LOGO language

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It is an early programming language and a programming language that is very close to natural language. It uses Learn programming through "drawing", an entertaining teaching method for beginners, especially children.

Overview of LOGO language

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LOGO language was founded in 1968 as a project research funded by the National Science Foundation of the United States. Completed in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The LOGO comes from Greek, and its original meaning is thought. It was created by a psychologist named Pebert who was engaged in research on children's learning and discovered some teaching methods that were contrary to his ideas. He went out for a walk on a holiday. When he was young, he accidentally saw a mechanical device that looked like a turtle and was inspired. He used his extensive knowledge and ingenuity to finally complete the design of the LOGO language.

Drawing is the most important function in the LOGO language. Dr. Pebert hopes to cultivate students' interest in learning computers and correct learning concepts through drawing. LOGO language has developed from the beginning to now, and there is a Windows version - MSWLogo, including Windows 3.X version and Windows9X version (download at /Soft/ShowSoft.asp?SoftID=19).

Abbreviation and function of LOGO command

Basic drawing

DRAW - clear screen, return turtle to home position

CLEAN

CLEARSCREEN CS

CLEARTEXT CT

FORWARD FD

BACK BK

RIGHT RT

LEFT LT turn left

PENUP PU lift the pen

PENDOWN PD drop the pen

HIDETURTLE HT hide the turtle

SHOWTURTLE ST show the turtle

CLEARSCREEN CS clear screen

HOME - go home

REPEAT - repeat

SPLITSCREEN SS mixed screen with graphics and text

FULLSCREEN FS Full graphics screen

TEXTSCREEN TS Full text screen

NODRAW ND Full text screen, clear screen

WRAP - Surround state

WINDOW - window status

FENCE - fence status

SHOW - screen output

TT - display text in the drawing area

TO… …END - process head and tail

IF…THEN…ELSE

PAUSE

CONTINUE CO

EDIT ALL - enter the editorial department

STOP -

TOPLEVEL -

SETPC - Set the brush color

SETBG - Set the screen background color

Coordinates Drawing

SETX - Specify the horizontal position of the turtle

SETY - Specify the vertical position of the turtle

SETXY - Specify any position of the turtle

SETHEADING SETH - Specify the direction of the turtle

XCOR - Display the X coordinate of the turtle's current position

YCOR - Display the Y coordinate of the turtle's current position

GETXY - Display the turtle's current position X, Y coordinates

HEADING - Displays the turtle pointing angle

File management

POTS - Displays the titles of all processes in the workspace

POPS (PO ALL) - Displays the contents of all processes in the workspace

PRINTOUT PO Displays the contents of the processes in the workspace

ERASE (ER ALL) ER Delete processes in the workspace

DIRECTORY DIR Display the disk file directory

DISK - Display the current disk

SETDISK - Set the current disk

SAVE - Save the program

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LOAD - Read program files

SAVEPIC - Save graphics

LOADPIC - Read graphics files

DELETE - Delete files

RENAME REN file rename

Numerical calculation

PRINT PR line feed printing

TYPE - peer printing

SETCURSOR - printing format

OUTPUT OP output

INT - rounding function

ROUND - rounding function

QUOTIENT - quotient function

REMAINDER - Remainder function

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RANDOM - random function

SQRT - square root function

ABS - absolute value function

MAKE - assignment

PRECISION - Number display precision

Word table processing

FIRST - Take the beginning

LAST - Take the tail

BUTFIRST BF Remove the beginning

BUTLAST BL remove tail

EMPTY? - Determine whether it is empty

READ - Accept a string of characters from the keyboard

READCHAR RC Accepts a character from the keyboard

READLIST RL Accepts a character from the keyboard Table

READQUOTE RQ Accepts a word from the keyboard

RESULT: - Result

TRUE - True

FALSE - False

COUNT - length measurement function

MAKE - assignment

ITEM - output the Kth element in the table

TEST - test condition

IFTRUE IFT tests true

IFFALSE IFF tests false

KEY? - Is there keyboard input

NUMBER? - Is it a number

WORD? - Is it a word

LIST? - Whether it is a table

WORD - connection word

SENTENCE SE word and table, table and table connection

FPUT - connection to the beginning of the table (word)

LPUT - connect to the end of the table (word)

LIST - make up the table

RUN - run the table

DEFINE - define the process

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ASCII - Output the ASCII code of the character

CHAR - Output the character with the ASCII code value

Logo topic:

One, choose to fill in the blank: ( 1 point for each blank, ***16 points)

(1) The command to enter LOGO is _______.

A. LOGO B. DRAW C. Keyboard D. Monitor E. Mouse F. Central Processing Unit

(2) During the editing process, when entering the upshift symbol, such as a symbol, use the ________ key, and when changing lines, use the ______ key to quickly move the cursor At the end of a line, you need to use the ______ key, to turn forward a page, you need to use the ______ key, to exit editing, and to return to the mixed image and text display mode, you need to use the ______ key.

