Xu Zhimo (1897--1931) Xu Zhimo (1897.1.15～1931.11.19), a modern poet and essayist. Han nationality, native of Xiashi Town, Haining City, Zhejiang Province. Xu Zhimo is Jin Yong's cousin. His original name was Zhang Qu and his courtesy name was Qian Sen. He changed his name to Zhimo when he was studying in the United States. Pen names that have been used: Nanhu, Shizhe, Haigu, Gu, Dabing, Yunzhonghe, Xianhe, Delete Wo, Xinshou, Huanggou, Eer, etc. Xu Zhimo is a representative poet of the Crescent School and a member of the Crescent Poetry Society. He graduated from Hangzhou No. 1 Middle School in 1915 and studied at Shanghai Hujiang University, Tianjin Beiyang University and Peking University. In 1918, he went to the United States to study banking. In 1921, he went to study in England and entered Cambridge University as a special student, studying political economics. During his two years in Cambridge, he was deeply influenced by Western education and influenced by European and American Romanticism and Aesthetic poets.

Literary Career Cambridge (Cambridge) Moonlight

"Zhimo's Poems"

"A Night in the Emerald Green"

"Tiger ” and “Wandering in the Clouds”

The prose of “Running Wild Horse”

Novel, play, translation

“New Moon” activities

Achievements in the work

Marriage and feelings

With Zhang Youyi and Lin Huiyin

With Lu Xiaoman

Related comments

Xu Zhimo’s tomb

Xu Zhimo - a hot spot in the cultural world

Marriage Verses

Wonderful Language Collection

Selected Poems Farewell to Cambridge

Saya Nala - one of the eighteen poems given to Japanese girls

By chance

A Night in Fei Leng Cui

Related Documents Literary Career Cambridge (Cambridge) Moonlight

"Zhimo's Poems"

"A Night in the Emerald Green"

"Tiger" and "Wandering"

Essays on "Running Wild Horse"

Novel, play, translation

"New Moon" activities

Achievements in works

Marriage Feelings

With Zhang Youyi and Lin Huiyin

With Lu Xiaoman

Related comments

Xu Zhimo’s Tomb

Xu Zhimo ——Hot spots in the cultural world

Marriage Ceremony Dictionary

Wonderful language collection of poems

Farewell to Sayang Nala, Cambridge - A Gift to Japanese Girl Eighteen The first one is related to A Night in Fei Leng Cui

Literary Career

Moonlight in Cambridge

Xu Zhimo and poetry have no family connection. , and had no personal preferences. However, when he was studying at the University of Cambridge in England, he went against the norm and kept writing when he was not writing, which formed an explosive period for his poetry creation. Although he wrote so many poems during this period, only 20 to 30 poems have appeared in some newspapers and magazines today, and most of them have been lost. However, from the limited poems that can still be seen, we can also get a glimpse of the status of Xu Zhimo's early poetry and the imprint of his thoughts. Why was Xu Zhimo writing poetry like a man possessed at this time? How did he become poetic? First of all, it is related to the living environment he lived in at that time. It was the environment in Cambridge where he lived that triggered his poetry and ignited his desire to create. He said: "My days in Cambridge were so happy, and I was deeply afraid that I would never get such a sweet baptism in my life." "Smoking and Culture". Therefore, during this period, he created works such as "Summer" and "Summer Field". Secondly, at this time, his personal life "illuminated a strange moonlight." In the autumn of 1921, he met Lin Huiyin, a "talented woman" who was "as beautiful as a flower". Xu Zhimo had a close relationship with her, and then they fell in love and discussed marriage. Therefore, Xu Zhimo filed for divorce from Zhang Youyi in March 1922, believing that they should not continue to live a married life without love and freedom.

Of course, this collection of poems also has a small number of poems with a more positive and bright tone. As Wen Yiduo said, this collection of poems "has indeed made progress" in terms of artistic skills. He pays more attention to the formal techniques of poetry. In addition to being more diversified in poetic styles, such as dialogue, banging songs, and tofu dry styles; both narrative and lyrical, he is also obsessed with the syllables and rhythms of poetry.

