before the fire was born, the ancestors could only live a primitive and animal-like life. The so-called "eating plants and animals,
the meat of birds and animals, drinking their blood, like their hair." For example, Han Feizi said, "People eat fruit clams, which are stinky and harmful to their stomachs < P >, leading to many diseases." After the birth of fire, it was only after the birth of fire that "guns became familiar, which made people have no abdominal diseases and were different from animals." Inventor of
fire, China's consistent legend is that the man who tried to make a fire by drilling for it. Archaeologists preliminarily speculated from the stone tools used by Peking man in Zhoukoudian that Chinese man began to use fire consciously, about 5, years ago.
There are three emperors and five emperors in the history of China, and there are at least four ways to call san huang. One way is Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi (Shiben and Imperial Century); There is a saying that Fuxi, Nu-Misfortune and Shennong (san huang Ji, < P > Custom Tong); One view is that Fuxifei, Shennong and Zhu Rong (White Tiger Tong); There is another saying, that is,
Fuxi, Shennong and Suiren (White Tiger Tong). Suiren is definitely after Fuxi and Shennong. Because according to China folk legend < P >, since Fuxi, the King of the Great Court has the world; After Fuxi, Bai Huang, Zhong Zhong, Li Lu, Li Lian < P >, Xushi He, Zunjie, Zhu Rong, Chaos, Hao Ying, You Chao, Ge Tianshi, Yin Kang, Zhu Xiang, < P > Wu Huai and Sui Ren all attacked.
corpse: "when you look up at the stars, you think it's fire when you look down at five trees." According to the theory of yin and yang and five elements, fire is born in wood, so people use wood to make fire. "History of the Road" says that embarrassing people are observing the dry elephant, observing the heart and getting out of the fire, and making embarrassment. "Chen Xin" is called "Xin Su" according to ancient people, that is, "Big Mars". The so-called "five-wood" refers to five kinds of wood that were thought to be suitable for fire < P >. That is, "Yu; Liu Qing, so spring takes it; Jujube: apricot is red, so it is taken in summer; Sang: Zhehuang, so The Last Month Of Summer took it; Tussah
: (wood chieftain) is white, so it is taken in autumn; Sophora japonica; Tan black, so take it in winter. "
after a man made a flint, his wood-drilling tool was called flint, and later generations invented using metal to make fire from the sun, so there were
two kinds of flint: wood flint and yang flint. "Huainanzi" notes: "When Yang Sui sees the sun, it burns into a fire. Yang Xiang, Jin Ye. The sun is
three or four feet high. If you hold on to the sun, it will dry up the inch of Ai Cheng, and if you blow it, you will get a fire. " Notes on Ancient and Modern Times: "Yangsui is made of copper < P >, which is shaped like a mirror. If you look at things, you will see the scenery fall and make a fire to the sun."
before the Han dynasty, it was called "open fire" to use yang Xiang to make fire, and "national fire" to use wood Xiang to make fire. According to
in Zhou Li, "Great Wishes" and "Great Sikou", Yang Xiang is taken from the sun and is close to the sky, so it is used in divination and sacrifice. Wood
is taken from wumu and is close to people, so it is used for cooking. After the Han Dynasty, when metal collided with stone, it could also be rubbed to get fire. In < P > case, a simple iron sheet could become a yang sui. When people go out, they usually wear Yang Xiang and Mu Xiang around their waists, so as to < P > light a fire at any time. In addition, there is tinder made of moxa and saltwater. When sparks fall on the tinder and burn by friction, the fire is ignited by "lighting candles". The so-called "hair candle" is a small piece made of peeled hemp straw, which is five or six inches long and flows sulfur at the first < P >, and burns when it meets fire.
when there is a fire, there is a stove. The person who created the stove is called Emperor Yan, and Huainanzi: "Emperor Yan died in fire as a stove < P >." Note: "Yandi Shennong ruled the world with fire and died in the kitchen god." One is the yellow emperor: the beginning of the continuation: "the stove
was set by the yellow emperor." So "Things will be the original" said: "The Yellow Emperor cooks and dies as a kitchen god." And Vulcan, according to the general
method is Zhu Rong. "Huai Nan Zi Shi Ze" notes: "Ng Wui, Zhu Rong, is the fire of Gao Xin, and death is the Vulcan, holding the stove.
"Historical Records of the Chu Family": "Dong Li lived in the fire for Di Ku Gaoxin, and made great contributions. He was able to melt into the world, and Di Ku said," I wish
melting. " "The Book of Rites Moon Order": "The moon in Meng Xia, its emperor Yan Di, its god Zhu Rong, its sacrificial stove, sacrifices to the teacher."