A. F2 B. END C. SHIFT D. Enter key E. HOME F. PageUp

(3) The command group ______ can play the same role as DRAW at any time. When the turtle is in the home position, it can work with SETX XCOR 40 The command group that plays the same role is ______, and the command group that can draw a square is ______.

A. SETX 100 SETY 100 SETY 100 SETX 100

B. SETX 100 SETY 100 SETX 0 SETY 0

C. ST PD SS HOME

D. ST PD SS CS

RT 90 FD 40 LT 90

LT 90 FD 40 RT 90

(4)The abbreviation of the following commands is:

HOME _____ PENDOWNU _______ RIGHT _

_______ FORWARD _________

FULLSCREEN ________ SETXY __________ SHOWTURTLE ___________

A. FD B. FS C. RT D. PD E. ST F. No abbreviation

二, fill in the blanks: (1 point for each blank, ***14 points)

(1) Write the name of the command: BK ____ LT _____ PU _____ HT ____ CS ______.

( 2) The LOGO system provides three screen display methods, which are _______, _______ and ________.

(3) The LOGO system provides two execution methods, which are ______ and ________.

(4) The command for background is _____, the command for pen color is _____, and the command for fill color is _____

(5) The command to change the pen thickness is:___________

Third, draw the corresponding graph according to the process: (3 points for each question, ***18 points)

(1) TO A1

HT FD 60 LT 90 FD 20 RT 120 FD 60 RT 120

FD 60 RT 120 FD 20 LT 90 FD 60 RT 90 FD 20

END

Execute A1

(2)TO A2

REPEAT 5 [ LT 18 FD 50 RT 90 ]

END

Execute A2

(3)TO A3

REPEAT 4 [ REPEAT 3 [ FD 20 RT 90 FD 60 RT 90 ] LT 90 ]

END

Execute A3

(4)TO A4

DRAW REPEAT 4 [ A5 RT 90 ]

END

TO A5

FD 98 RT 135 FD 40 RT 45 FD 40 RT 45 FD 40 RT 135

END

Execute A4

(5)TO A6: N

REPEAT:N [FD 40 RT 360/:N]

END

TO A7:N

REPEAT 4 [A6:N 1 FD 40 ] HT

END

Execute A7 3

(6)TO A8: Y

DRAW HT

LT 90 A9: Y RT 90 A9: Y

SETY -100 SETY YCOR 60

LT 90 A9: Y/2

RT 90 A9: Y/ 2

END

TO A9: Y

REPEAT 2 [ REPEAT 9 [ RT 5 FD: Y*0.174 RT 5] RT 90 ]

END

Execute A8 60

Four, complete the following process according to the graph: (3 points for each question, ***12 points)

(1 )TO LX

REPEAT _____ [ FD 40 RT 60 FD 40 RT _____ ]

END

TO EX1

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HT LT _____

REPEAT _____ [ LX RT _____ ]

END

(2)TO DD

REPEAT 2 [ RT 90 FD 20 LT 90 FD 20 ]

END

TO EX2

DRAW HT

REPEAT ____[DD ___________]

END

Execution: EX2

(3) TO EX3

(STAMPOVAL 40 40 true)

REPEAT 12[_______________________________RT 30]

END

(4) TO EX41

fd 40 rt 90 fd 40 rt 90

fd 20 rt 90 fd 20 rt 90

fd 40 rt 90 fd 10 rt 90

fd 10 rt 90 fd 20

END

TO EX4

REPEAT ______[EX41 __________]

END

Execution: EX4

Five, fill in the complete program according to the graph: (5 for each question points, ***10 points)

TO EX51

REPEAT 27[RT 5 FD 0.174*60 RT 5]

END

TO EX5

REPEAT ___[EX51 LT __________]

END

Execution: EX5

TO EX52

REPEAT ___[REPEAT 3[FD 30 RT 120]RT _____]

END

Execution: EX52

Six, write a process to execute and draw different parameters Corresponding graphics: (***10 points)

Seven, write an animation to make the turtle crawl back and forth on a semicircular track. (The waiting time is 10 seconds) (***20 points)

Requirements: Bring a variable, input 10 seconds, then the entire animation will run for 10 seconds, input 15 seconds, then the entire animation will run for 15 seconds, and so on.

Explanation 2:

LOGO is a change of the Greek logos, the abbreviation of logogram, and now it generally has two meanings.

1 It is a teaching language in computers

2 The trademark or logo of a company or enterprise

Of the two, the latter represents The most common meaning.

Business logo LOGO

A logo is a logo

A logo, logo, or trademark (logo) is a product of the modern economy. It is different from ancient imprints and modern logos. It carries the intangible assets of the enterprise and is the medium for the enterprise's comprehensive information transmission. As the most important part of a company's CIS strategy, the logo is the most widely used, appears most frequently, and is also the most critical element in the process of corporate image transmission. The company's strong overall strength, perfect management mechanism, high-quality products and services are all embodied in the logo. Through constant stimulation and repeated portrayal, it remains deeply in the hearts of the audience.