"Tiger" and "Wandering in the Clouds"

After "A Night in the Emerald Green", Xu Zhimo also published two collections of poems. One was edited and selected by himself and published in 1931. "Tiger Collection", one is "Yunyou" compiled and selected by others and published in 1932. Most of the poems included in these two collections are Xu Zhimo's later works. After 1927, Xu Zhimo's thoughts went through "twists and turns", and his political ideal of bourgeois democracy and the Republic of China was completely shattered. On the other hand, he felt fear and resistance to the workers' and peasants' revolution, and his thoughts fell into a deep trough. Conflict and despair. Most of the poems he composed during this period were divorced from real life and expressed his own "subtle soul secrets." Some poems are full of pessimism and world-weariness. Moreover, his ideological stance competed with the progressive revolutionary trend. He ignored the basic requirements of poetic art and introduced naked political concepts into poetry to attack Marxism and the proletarian revolutionary literary movement. When he was extremely disillusioned and desperate, he relied on Nietzsche's philosophy to encourage himself. In "Tiger Collection" and "Yunyou", the content and form are very inconsistent. The content of most poems is so empty and poor, but they increasingly pursue the neatness and beauty of form, regardless of the lines of poetry. The arrangement, the sonority of the rhymes, the clarity of the rhythm, and the elaboration of the words have all changed and developed compared with the previous collections of poems. In this regard, Mao Dun made a very appropriate comment: "The mature appearance is accompanied by almost no content, and this extremely light content is nothing more than sentimental emotions - a slight sadness like a light smoke, a mysterious... Symbolic attachment, sentimental pursuit: these are the characteristics of the modern bourgeois poets who have reached the final stage of development, and Zhimo is an outstanding representative in the Chinese literary world" ("On Xu Zhimo").

The Prose of "Running Wild Horse"

Xu Zhimo not only wrote poetry, but also prose. Among all his creations, his achievements and influence are more significant. In addition to poetry, I’m afraid it’s all about prose. Some people even think that his prose of "Wild Horses" is better than his poetry. Xu Zhimo published three collections of essays, "Falling Leaves", "Autopsy", and "Claws in Paris" and a single essay "Autumn", totaling thirty-three essays (there are many more that have not been collected). . Except for the "Autumn" chapter, which was written in 1929, most of the works in the other three collections were completed between 1925 and 1926. His prose content also covers a wide range, including cartoon comments on life ideals, and discussions touching on current affairs; there are nostalgia and remembrances of the past, and opinions and comments on art; there are sketches that discuss one thing after another, and there are also long stories. book review. His prose expresses a strong personality, the revelation of his self-thoughts and feelings, the fusion of philosophy and poetry, and the poeticization of prose. The three combined into one constitute the "other world" of his prose. The first collection of essays, "Falling Leaves", was completed during the "overflow" period of his creation. It consists of eight articles with different contents and different ways of expressing ideas. Talk about life, talk about society, talk about politics, talk about art... without any restrictions. The first "Falling Leaves" was a lecture he gave at the invitation of Beijing Normal University in the autumn of 1924 when he was a professor at Peking University. He tried to answer the questions raised by young students about how to solve the boring and depressed life. The word "emotion" runs through the chapter "Falling Leaves", which promotes the importance and role of human feelings and "real human feelings" throughout. To make life painless, we can only "draw out the subtleties of human sympathy" to mend the web of this broken society. It is precisely based on this bourgeois humanitarian perspective that Xu Zhimo firmly believes in the infinite role of human emotions in the essence of life and nature. "He believes that if people want to get rid of the troubles and oppression of the world, they must strive for the "true and pure personality" of free development. The best way is to live and bathe in nature. Therefore, some people say that he "fallen leaves" poem It is a confession full of romance and longing for the Cambridge era.

