Enterprise: generally speaking, it refers to a social and economic organization with legal person status, which aims at making profits and uses various factors of production (land, labor, capital, technology and entrepreneurial talents, etc.). ) to provide goods or services to the market, the implementation of independent management, self financing, independent accounting. According to Chinese laws, companies refer to limited liability companies and joint-stock limited liability companies, which have all the attributes of enterprises. \ x0d \ x0d \ 2。 Management: refers to the symmetry between people, human factors and material factors in the economic process, the rational and orderly macroeconomic and microeconomic structure, and the win-win cooperation between bosses and shareholders, investors and managers, bosses and employees, leaders and the masses, superiors and subordinates, partners, team members, enterprises and customers, which is \ x0d \ x0d \ 3. Efficiency of management: It is a scientific method to study management status by using input-output analysis tools \ x0d \ x0d \ 4. Effectiveness of management: it is a management process that can achieve organizational target performance \ x0d \ x0d \ 5. Management by objectives: goal-oriented, people-centered and results-based. Management by objectives is also called "results management", commonly known as responsibility system. It refers to a management method that determines work objectives from top to bottom with the active participation of individual employees, and implements "self-control" in the work to ensure that the objectives are achieved from bottom to top. \x0d\\x0d\6。 Enterprise management: refers to a series of functions such as organizing, planning, directing, supervising and regulating the production and business activities of enterprises. As the soul of an enterprise, it is the most important thing for the enterprise owner, CEO and senior management team to have a considerable level of organizational leadership and management ability. Financial management is one of the important contents of enterprise management. \x0d\\x0d\7。 Matrix organizational structure: Based on the vertical organizational system of linear functions, a horizontal leadership system is added, which consists of functional departments and project teams set up to complete a temporary task, thus realizing the organizational structure of both business divisions and functional organizations. Matrix organizational structure can also be called non-long-term fixed organizational structure. \x0d\\x0d\8。 Enterprise strategy: the general name of various strategies of an enterprise, including not only competition strategy, but also marketing strategy, development strategy, brand strategy, financing strategy, technology development strategy, talent development strategy and resource development strategy. Enterprise strategy is endless, for example, informatization is a brand-new strategy. Although there are many kinds of enterprise strategies, their basic attributes are the same. They are all strategies aimed at enterprises, and they are all strategies aimed at the integrity, long-term and basic problems of enterprises. For example, enterprise competition strategy is a strategy aimed at enterprise competition, which is aimed at the integrity, long-term and basic problems of enterprise competition; Enterprise marketing strategy is a strategy aimed at enterprise marketing, which is aimed at the integrity, long-term and basic problems of enterprise marketing; Enterprise technology development strategy is the strategy of enterprise technology development, which is aimed at the integrity, long-term and basic problems of enterprise technology development; Enterprise talent strategy is the strategy of enterprise talent development, which is aimed at the integrity, long-term and basic problems of enterprise talent development. Wait, it's all the same. There are similarities and differences in various enterprise strategies, the same is the basic attribute, and the difference is the level and angle of planning problems. In short, no matter what kind of strategy, as long as it involves the integrity, long-term and basic problems of the enterprise, it belongs to the category of enterprise strategy. \x0d\\x0d\9。 Substitution: refers to the competitive sales relationship between two products, that is, the increase in sales of one product will reduce the potential sales of the other product, and vice versa (such as beef and pork). Substitutes and complementary products are contradictory concepts. Substitutes can also be judged according to the sign of cross elastic coefficient. Obviously, when the cross elasticity coefficient is positive, that is, the increase in the price of one product (the decrease in sales volume) will cause the increase in the demand of another product, then these two products are substitutes. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 10。 Competitive advantage: it is a trait. Only those with great or strong competitiveness have advantages, then this advantage is unique, otherwise it is impossible to have greater or stronger competitiveness. Generally speaking, as long as competitors have certain characteristics in some aspects, they have certain competitive advantages. Therefore, it can also be said that competitiveness is a comprehensive ability, and competitive advantage is only a unique performance in some aspects. \x0d\\x0d\ 1 1。 Human resources: refers to the sum of the working-age population, the population below working age and the population above working age who have the ability to work in a country or region. Or expressed as: the population of a country or region after deducting the population who have lost the ability to work. Human resources also refer to the education, ability, skills, experience and physical strength that people in an organization have in a certain period that can be used by enterprises and contribute to value creation. \ x0d \ x0d \ 12。 Development and management of human resources: refers to the investigation, analysis, planning and adjustment of human resources by an enterprise or an organization group on the basis of the existing human resources of the organization group, in order to improve the existing human resources management level of the organization or group, make the human resources management more efficient and create more opportunities for the organization (institution). HRD:HRD is the abbreviation of Human Resource Development, and it is a management strategy and activity to improve the quality of human resources in an organization. \ x0d \ x0d \ 13。 Human resource planning is a systematic strategic project, including promotion planning, supplementary planning, training and development planning, personnel deployment planning, salary planning, etc. , which basically covers all aspects of human resource management. \x0d\ \x0d\ 14。 Job evaluation: it is a technique to systematically determine the position of each job in the internal salary structure of the unit. It is based on the evaluation results of the relative importance of post tasks in the whole work, based on the systematic analysis and comparison of the requirements of workers in specific positions under normal circumstances, regardless of individual work ability or performance at work. \ x0d \ x0d \ 15。 