The original shape of the stove was digging holes in the ground. Today, the stove excavated from Banpo site in Xi 'an is a double-connected stove, that is, two fire pits are dug on the surface, which are separated on the surface, while the two pits are connected underground. One pit is the place where firewood enters, and the other pit is the place where people leave. The hole where the two pits are connected is the stove door. Banpo in Xi 'an has a history of six or seven thousand years, and its inventor should be Emperor Yan rather than Yellow Emperor. It is estimated that the time when the Yellow Emperor was in power was about 4,6 years ago. Emperor Yan passed on the seventieth generation before the Yellow Emperor < P >, which is about six or six thousand years ago. By the Warring States period, the cooking stove had been made perfectly. "Zeng Lianzi" notes: "One stove has five protrusions (protrusions: chimneys), and there are many people who divide cigarettes, and cooking is ten times."
When cooking with fire, the ancients immediately noticed the importance of heat for cooking. In ancient Chinese, it is the first time to talk about the importance of cooking time for cooking
, which is Lu's Chunqiu Benwei Pian. Among them, Yi Yin told Shang Tang: "Water is the most < P > beginning of all flavors. Five flavors and three materials, nine boiling and nine changes, fire is the discipline. When you are sick, you will be slow. If you want to get rid of fishy smell, smell and smell, you will win with it, and you will not lose your reason. < P >. The reconciliation must be sweet, sour, bitter, pungent and salty. How many, how little, all have their own changes,
subtle and subtle, eloquent, ambitious and metaphorical. If you shoot the slightest, the transformation of yin and yang, the number of four seasons. Put it for a long time without harm, ripe < P > without rot, sweet without taste, sour without cool, successful without reduction, pungent without strong, light without thin, fat without moon. "
The general idea of this passage translated into the vernacular is: Water is the first thing in all tastes. Cooking is based on the five flavors of sweet, sour, bitter, spicy and salty and the three ingredients of Shui Mu fire. There will be nine kinds of changes when the pot boils nine times, which depends on fire to explore and adjust. Sometimes strong fire is used,
sometimes slow fire is used to remove fishy smell, foul smell and unpleasant smell. The key is to master the heat. Only by mastering the law of using fire can we turn bad smell into fragrance. Seasoning must use the five flavors of sweet, sour, bitter, bitter and salty, but the combination of them is very subtle < P >. The changes in the tripod are subtle and subtle, which is indescribable, and it is difficult to say clearly even if you know it. Just like shooting an arrow on a horse, you should practice your cooking skills to be handy. Such as the natural combination of Yin and Yang, such as the natural change of four seasons, the skill of cooking
can only be cooked for a long time without being defeated, cooked without being rotten, sweet without being strong, sour without being astringent, pungent without being stimulated, light without being tasteless, and fat without being greasy.
later, Yuan Mei devoted a section on the duration of cooking in the menu with the garden. He believes that when cooking food, turning off the
key is to master the heat. Stir-frying must use strong fire, and if the firepower is insufficient, the fried things will be weak; You must use a fire with a temperature of < P > for stewing. If the fire is fierce, the stewed food will dry up. If you want to collect soup, you should use strong fire first, then warm fire. If the heart
is in a hurry and keeps burning vigorously, the food will be burnt outside and cooked inside. He believes that kidneys and eggs are more tender when cooked; Fresh fish
, clams and the like will not be tender if they are cooked a little more. When the pork is cooked, it should be taken out of the pot. In this way, the color is ruddy, and it will < P > turn black later. If the fish is cooked late, the live meat will die. When cooking, the more times you open the lid, the more fragrant the dish will be. If the fire is put out and then burned, the food will lose its oil and taste. Yuan Mei said, it is rumored that Taoist priests have to go through
nine cycles before they can be refined into the true elixir, while Confucianism takes it as the standard that they should not overdo it and try their best to get home. Chefs should correctly handle the cooking and handle it carefully, so as to basically master cooking. The fish cooked by a chef who has mastered cooking should be as white as jade when eaten, and the meat is coagulated but not scattered. This kind of meat is live. If the color is as white as powder and loose but not sticky, it is dead meat.
The ancients believed that fire was divided into new fire and old fire. The charcoal fire, bamboo fire, grass fire
and hemp gai fire (hemp Gai fire: fire burning with hemp roots) used for cooking meat with warm wine had different smells. In the Qing Dynasty's
Dingji Fire, Cooking
old duck and meat can make it extremely rotten, and it can cure all poisons. Dirty wood is not suitable for food. Rice Spike Fire: When cooking and eating, people are fascinated by < P > the five internal organs. Wheat ear fire: cooking and eating, quenching thirst and moistening throat, and facilitating urination. Loose firewood: cooking, strengthening bones and muscles, not cooking tea
. Oak firewood: cook pork and eat it, without moving the wind, and cook chicken, duck, goose, fishy smell and other things rotten. Mao firewood: the cook's diet, the master will solve the poison tomorrow. Reed fire and bamboo fire: all tonics should be decocted. Charcoal fire: it is advisable to fry tea, which is delicious but not turbid. Bran fire: cooking rice bran with fire < P >, supporting the ground stove, can support two pots, which are used more by southerners, and the cost is half less than firewood. When I cherish spring, there are people and insects in the chaff, which will hurt my life.