" (Mu Mutian: "On Xu Zhimo") After "Falling Leaves", in 1927 and 1928, Xu Zhimo published two collections of essays, "Scale Claws in Paris" and "Autopsy". These two collections The content of the collection mainly focuses on two aspects, writing about what he saw and felt when he traveled abroad to Europe in 1925, and dissecting and examining his own thoughts and soul. Therefore, it is better than "Self" and "Emotion" in both aspects. The "Fallen Leaves" collection is more prominent and exposed, including "Paris Claws", "Fileng Cui Mountain Dwelling Gossip", "Cambridge I Know", "Tianmu Mountain Notes", "Smoking and Culture". "" and other articles belong to the category of lyrical prose about scenery. Full-bodied interest and lively emotions are concentrated in the writing, which constitutes the lyrical characteristics of this type of prose. Yu Dafu once regarded the prose written by Xu Zhimo as the highlight. *The same characteristics can be attributed to "the color of autobiography" ("Introduction to the Second Collection of Prose in the New Chinese Literature Series"). The first volume of Xu Zhimo's "Autopsy" is composed of six articles. , most of them can be classified into this category. In these autobiographical essays, the author's heart is open and the writing style is vivid. However, the tone is low and the understanding is illusive, just like some of Xu Zhimo's essays. Like some of his philosophical poems, they are both philosophical and rich in poetic sentiment, which makes philosophy and poetic sentiment blend together. This constitutes another characteristic of his prose, while the author appreciates the beauty of the scenery alone. In promoting his view that "human beings should return to nature and integrate with nature", his class stance and political views are obvious. Another distinctive feature of Xu Zhimo's prose art is that many of his prose and poems are very different. It is difficult to distinguish strictly. He combines poetry and prose and it is difficult to separate them. It is his "own unique style of poetry and prose" (Zhao Jiabi: "Written to the Flying Zhimo"). Poetic prose, or the poeticization of prose, is a kind of "impatient" emotion that vibrates and accumulates in his thoughts during the process of contact with social reality, and he is eager to express it.

Novel, play, translation

In his nearly ten years of creative career, in addition to mainly writing poetry and prose, Xu Zhimo also wrote some novels, He wrote scripts and engaged in translation work. He first published his first novel "A Not Very Important Memories" in "Jiujiang Weekly" on February 11, 1923, and then wrote more intermittently, totaling eleven articles. , later published under the title "Roulette", which is his only novel collection. His novels are nothing more than about the lives of Chinese students and certain foreign social customs. At the same time, some of them are based on certain aspects of Chinese society. In terms of life, the subject matter is not broad and the capacity is limited. His novels mostly use romantic writing methods, focusing on the exploration of the characters' inner feelings and the depiction of psychological activities. In the novels, the author is good at using poetic sentence patterns. With the comparison of gorgeous images and the lyrical style, his works have a romantic lyrical color and a style of "unique magnificence" (Shen Congwen: "Preface to Roulette"). The plots of some of his novels are too brief, close to sketches, and not so "complete"; some of them are just "written straight, without twists and turns, and with few changes." ("Roulette: Preface") It must be pointed out: his Most of the novels deal with commonplace love affairs between men and women, and rarely touch on the acute issues of universal significance in society at that time. Xu Zhimo also enthusiastically advocated drama activities. When the Crescent Society was founded in 1923, he actively organized drama activities, founded the "Drama Journal", and acted in plays, but he rarely wrote scripts. He has only written one script, called "Bian Kungang", which he co-wrote with Lu Xiaoman. Nothing major happened. In Xu Zhimo's literary career, translation is an important aspect, and his translation and creation are almost simultaneous. He writes and translates poems, writes novels and essays, and also translates novels and essays. Mansfield wrote two collections of short stories, "Garden Party" and "Bliss", with more than 20 pieces in total. Xu Zhimo selected and translated eight of them, from Cambridge, England to Shanghai, China, and in 1927 In 2006, it was published by Shanghai Beixin Bookstore as "Collection of Mansfield's Novels".