Performance appraisal is a link in enterprise performance management. Common performance appraisal methods include BSC, KPI and 360-degree appraisal. The design and implementation of performance appraisal, as an important requirement for managers' human resource management ability, has been incorporated into mainstream enterprise management courses. \ x0d \ x0d \ 16。 Labor quota: refers to the standard of the amount of labor (usually expressed in labor or working hours) that should be consumed to produce a unit product or complete a certain amount of work under certain production technical conditions, or the standard of producing a product or completing a certain amount of work in a unit time. \ x0d \ x0d \ 17。 Time value of money: refers to the appreciation of money over time, also known as the time value of funds. \ x0d \ x0d \ 19。 Financial risk is a realistic problem that enterprises must face in the process of financial management. Financial risks exist objectively, and enterprise managers can only take effective measures to reduce risks, but can't completely eliminate them. By analyzing the types of enterprise financial risks, this paper finds out the specific reasons of different financial risks and tries to explore effective methods to solve various financial risks. \x0d\\x0d\20。 Information management: The so-called information management refers to the information that people collect, process, input and output in the whole management process. The process of information management includes information collection, information transmission, information processing and information storage. \x0d\ Information collection is the acquisition of original information. Information transmission is the transmission of information in time and space, because information can only play a role if it is sent to the people in need in time and accurately. Information processing includes the conversion of information form and the processing of information content. The form transformation of information refers to the accurate transmission of information to the recipient by changing the carrier in the process of information transmission The content processing of information refers to the processing and arrangement of original information and the in-depth disclosure of information content. After the information content is processed, the input information can be turned into needed information and used effectively in time. When the information is sent to users, some of it is useless when it is not used, and some of it needs to be kept for reference and retention after work. This is information storage. \x0d\ \x0d\2 1。 Information: Information is a resource of an organization. It is generally believed that information is information with new content and new knowledge (such as letters, intelligence, instructions, etc.). ) Information and data are both related and different. Data is a record of the situation, including not only numerical data, but also non-numerical data, such as sound, various special symbol images, tables, words and so on. Information is processed and valuable data for the management decision-making and management purposes of an organization. \x0d\\x0d\22。 Marketing: Also known as marketing, marketing or marketing, classic business management courses such as MBA, EMBA and CEO's required reading 12 all regard marketing as an important module to educate managers. Marketing refers to the process in which individuals or collectives get what they need by trading their own products or values, so as to achieve win-win or win-win results. It contains two meanings: one is verb understanding, which refers to the specific activities or behaviors of enterprises, which is called marketing or market operation at this time; The other is noun understanding, which refers to the study of enterprise marketing activities or behaviors, and is called marketing, marketing or marketing. \x0d\\x0d\23。 Target market: target market refers to the optimal selection process of market direction aimed by the "vector" of enterprise marketing activities in several "sub-markets" after market segmentation. For example, at this stage, the demand for cameras by urban and rural residents in China can be divided into three different consumer groups: high-end, mid-range and ordinary. According to the survey, 33% of consumers need ordinary cameras with good quality and low price, 52% need mid-range cameras with reliable quality and moderate price, and 16% need beautiful, lightweight, durable and high-grade automatic or multi-lens cameras. Most domestic camera manufacturers aim at the production and sales of mid-range and ordinary cameras, so there is an oversupply in the market, while high-end cameras in large and medium-sized shopping malls are mostly imported at high prices. If a camera manufacturer chooses 16% as the consumption target and gives priority to the introduction of new advanced cameras with high quality and reasonable price, it will be welcomed by these consumers, thus rapidly increasing the market share. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 24。 Brand: Brand is an identification sign, a spiritual symbol, a value concept and the core embodiment of excellent quality. The process of cultivating and creating brands is also a process of continuous innovation. Only with the power of innovation can we be in an invincible position in the fierce competition, and then consolidate the original brand assets and participate in the competition at multiple levels, angles and fields. \x0d\ brand refers to the company's name, trademarks of products or services, and other intangible assets that can be distinguished from competitors' signs and advertisements, which constitute the company's unique market image. \x0d\\x0d\25。 Marketing channel: philip kotler, an American marketing authority, said: "Marketing channel refers to all enterprises or individuals that obtain or help to transfer the ownership of a commodity or service when it is transferred from the producer to the consumer." Simply put, marketing channel is a specific channel or path in the process of goods and services transferring from producers to consumers. \x0d\\x0d\26。 Production: Production refers to the activities and processes that human beings engage in creating social wealth, including the creation of material wealth, spiritual wealth and human fertility. Also known as social production. In a narrow sense, production only refers to the activities and processes of creating material wealth. Material production, spiritual production and human production are interrelated and mutually restricted. \x0d\\x0d\27。 Logistics: It is a process that organically combines the functions of transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, distribution processing, distribution and information processing to meet the requirements of users during the physical flow of goods from suppliers to receivers. \x0d\\x0d\28。 Supply chain management: refers to the optimization of supply chain operation, so that all the processes of supply chain from procurement to meeting end customers and management education such as EMBA include enterprise supply chain management with the least cost.