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1. Hanyu Pinyin movement and Mandarin and Mandarin

The Hanyu Pinyin scheme is the pinyin scheme for spelling the standard language of the Han nationality.

The Chinese Standard Language was gradually established during the Chinese language modernization movement that arose in the late 19th century and had a huge impact on the social, scientific and cultural development of the Chinese nation. The language modernization movement initially referred to the Chinese Pinyin movement (called the "Qieyinzi Movement, Simplified Chinese Character Movement" at the time), the Mandarin Movement and the Vernacular Movement. The three major language movements at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China had the same goal, which was to revitalize the Chinese nation by reforming the language and popularizing education to meet the needs of social development and scientific and cultural development at that time. The Mandarin Movement was a movement to establish and promote the standard spoken language of the Han nation, while the Vernacular Movement was a movement to advocate replacing classical Chinese as the official written language with vernacular that could express spoken language. The three movements each have their own goals to pursue, but their internal relationship is very close. In terms of historical origins, the Qieyinzi Movement was the earliest and triggered the Mandarin Movement. Subsequently, the establishment of the standard pronunciation of Mandarin, the formulation of the phonetic alphabet, and the Chinese standardization movement in the 1950s, as well as the creation of the Chinese pinyin scheme, were all in the same line and complementary to each other. Therefore, our discussion starts from this point.

The historical prelude of the Hanyu Pinyin movement can be traced back to the late Ming Dynasty, but the direct cause of the massive Hanyu Pinyin movement in Chinese society is the national humiliation of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1899, which is still unforgettable among Chinese people. Qian Xuantong made this very clear in his article "Phonetic Alphabet and Modern Chinese Pronunciation" (1929): "In 1894 (Sino-Japanese War of 1894), China suffered a defeat against Japan, so the knowledgeable people in the country knew that reform was not Politics and universal education are not enough to exist in the world. But when it comes to universal education, a problem arises. The Chinese characters are difficult to read and write. To solve this problem, we must create new pinyin characters... …”. As a result, “the movement to promote simplified Chinese characters in order to popularize education grew stronger day by day…”. In fact, ideological innovation in the field of writing had already begun before this, and the sacred and inviolable status of Chinese characters for thousands of years has been shaken. After the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing government signed the "Shimonoseki Treaty" in Shimonoseki, Japan, which was humiliating and humiliating to the country. In addition to paying huge military expenses, it also ceded Taiwan, Penghu and other places. At that time, the government and the public were shocked, which inspired the patriotism of the public, especially the enterprising intellectual class. Everyone speculated on the reasons for China's failure and unanimously believed that "without revolution in Chinese characters, education will never be popularized and the country will never be prosperous and strong." At that time, , Tan Sitong, known as the "Comet of the Ideological World", was the first to take the lead in calling for the abolition of Chinese characters and the use of Pinyin instead. People from all walks of life responded and created "new Qieyin characters" that were simple and easy to learn. The Qieyin character movement in the late Qing Dynasty, that is, the Chinese Pinyin movement, was in full swing.

According to statistics, in the last ten years of the late Qing Dynasty, there were as many as 27 pinyin schemes that can still be documented. Most of the pinyin schemes of this period were designed to spell out certain dialects, but the pinyin script was, after all, a script for spelling out the sounds of a language, so it touched upon the issue of the unification of the Han national language from the very beginning. Lu Xunzhang, who was called "the first person engaged in the Qieyin Movement" at the time, proposed two basic principles for formulating the Pinyin alphabet in his "New Word Order for Qieyin" (1892): "The words and words are consistent" and "The calligraphy and painting are consistent." "Simple", that is, words express speech, and the glyphs are simple and easy to write. At the same time, it also advocated that Nanjing dialect be the "correct pronunciation of each province", so that "the language and characters of the whole country will be consistent, and the literature and dialects will be the same. Although China is a big country, it is like a family. It is not like those who are facing each other to guard their borders and speak their own dialects. And there are no words." These words obviously go beyond the scope of pure writing reform and involve the unification and development of national languages.

However, the various Latinized pinyin schemes designed by Lu Xunzhang are still based on spelling the Fujian and Guangdong dialects. The "Chinese Dialect Alphabet" that he later submitted to the Qing Government's Academic Department was therefore criticized as "not applicable to all provinces" and "not enough to unify the dialects of each province". Soon after, Wang Zhao's "Mandarin Harmony Alphabet", a phonetic plan that reflected the development trend of national homonyms, immediately came to the fore. It was spelled in the "Beijing-yin Mandarin" that had the greatest influence at the time, and the letter form completely adopted the radicals of Chinese characters. The "Mandarin Harmony Alphabet" is widely used, covering most of China, "from Beijing to Tianjin to Fengtian, and Nanjing, the Mandarin Alphabet covers thirteen provinces.

