Harbin is the capital of Heilongjiang Province, the People's Republic of China, the political, economic, transportation and cultural center in the northeast of China, and the largest megacity with the second largest population in China Province. The total land area of the city is 53,68 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 7,86 square kilometers, the built-up area is 32.41 square kilometers, and the urban population is 4.755 million, with a total population of 9.874 million and 48 ethnic groups, including 66, ethnic minorities.
Harbin, an exotic this beautiful city, is a famous historical and cultural city and tourist city in China because of its special historical process and geographical location. It not only gathers the history and culture of northern minorities, but also blends Chinese and foreign cultures. It is known as the "Ice City", "Pearl under the Swan", "Oriental Moscow" and "Little Paris in the East". Harbin was selected as one of the top 2 charming cities with China characteristics in 26. Harbin is the only city to bid for the Winter Olympics on behalf of China!
Harbin is located in the center of the Northeast Asian economic circle, and it is the largest central city along the border of China. Since 199, the China Harbin Economic and Trade Fair has been held for 15 consecutive sessions, which has become an important bridge and window for Harbin to carry out trade and economic and technological cooperation with all countries in the world, especially Russia and other CIS countries and countries in Eastern Europe, and is moving towards an international exposition.
The flowers in Harbin are lilacs, so it is also nicknamed "Lilac City".
The landmark buildings in Harbin are Long Ta and Flood Control Memorial Tower.
the postal code of Harbin is 15; Telephone area code: 451; Area code: 231.
geographical overview
Harbin is located between 125 42 ′ ~ 13 1 ′ east longitude and 44 4 ′ ~ 46 4 ′ north latitude, in the northeast of China and in the south of Heilongjiang province. All the rivers in Harbin belong to Songhua River system and Mudanjiang River system, with an annual average precipitation of 569.1 mm, accounting for 6% of the annual precipitation in summer.
Harbin's climate belongs to mid-temperate continental monsoon climate, which is characterized by four distinct seasons. In spring, Shan Ye is covered with green and lilacs are everywhere. Summer is cool and pleasant, leisure and summer; In autumn, the air is crisp and the forest is completely dyed; In winter, it's wrapped in white, snowy and icy. The average temperature in January in winter is about MINUS 22 degrees; The average temperature in July in summer is about 21 degrees.
Harbin, located in the center of Northeast Asia, is known as the Pearl of Eurasian Continental Bridge, and is the first important hub of Eurasian Continental Bridge and air corridor.
There are five railways connecting China, namely Harbin-Dalian, Binsui, Binzhou, Binbei and Labin.
highways mainly include 31 national highway from Suifenhe to Manzhouli via Harbin, Jingha Highway, Harbin Highway (Tongjiang) and Harbin-Heilongjiang Highway (Heihe).
Waterway routes cover Songhua River, Heilongjiang River, Wusuli River and Nenjiang River, and are connected with some ports in the Russian Far East, passing through the waterway-river combined transport line, leaving tatar strait in the east, and ships can directly reach Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Southeast Asia.
Taiping International Airport has an annual passenger throughput of more than 3.6 million passengers, and can handle passenger and cargo combined transport services in more than 11 countries. At present, 18 airlines have settled in Harbin Taiping International Airport (located in Airport Road, Daoli District), with 64 international and domestic routes and 53 navigable cities.
natural resources
Harbin has a vast territory, fertile land, abundant rain and fresh air. It is an important commodity grain production base in China and an ideal place to develop food processing industry and agricultural economy. This vast black land is the most fertile soil in China, suitable for planting all kinds of edible and textile crops. The output of agricultural products such as soybeans, potatoes, flax and beets ranks first in the country; Mink skin, bristles, ponytails, auricularia auricula, Hericium erinaceus, black galen, bracken, royal jelly, linden honey and other native products are well-known at home and abroad; Medicinal plants such as Radix Saposhnikoviae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi, Radix Ginseng, Radix Astragali, etc. are of top quality in China. Precious tree species such as Korean pine, white pine, Fraxinus mandshurica and phellodendron amurense grow in the east and north of Harbin-these products provide sufficient raw materials for the processing industry.