In 1925, when he was editing the "Morning Post Supplement", he translated Voltaire's novel "Candide" and serialized it in the supplement. It was later published by Shanghai Beixin Book Company in June 1927 and listed as one of the "Novel Series of European and American Famous Writers". one". In August of the same year, the novel "Mary Mary" by British writer James Spence, which he and Shen Xingren co-translated, was also published by Shanghai Crescent Bookstore. In addition, he also translated some poems and prose. Xu Zhimo's translations also have his preference. He said, "Except for Mansfield, who is my favorite, the rest can be regarded as accidental translations." ("Mary Mary Preface")

"New Moon" Activity

When people look at Xu Zhimo and his creations, they always associate him with the Crescent Sect. They identify him as the representative writer of the Crescent Sect and call him the "leader" of the Crescent Sect. This is because He had a close relationship with the Crescent School from its formation to its demise. He participated in the entire activities of the Crescent School, and his creations reflected the distinctive characteristics of the Crescent School. It took about ten years from the establishment of the Crescent Society to the gradual formation of a literary school, the Crescent School, in which Xu Zhimo always played an important role. In the spring of 1923, Xu Zhimo opened a club in Beijing, where he wrote and performed plays, held annual meetings and lantern festivals during the holidays, and also recited poems and painted paintings. Out of his interest in "New Moon", a collection of poems by Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, Xu Zhimo nominated and borrowed it The word "Crescent Moon" is the name of the club, and the Crescent Moon Club got its name from this. Before 1925, in addition to composing poetry, Xu Zhimo also contacted members of the Crescent Society to engage in theatrical activities. In October 1925, Xu Zhimo took over the editing of "Morning Post Supplement" and founded "Morning Post Poetry" on April 1, 1926. At this time, Wen Yiduo had returned from the United States and participated in the editing of "Poetry" Work. Except for the third and fourth issues, which were edited by Wen Yiduo and the fifth issue, which was edited by Rao Mengkan, all other issues were edited by Xu Zhimo. The published "Poetry Magazine Preface" and "Poetry Magazine Holiday" were also written by Xu Zhimo. The contributors of "Poetry Magazine" are devoted to the creation of Chinese new metrical poems and the discussion of poetic art. Therefore, the founding of "Morning Post Poetry Magazine" marks the goal of "making both the content and form of poems express the power of beauty, and becoming A perfect art" (Yu Gengyu: "Zhimo's Poems"), the formation of the Crescent Poetry School. In the spring of 1927, some members of the Crescent Society gathered in Shanghai due to changes in the political situation and various other reasons. At this time, Xu Zhimo also married Lu Xiaoman and moved to Shanghai. Xu Zhimo visited friends four times, kept in touch, and established a Crescent Bookstore in Huanlong Villa, Huanlong Road, Shanghai with Wen Yiduo, Hu Shi, Shao Xunmei, Liang Shiqiu, Yu Shanghang, Zhang Yujiu, etc. Hu Shi served as chairman, and Yu Shang Shen served as manager and was later succeeded by Zhang Yujiu. In March 1928, Xu Zhimo founded the monthly magazine "Crescent" while working as a professor at Guanghua University, Soochow University, Daxia University and other universities. "Crescent Moon" published four volumes and 43 issues in the first half of the year, ending in June 1933. It not only published the works of members of the Crescent Sect, but also Yu Dafu, Ba Jin, Ding Ling, Hu Yepin and other progressive ideological trends. works of writers. However, this was already the later stage of the Crescent Movement. Although the members of the later Crescent Movement were different, in terms of their overall political tendency, they became increasingly reactionary. However, the Crescent School is engaged in poetry creation and the "connection" of studying new poetry seems to have not been interrupted. On January 20, 1931, Xu Zhimo, Chen Mengjia, Shao Xunmei and others launched another quarterly "Poetry Magazine", which published four issues. and "Poetry Magazine" selected 80 new poems by eighteen poets and compiled them into a "New Moon Poetry Selection". From these pending works, we can see to some extent the basic appearance and characteristics of the New Moon Poetry School. On November 19, 1931, Xu Zhimo died in a plane crash. The Crescent Party was dominated by Liang Shiqiu, Hu Shi and others. On June 1, 1933, "Crescent" ceased publication after reaching four volumes and seven issues. Subsequently, It also disappeared. To sum up, from the establishment of the Crescent Society to the formation of the Crescent Sect and its main activities (especially literary activities), Xu Zhimo played a leading role in them. He is indeed a representative figure of the Crescent Sect. , he once played a certain role in promoting and influencing the development of new poetry.