"
However, Jia Ming, a Yuan Dynasty man, told me in" Dietary Instructions ":"It is better to use Yangsui fire beads to get the real fire from the sun, and secondly,
stick a drill on a locust tree to get the fire. " He thinks, "It is
not available to strike a stone with gold (that is, to strike a flint with iron to make a fire) or to drill a fire of eight trees. Eight-wood sufferers: pine is difficult to heal (epidemic disease, which means that it is difficult to heal with pine fire), cypress fire hurts the mind
sweating, mulberry fire hurts the muscles, zhe fire hurts the qi, jujube fire hurts the blood, orange fire hurts the channels and collaterals, elm fire hurts the bones, and bamboo
fire hurts the tendons and eyes.
Gu Yanwu also opposes using flint to make fire, thinking that using flint to make fire will affect life. However, he believes that we should take the fire of wood according to the change of four seasons and five elements < P >. He said: "people must take wood with fire, and there are four seasons and five elements." "su Wen" Huang diyan said: strong
fire diffuses gas, less fire is angry. Zhou Li: Ji Chun's fire is more valuable than his new one, which means less fire. Today, everything is taken from the stone. < P > It is violent and unsuitable for people. There are many diseases and phlegm, and the years of life have been reduced. "
the ancients called fire "the essence of yang". Records of the Last Five Elements: "Fire is the essence of yang, and fire inflammation." River map
Bianguang chapter: "Yang essence is scattered and distributed as fire." The ancients called man one of the five elements, thinking that he was full of spirit but without quality, and that he could < P > kill everything, with infinite wonder. The ancients believed that there were two unique fires in the five elements, and all others were only one. The so-called two means
that fire can be divided into yin fire and yang fire. The ancients divided fire into three types: sky fire, earth fire and human fire. They thought that there were four kinds of sky fire, five kinds of earth fire and three kinds of human fire. There are two fires in the sun; Sun, true fire; Star Genie, Fei Huo. There are two kinds of yin fire in the sky: dragon fire (
called fire in Longkou) and thunder fire. There are three yang fires in the earth; The fire of drilling wood, the fire of hitting stone, and the fire of ending gold. There are two kinds of yin fires in the earth: oil fire (the ancients said that oil would naturally catch fire when stored in a certain amount) and water fire (the ancients called rivers and lakes and rivers and seas, and there was fire at night). There is one yang fire of human beings, the fire of Bing Ding Jun (that is, the so-called fire of the heart and small intestine), and two yin fires of human beings, the fire of life
and the fire of three flavors (pure yang, dry fire). Total ***
Yang
fire six, Yin fire six, * * * twelve.
China's tools for making fire have always been very backward. For quite a long time, the original "hair candle" was used until
Tang and Song Dynasties, and a more exquisite "hair candle" made of pine was developed. A series of talks on entrusted alleys: "Hangzhou people cut pine into small pieces,
which are as thin as paper and coated with sulfur, which is called' sending candles'." After the Song Dynasty, it was also called "fire inch". "Qing Yi Lu Appliance
": "There is an emergency in the night, and it is difficult to slow down the lights. A wise man approved the loose strips, dyed them with sulfur and set them aside for use. When you meet with fire, you will get a flame
that is, the spirit; Call' fire slave'. Nowadays, there are borrowers who have changed their names to "Fire Inch".
It is said that there was a workshop specializing in making "Fire Inch" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Therefore, the Japanese called matches "phosphorus inches" early.
It is said that the inventor of matches is Swedish. In 1833, they began to use yellow phosphorus as friction matches. However, yellow phosphorus is highly toxic < P >, and it is prone to spontaneous combustion and unsafe. In 1855, Rentas Tome invented the use of red phosphorus instead of yellow phosphorus, and from then on, there were the first batch of safety matches in the world. Matches have been in China since 188, when Richard, an Englishman, opened the first match camp in Shanghai. In 189, the Swedes opened China's first match factory "Swiss Merchants" in Shanghai. The trademark of the first match made in China bears a bust of Cixi. It is said that the first match made in China coincided with Cixi's 6th birthday. Because matches < P > are imported from abroad, people in China call them "matches".