflect the continuous change and development of landscape painting art. They and Liu Songnian * * * Known as the four unknown or reclusive folk painters in the Southern Song Dynasty, there are also a dime a dozen, which shows that calligraphy and painting in the Song Dynasty have also reached the peak of artistic creation. In addition, the rise of Huaben in the Song Dynasty has also opened up a new era in the history of Chinese literature. It can be said that it has created a precedent for vernacular novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and civilian culture has also flourished, such as shadow play, burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, talking and so on, and the economic leap has developed material life. The prostitutes in the Song Dynasty were clearly divided into four categories: commercial prostitutes, geisha, vocal prostitutes and official prostitutes. Of course, most of them did not sell themselves but only entertained, and quite a few of them were proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy, painting and poetry. Some prostitutes could even set up their own families, that is, the current folk artists. Among these four types of geisha, the most talented and beautiful official prostitutes were natural official prostitutes. The status of Song Dynasty is also very high. All tea cultures were also very tasteful according to personal preferences. It is not so much a poor quality drink as a poor quality drink. Even the tea cups are divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, green glaze and blue white glaze. It can be seen that the Song Dynasty people also enjoyed it in a superior way. There was also a wind of fighting tea in the Song Dynasty. There were various petal teas popular among the people, and Huizong, the monarch, also introduced the tea culture in the "Daguan Tea Theory". It can be said that the tea culture in the Song Dynasty was ancient China. The comprehensive embodiment of elite culture and popular culture is the culture of elegance and vulgarity * * * Because Huizong loves the jade carving art with superior effect, it has made great progress. At the same time, wood carving, bamboo carving, lacquer carving, inscription, seal, bronze ware, gold and silver ware, tooth horn, brush, ink, paper and inkstone, etc. all of these show the superb and profound culture and art of Song Dynasty! The Song Dynasty also created the "Song Zi" which is now used, which shows that it has a far-reaching influence on the characters. The history circle in the Song Dynasty has also undergone earth-shaking changes, and the genre of history in the Song Dynasty has diversified, and epigraphy (similar to archaeology) has emerged. Historiography works are also extremely rich, and famous historians have reached the peak of the development of ancient historiography in China in large numbers. The earliest dictionary Shuo Wen Jie Zi in China has long been lost since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was also re-edited by Xu Xuan's brothers in the Song Dynasty. Scholars believe that before the establishment of the new China, China culture had three major climaxes: a hundred schools of thought contended in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; a cultural revival in the second Song Dynasty; a "four movements"; and a new cultural movement, Chen Yinque, once said, "The Chinese nation". These comments are worthy of attention. Historian Toynbee (Britain) once said, "If I had to choose the Song Dynasty that I would like to live in China". Mr. Yu Qiuyu also said, "The dynasty I most yearn for is the Song Dynasty!" Even Deng Guangming once said that "the height of material civilization and spiritual civilization in the Song Dynasty can be said to be unprecedented in the whole feudal social and historical period!" Yes, the Song Dynasty culture has attracted countless scholars, and it is indeed unprecedented in the whole feudal social and historical period!