Wang Zhao himself could be said to have fully grasped the development trend of national languages ??at that time. He clearly declared in the preface of "Mandarin Harmony Alphabet": "The language must be unified, and it is better to choose Beijing dialect... Beijing dialect is the easiest to promote, so it is called Mandarin." . Officials are public, and if it is for public use, it is appropriate to choose the one that occupies a large area and has a large number of people. "It is precisely because of this that his "Mandarin Harmony Alphabet" received the support of Wu Rulun, the chief professor of the Capital University Hall (the predecessor of Peking University), and together with Zhang Zhidong and the Minister of Education Zhang Baixi, he petitioned the imperial court to stipulate in the "School Charter" The reason for "adding Mandarin to the subject of Chinese literature" was that "the languages ??of all countries should be consistent" and the Qing Dynasty should also "unify the world's languages ??with the official pronunciation." Therefore, their petition was quickly approved by the court. The Hanyu Pinyin movement triggered the movement for unification of the national language and merged with the movement for unification of the national language. Later, the Ministry of Education of the Qing government stipulated the pinyin "simplified characters" in the "National Language Education Enterprise" (1911). It has two purposes: one is to combine the Mandarin language, and the other is to pronunciation of Fan Zheng Chinese characters, and a "Unified Mandarin Language Act" was passed, which stipulated that the Mandarin language should be popularized in the eighth year of Xuantong (1916). Unexpectedly, in October of that year, the Wuchang Uprising occurred. , the Revolution of 1911 broke out, and the Qing government was overthrown. As a result, the "Unification of Mandarin Language Act" passed by referendum became a dead letter. The movement to determine the national pronunciation, formulate the alphabet, and unify the Mandarin language was actually carried out by the next society and the National Government.

From the brief review above, we can see that the Chinese Pinyin movement, which developed at the end of the 19th century, has been related to the unification of language, social development, and national unity from the beginning. Closely integrated. Historical facts have proved more than once that no matter which pinyin design goes against the development trend of language unification, it is destined to fail. The dialect-based "Chinese Qieyin Alphabet" was criticized because it "cannot be used in all provinces" and "is not enough to unify the dialects of each province". Later, there were Tongzhi Jinshi and the imperial official Lao Naixuan designed a system that could be used in almost all provinces. The main dialects include "Jianzi Quanpu" (a pinyin script with strokes of Chinese characters). "Full spectrum" includes "Jingyinpu", "Ningyinpu" (Nanjing dialect), "Wuyinpu", "Minguangyinpu" "Music" and so on, covering almost most dialects, and he also put forward the idea of ??"leading the south to the north": "Southerners first learn the various musical notations of Nanyin in order to apply them. After learning, they then learn the Beijing yin in order to unify . "Lao Naixuan himself was summoned by Cixi, and his submission of "Simplified Character Pulu" was also approved by the imperial court and "discussed by the academic department." Even so, the academic department of the Qing government still "divided languages ??and hindered unification." He has always been put on hold and ignored, and the society has also made sharp accusations against him, believing that his approach will "make China further away from the rule of common culture", calling him "the chief culprit of splitting language and writing". The fate of the pinyin plan of the three masters Lu Xunzhang, Lao Naixuan and Wang Zhao who played the leading roles in the Qing Dynasty Movement in the late Qing Dynasty, especially Lao Naixuan and Wang Zhao, the "imperial criminal" who was wanted for participating in the "Hundred Days Reform", is really important. It is thought-provoking.

2. The historical relationship between the Chinese Pinyin scheme and the phonetic symbols, Guoluo and Beila

After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the government continued to promote the national language. During the upsurge of promoting Mandarin, the standard pronunciation of Mandarin went through the great debate on the "Beijing (sound) and Guo (sound) issue" and was revised from "mainly Beijing pronunciation, taking into account the north and south" to a new national pronunciation purely based on Beijing pronunciation. The phonetic alphabet was also renamed as phonetic symbols, and became a powerful tool for promoting Mandarin, allowing Mandarin to enter Chinese language teaching in normal schools and primary schools, and established a solid position in radio broadcasts, movies, dramas and other fields.

During the Republic of China. , from Mandarin to Guoyu, from old Guoyin to new Guoyin, the most important historical experience of the Guoyu movement is to make the naturally formed primary form of national dialect (Mandarin) with no clear standards become a clear standard The advanced form of national dialect (Mandarin and Mandarin) must choose a natural language as the basis for its own existence and development. The Mandarin movement has finally found the "heart of Chinese language" in long-term practice (Liu Fuyu). It clearly announced that Beijing (system) will be the standard pronunciation for unifying the national language (see the "Declaration of the National Mandarin Movement Conference"). This is its greatest historical achievement. It is the standardization movement of Chinese and the promotion of Mandarin since the founding of New China in 1949. and the formulation of the Chinese Pinyin plan, laying the foundation.

From the perspective of academic development, the Mandarin phonetic symbols, Mandarin Roman characters, and Northern dialect Latinized new scripts that appeared in different historical periods of the Chinese Pinyin movement, until the Chinese Pinyin scheme in the late 1950s, are obviously the same origin. inheritance and development relationship. The design of the Chinese Pinyin program fully absorbed the valuable experience of many pinyin designs in the past, especially Guoluo and Beila, and listened to opinions from all sides. The plan certainly has its own ingenuity. But more importantly, it absorbs and develops the advantages of many pinyin designs in history. Below we will talk about the inheritance and development relationship between the Chinese Pinyin scheme and phonetic symbols, Guoluo, Beila and other pinyin designs from several main aspects.