However, they excessively pursued form and rhythm and went astray. Especially Xu Zhimo's later thoughts and creations were in crisis. He lamented: "One year, another year, another year, the new moon looks full, "Perfect hope until death." ("Inspiration of Love") In June 1933, with the suspension of the monthly magazine "Crescent Moon", the entire activities of the Crescent Moon Party were also suspended.

[Edit this paragraph] Achievements in works

Poetry collections include: "Goodbye Cambridge", "Zhimo's Poems", "A Night in the Emerald Green", "Collection of Tigers", "Wandering in the Clouds" Prose There are: "Falling Leaves", "Scale Claws in Paris", "Autopsy", "Autumn", "Roulette", "Cambridge I Know", "Autumn Thoughts on the Indian Ocean", "Fantasy on the Beidaihe Beach" and other novels: "Spring Traces" Drama : "Bian Kungang's Diary", "Ai Mei Xiaozha", "Zhimo's Diary", translated "Mansfield Novels", etc. His works have been published as "Collected Works of Xu Zhimo". Xu's poems have fresh words, harmonious rhymes, novel metaphors, rich imagination, beautiful artistic conception, elegant thoughts, and rich changes. They pursue the neatness and beauty of artistic forms, and have distinctive artistic personalities. They are the representative poets of the Crescent School. His prose is also of its own style and has achieved as much achievement as poetry. Among them, "Autopsy", "Wanting to Fly", "The Cambridge I Know", "Gossips about Living in Feilengcui Mountain", etc. are all famous works handed down from generation to generation.

[Edit this paragraph] Marriage and Love

Qixi Festival is China’s Valentine’s Day. On the day when the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl met, in 1926, there was a long-discussed event in Beihai Park in Beijing. marriage.

With Zhang Youyi

In 1915, Zhang Junli, a prominent political figure, proposed marriage for his sister Zhang Youyi, and Xu Zhimo married the bride he had never met. Zhang Youyi is dignified and kind-hearted, possessing traditional Chinese women's virtues. She respects her husband, honors her parents-in-law, is virtuous and steady, and is good at housework. After marriage, she gave birth to two sons, and she was able to support her husband and raise her children.

With Lin Huiyin

Lin Huiyin traveled in Europe, and while in England, he met Xu Zhimo, who was studying in England at the time. At that time, Xu Zhimo was already the father of a two-year-old child. Xu Zhimo was attracted by Lin Huiyin's outstanding talent and beauty, and pursued Lin Huiyin hard, even divorcing his first wife Zhang Youyi. But after rational thinking, Lin Huiyin returned to China early with his father, and left Zhimo without saying goodbye... The famous poem "Occasionally" written by Xu Zhimo to Lin Huiyin goes like this: "I am a cloud in the sky/Occasionally Projected in the heart of your wave/You don’t need to be surprised/Don’t even need to be happy/It disappears in an instant/You and I meet on the sea of ????darkness/You have yours/I have my direction/You may as well remember/It’s best for you Forget / the light that shined on each other during this encounter. "This is Xu Zhimo's best confession of his feelings for Lin Huiyin. He fell in love at first sight and went his separate ways rationally. This is a kind of pure love that is difficult to understand in the world.

With Lu Xiaoman

After studying abroad, Xu Zhimo returned to Beijing and often got together with his friend Wang Geng. Wang Geng's wife Lu Xiaoman had a great influence on Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman met and fell in love in Beijing's social scene. In the days before Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman got married, although Xu's father and mother were still dissatisfied with Lu Xiaoman, the two lived a romantic and comfortable life. But in the later stage, due to Lu Xiaoman's illness, Xu Shenru's refusal to accept her, the erosion of opium and many other reasons, Lu Xiaoman became more carefree, lazy, and playful, losing the passion when she was in love, and it seemed that she was no longer a capable person. Spiritual woman. She doesn't get up until after noon every day, fiddles in the bathroom for an hour, and then eats. In the afternoon, I paint, write letters, and receive guests. Most of the evening was spent dancing, playing cards and listening to operas. In order to make his wife happy, Xu Zhimo blindly accommodated her. Although he often warned Lu Xiaoman tactfully orally, the effect was not great. Later, Xu Zhimo's father, Xu Shenru, was extremely dissatisfied with Lu Xiaoman and broke off with the couple financially. It was unrealistic for Xu Zhimo to get money from his father. Therefore, he had to give lectures at Guanghua University, Soochow University, and Daxia University at the same time. He also wrote poetry and essays after class to earn royalties. Even so, he still Not enough for Lu Xiaoman’s extravagance.