63 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the city, and 25 kinds of minerals with proven resource reserves, including 1 energy mineral, 1 metal minerals and 14 non-metal minerals. There are 12 nature reserves in the city, including 4 provincial nature reserves with an area of 119,4 hectares. There are 5 species of wild animals and 7 species of plants under national first-and second-class protection.
topography Harbin urban area, twin cities and Hulan district are flat and low-lying, and 1 counties (cities) in the east are mountainous and hilly. It is adjacent to Zhangguangcailing branch hill in the southeast, Xiaoxing 'anling mountain area in the north, and Songhua River in the middle. The mountain is not high, the rivers are vertical and horizontal, and the plains are vast. Harbin urban area is mainly distributed on the three terraces formed by Songhua River: the first terrace is between 132 and 14 meters above sea level, mainly including Daoli District and Daowai District, and the ground is flat; The second terrace is 145 ~ 175 meters above sea level, and gradually transits from the first terrace, with no obvious boundary. It mainly includes parts of nangang district and Xiangfang District, with large area, long-term running water erosion, slight ups and downs, deep soil layer and fertile soil, and is an important agricultural area in Harbin. The third terrace is 18 ~ 2 meters above sea level, mainly distributed in the barren hills, Zuizi and the south of Heping District, and then gradually transits to the rest of Zhangguangcailing to the southeast, which is a hilly area.
Hydrology All rivers in Harbin belong to Songhua River system and Mudanjiang River system, mainly including Songhua River, Hulan River, Ashe River, Lalin River, Mangniu River, Mayan River, Dongliangzhu River, Nihe River, Piaohe River, Feiketu River, Shaoling River, Wuyue River and Woken River. Songhua River originates from Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, and its main stream runs through the central part of Harbin from west to east, which is the largest irrigation river in the city. The precipitation in a year is mainly concentrated from June to September, accounting for more than 7% of the annual precipitation. Since liberation, Xiquanyan Reservoir, the largest water conservancy project in the city, has been impounded in 1996, with a basin area of 1,151 square kilometers and a reservoir surface area of 4.86 square kilometers. After the completion of the reservoir, the new irrigation area is 15,133.3 hectares. Harbin's water resources are characterized by less self-produced water, abundant transit water and uneven distribution in time and space, characterized by being rich in the east and poor in the west. The per capita possession of water resources in the city is 163 cubic meters.
due to the influence of natural factors such as topography, climate, plants and human activities, there are many soil types in the city, including 9 soil types, 21 subclasses and 25 soil species. Black soil is the main soil in suburbs and 12 counties (cities), and it is also the most widely distributed and abundant soil type. Black soil in the city is divided into 2 subtypes (black soil and meadow black soil), 3 soil genera (clayey black soil, sandy black soil and meadow black soil) and 7 soil species. Black soil is rich in nutrients and suitable for the growth of various crops. Chernozem, the main cultivated soil in the city, is mainly distributed in Pingchuan and Gangping land in the middle of the city. It is divided into three subtypes in the city: chernozem, leached chernozem, meadow chernozem and ***8 soil species. The nutrient content of chernozem is second only to that of black soil, which is suitable for crop cultivation. Meadow soil is also the main cultivated soil in the city, most of which are distributed in the low-lying leaching zone along the Yangtze River and the floodplain zone of Songhua River platform. Meadow soil in the city is divided into 6 sub-categories: meadow soil, alkalized meadow soil, flooded meadow soil, salinized meadow soil, latent meadow soil and sulfate meadow soil, with 1 soil species. Most of meadow soil is not suitable for farming, so it is appropriate to develop grassland and plant firewood forest. Sandy soil and swamp soil, mainly distributed in floodplain and low-lying land on both sides of rivers, are suitable for developing fishery and animal husbandry.