Logo design fixes specific things, events, scenes and abstract spirits, concepts, and directions through special graphics, so that when people see the logo, they will naturally associate it with the company, thereby creating a positive impression of the company. Generate recognition.

The logo is closely related to the operation of the enterprise. The logo is an indispensable element of the enterprise's daily business activities, advertising, cultural construction, and external communication. As the enterprise grows, its value continues to grow. Someone once asserted: "Even if a fire burns away all the assets of Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola can get back on its feet with its trademark." Therefore, companies with a long-term vision attach great importance to logo design and understand the role of logos. In the early stages of enterprise establishment, a good logo design is undoubtedly an important carrier for the accumulation of intangible assets in the future. If it cannot objectively reflect the corporate spirit, industry characteristics, and scientific modeling A beautiful logo will cause unnecessary waste and losses to the company as it develops and undergoes changes and adjustments. After the Bank of China changed its logo, only the outdoor media that were removed and replaced nationwide caused a loss of 20 million yuan.

In the business field, LOGO means logo or logo. The logo of various common products is the logo, which is also the brand name. Including words, graphics, letters, numbers, three-dimensional logos and color combinations, as well as combinations of the above elements, can be applied for registration as trademarks. The logo of a trademark should also have distinctive features and be easily identifiable, so that consumers can distinguish the products or services marked by the trademark from similar products or services marked by other trademarks.

LOGO and production on the Internet

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LOGO is mainly a graphic mark used by various websites on the Internet to link to other websites, representing A website or a section of a website.

1. The role of LOGO

1. LOGO is a sign and portal that links to other websites and allows other websites to link. The reason why INTERNET is called "Internet" is that various websites can be connected to each other. In order for others to enter your website, you must provide a portal for them to enter. The graphical form of a LOGO, especially a dynamic LOGO, can attract more attention than a text link. This is especially important in today’s age of competition for eyeballs.

2. LOGO is an important reflection of the website image. How can a well-dressed person let his business card be stained? As far as a website is concerned, the LOGO is the business card of the website. For a website that pursues elegance, the LOGO is its soul, the so-called "finishing point".

3. LOGO can make it easy for the audience to choose. A good LOGO will often reflect certain information about the website and its creator, especially for a commercial website, from which we can basically understand the type or content of the website. This will be highlighted in a link page full of various logos. Think about it, when your audience is looking for a website with specific content they want among a large number of websites, how important it is to have a LOGO that allows people to easily see the type and content of the website it represents.

2. International Standards for LOGO

International Standards for LOGO In order to facilitate the dissemination of information on the INTERNET, a unified international standard is needed. In fact, there is already a whole set of standards like this. Regarding website LOGO, there are currently three specifications:

1. 88*31 This is the most common LOGO specification on the Internet.

2. 120*60 This specification is used for Normal size LOGO.

3. 120*90 This specification is used for large LOGO.

3. Tools and methods for making LOGO

It seems that there is no special software for making LOGO, and in fact, there is no need for such software. The image processing software we usually use or the animation production software (if you want to make an animated LOGO) can be well qualified for this job, such as FIREWORKS, PHOTOSHOP, Easy GIF Animator, etc. The method of making a LOGO is no different from making ordinary pictures and animations. The only difference is that its size is specified.

Today's LOGOs are mainly based on pictures, especially GIF pictures, with a small amount of FLASH animations.

IV. Conditions that a good LOGO should meet

A good LOGO should meet the following conditions, or several of them:

1. Comply with international standards

International standards for LOGO

In order to facilitate the dissemination of information on the INTERNET, a unified international standard is needed. In fact, there is already a whole set of standards like this. Regarding website LOGO, there are currently three specifications:

1.88*31 This is the most common LOGO specification on the Internet.

2.120*60 This specification is used for general-sized LOGOs. .

3.120*90 This specification is used for large LOGO.

2. Exquisite and unique

3. Integrated with the overall style of the website

4. Able to reflect the type, content and style of the website

5. Express the creativity and spirit of the entire website and company as much as possible in the smallest space

Elements of excellent LOGO production

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1. Recognition

The requirements for recognizability must be easy to recognize and remember. This requires simplicity in both color and composition.

2. Specificity

The so-called specificity means that it must be different from other LOGOs and have its own characteristics. Otherwise, the designed LOGOs will be the same.

3. Connotation

The design of the LOGO must have its own meaning, otherwise no matter how beautiful and perfect it is, it will only be beautiful in form, but without any meaning. This requires that the LOGO must have its own symbolic meaning.

4. Legal awareness

Regarding the legal awareness of LOGO, you must pay attention to sensitive words, shapes and language.

5. Overall image planning (structural)

The different structures of the LOGO will give people different psychological awareness, just like the horizontal line gives people the feeling of smoothness, stability, continuity and harmony. Calm, vertical lines give people the feeling of being high, straightforward, light and impetuous, while dots give people the feeling of expansion or contraction, which easily attracts people's attention.