In 1929, Xu Zhimo resigned from his teaching positions at Soochow University and Daxia University, and continued to teach at Guanghua University. From the autumn of 1930, he taught at Nanjing Central University, and concurrently served as editor of Zhonghua Book Company and a member of the Sino-British Cultural Foundation. Traveling back and forth between Shanghai and Nanjing, in the autumn of 1930, when Lu Xiaoman was 29 years old, Xu Zhimo simply resigned from his posts in Shanghai and Nanjing. At Hu Shi's invitation, he served as a professor at Peking University and Beijing Women's Normal University to earn family income. In the first half of 1931, Xu Zhimo traveled back and forth between Shanghai and Beijing eight times. At that time, the per capita annual salary was five yuan, and Xu Zhimo could earn several hundred yuan a year, but even so, it still could not satisfy Lu Xiaoman's excessive spending in the entertainment industry.

Related comments

Xu Zhimo is a writer who was active in the Chinese literary world for a while and had a certain influence. His worldview has no dominant ideology, or it is super-class. "A nonpartisan poet." The appearance of his thoughts, creations and development trends all show that he is a bourgeois poet and bourgeois writer. The development and changes of his thoughts and the different situations before and after his creation are related to the social and historical characteristics of that time. As a major poet of the Crescent School, Xu Zhimo had a certain influence on the development history of new poetry in my country and conducted various experiments and explorations for the development of new poetry. His poems have a very distinct and unique style and have certain artistic skills. As a person of that era, Xu Zhimo did everything an ordinary intellectual could do. While pursuing his own happy life, he also had profound thoughts on the fate of the nation. His marriage to Zhang Youyi was the misfortune of that era, and his marriage to Lu Xiaoman was mixed with too much material gain. It was his faint romance with Lin Huiyin that was the most lamentable.

Xu Zhimo’s Tomb

Xu Zhimo’s cemetery has undergone three changes in history: First time: Xu Zhimo’s cemetery was originally located in Wanshiwo in Agate Valley, Dongshan. The inscription "The Tomb of the Poet Xu Zhimo" was inscribed by Hu Shizhi. The cemetery of Xu Zhimo, where Hu Shi wrote an inscription in his early years, disappeared in the turmoil. The second time: Xu Zhimo’s father, Xu Shenru, felt that the tombstone inscribed by Mr. Hu Shi was too short, so he invited Xu Zhimo’s confidante, Ling Shuhua, known as the talented girl of the boudoir school, to inscribe another inscription for Xu Zhimo. Ling Shuhua happily agreed, and the inscription she inscribed was taken from Cao Xueqin's meaning of "the cold moon buries the flower soul" and transformed it into "the cold moon illuminates the soul of poetry". This tombstone was also lost in the turmoil. The third time: Xu Zhimo’s cemetery had long been destroyed due to turmoil. In order to commemorate it, the people in his hometown used government funds to move Xu Zhimo’s cemetery to Baishui Spring at the northern foot of Xishan Mountain. Professor Chen Congzhou of Tongji University, a foreign relative of Xu Zhimo, a famous architect, designed and wrote the tomb inscription. Xishan Cemetery is classical and elegant, with white stone paving and bluestone steps. The semicircular tomb platform is like a crescent moon, which has the meaning of the "Crescent School" in poetry. The tombstone bears the vicissitudes of life. Mr. Zhang Zongxiang, a calligrapher from Haining and former president of Xiling Seal Society, added an inscription based on Hu Shizhi’s original text. On both sides of the tombstone, there is a book-shaped sculpture made of white stone, engraved with famous poems such as "Farewell to Cambridge" by Xu Zhimo.

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