minerals Harbin is rich in mineral resources. 63 kinds of minerals have been discovered, and 25 kinds have been proved for industrial use. Among them, 2 kinds of minerals such as coal, natural gas, copper, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, pyrite, fused crystal, serpentine, arsenic, building stone and mineral water occupy an important position in Heilongjiang Province. Among the proven mineral resources, the minerals that rank first in the province are: pyrite (55.8%), fused crystal (61.2%), serpentine (43.3%), arsenic (49%), and eight kinds of asbestos, silica, marble for decoration and scattered element tellurium.
Forestry land in Harbin includes timber forest, economic forest, firewood forest and shelter forest. Woodlands are mainly distributed in the eastern mountainous areas, the northwest foot of Zhangguangcailing and the south slope of Xiaoxing 'anling. The main tree species are Korean pine, larch, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, pineapple, Juglans mandshurica and oak, linden, elm, poplar and birch. Among them, Korean pine is well-known at home and abroad for its excellent materials, and Fraxinus mandshurica is well-known for its beautiful patterns. In addition, there are temperate fruit and wood forests such as Huang Taiping, Daqiuguo, apples and grapes, as well as special economic forests and black beans. Among the wild fruit tree resources, there are beans, raspberries, thorn roses, kiwifruit, Schisandra chinensis and oriental strawberries with great economic value. Wild Viburnum has a large output and has become an important export resource.
plants Harbin is rich in plant resources, including algae and bryophytes, with the characteristics of concentrated distribution and high economic value. Among the medicinal plants, the precious medicinal materials are Radix Ginseng, Cortex Phellodendri, Lumbricus, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, Radix Euphorbiae fischerianae, Radix Astragali, Fructus Schisandrae, Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi, Radix Codonopsis, Poria, and Rhododendron dauricum. Grassland plants are mainly Cinnamomum camphora and forage alkali grass, which are one of the "three treasures" in Northeast China. There are more than 1 kinds of wild edible plants, such as Pteridium aquilinum, Osmunda japonica, Hericium erinaceus, Dendrocalamus canadensis, spiny buds, leafy vegetables, Ipomoea lanceolata, cat's paw, and a large number of edible mushrooms, such as Hericium erinaceus, Corylus heterophylla, Yuanmo and Auricularia auricula. Wild oil plants include pine nuts and hazelnuts. There are more than 13 species of wild flowers, among which there are more than 2 species with ornamental value, such as Lilium parvum, Lilium bodinieri, Lilium davidii, Iris purpurea, Nelumbo longipetalum and so on. The aquatic plants with economic value mainly include Euryale ferox (cockscomb), water lily, Ceratophyllum japonicum, water chestnut, Acorus calamus, reed, and Urad. Shan Ye has apricot, plum, peach, pear and grape.
Animals There are many kinds and quantities of wild animals in Harbin. Animals include the precious Siberian tiger, sika deer, sable, otter, lynx, black bear, wild boar, musk deer, Yellow weasel, gray mouse, fox, raccoon dog, badger and wolf. Amphibians have all kinds of frogs, snakes, turtles, lizards and so on. Birds include white storks, black storks and white-tailed eagles protected by the state in the first class, and white spoonbills, white geese, swans, mandarin ducks, black-Qin chickens, hazel-tailed chickens, small storks, owls, falconiformes, osporiformes and other raptors in the second class. In March, 1981, the Chinese and Japanese governments signed the Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds and Their Habitat. Among the 227 migratory birds that inhabit the two countries, 141 are found in Harbin. Freshwater fish resources are also abundant. The freshwater fish flowing through Songhua River and its tributaries in Harbin, swamps and reservoirs on both sides of the river, and the economic fish with edible value mainly include Heilongjiang carp, silver crucian carp, pike, Yarrow fish, Mongolian red herring, Songhuajiang red herring and bream, bream, mandarin fish and mandarin fish.