The five major types of operating systems: batch operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, real-time operating systems, network operating systems, and distributed operating systems.

1. Batch processing operating system

The working method of the batch processing operating system is: users give jobs to the system operator, and the system operator transfers the jobs of many users to A batch of jobs is formed and then input into the computer to form a continuous job flow with automatic transfer in the system. Then the operating system is started and the system automatically executes each job in sequence. Finally, the operator hands over the job results to the user.

The characteristics of the batch operating system are: multi-channel and batch processing.

2. Time Sharing Operating System

The working method of Time Sharing operating system is: one host is connected to several terminals, and each terminal is used by one user. Users interactively submit command requests to the system, and the system accepts each user's commands, uses time slice rotation to process service requests, and displays the results to the user on the terminal in an interactive manner. The user issues the next order based on the result of the previous step. The time-sharing operating system divides the CPU time into several segments, called time slices. The operating system takes time slices as units and serves each end user in turn. Each user takes turns using a time slice so that each user does not feel the presence of other users. Time-sharing systems have the characteristics of multiplexing, interactivity, "exclusiveness" and timeliness. Multi-channel refers to the fact that multiple users use one computer at a time. From a macro perspective, multiple people use a CPU at the same time. From a micro perspective, multiple people take turns using the CPU at different times. Interactivity means that the user further makes new requests based on the system response results (the user directly intervenes in each step). "Exclusive" means that the user does not feel that the computer serves others, as if the entire system is exclusive to him. Timeliness refers to the timely response of the system to requests made by users. It supports multiple users located at different terminals to use one computer at the same time, independently of each other and without interfering with each other. The user feels as if one computer is fully used by him.

A common general-purpose operating system is a combination of a time-sharing system and a batch processing system. The principle is: time sharing takes priority, batch processing comes last. The "foreground" responds to jobs that require frequent interaction, such as terminal requirements; the "background" handles jobs that do not have strong time requirements.

3. Real-time operating system

Real-time operating system (RealTimeOperatingSystem, RTOS) refers to a computer that can respond to external event requests in a timely manner, complete the processing of the event within a specified strict time, and control all real-time devices and real-time task coordination An operating system that works consistently. The goal of a real-time operating system is to respond to external requests within a strict time frame and have high reliability and integrity. Its main feature is that resource allocation and scheduling must first consider real-time performance and then efficiency. In addition, the real-time operating system should have strong fault tolerance.

4. Network operating system

Network operating system is based on computer network. It is software developed according to network architecture protocol standards on various computer operating systems, including network management, communication, security, and resource sharing. and various network applications. Its goal is mutual communication and resource sharing. With its support, computers in the network can communicate with each other and share resources. Its main feature is to be combined with the network hardware to complete the communication tasks of the network.

5. Distributed operating system

It is an operating system configured for distributed computing systems. A large number of computers are connected together through the network, which can obtain extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing. This kind of system is called a distributed system. It is quite different from other operating systems in terms of resource management, communication control and operating system structure. Since the resources of a distributed computer system are distributed on different computers in the system, the operating system's resource requirements for users cannot be simply allocated directly when resources are available like a general operating system. Instead, they must be searched on each computer in the system to find Allocate resources only after resources are required. For some resources, such as files with multiple copies, consistency must also be considered.

The so-called consistency means that the data read by several users at the same time from the same file is consistent. In order to ensure consistency, the operating system must control the reading, writing, and operation of files so that multiple users can read a file at the same time, and only one user can modify the file at any time. The communication functions of a distributed operating system are similar to those of a network operating system. Since the distributed computer system is not as widely distributed as the network, and the distributed operating system also needs to support parallel processing, the communication mechanism it provides is different from that provided by the network operating system, and it requires high communication speed. The structure of the distributed operating system is also different from other operating systems. It is distributed on each computer of the system, can handle various user needs in parallel, and has strong fault tolerance.

Comprehensive list of operating systems

Early operating systems (patent protection)

TRS-DOS, ROM OS's

TI99-4

Commodore PET, 64, and VIC-20,

The first IBM-PC

Apple Computer

Sinclair Micro and QnX, etc.

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Non-Unix commercial operating system

CPM operating system

MP/M-80

UCSD P-system

Mini-FLEX

SSB-DOS

CP/M-86

DR-DOS

FreeDOS

MS-DOS

PC-DOS

Mach was researched by Kananichi Mellon University

L4 microkernel second generation microkernel

< p> CHORUS

Choices

Multics

OS-9

NSJ

Netware: a network server Operating system

Unix and similar systems

A/UX (Apple UNIX)

Unix

Microsoft Xenix

ChorusOS

Cromix

UNIflex

OS-9

IBM AIX

BSD

FreeBSD

NetBSD

OpenBSD

DragonFly BSD

PC-BSD

Digital UNIX, that is After Compaq Tru64

DNIX

HP HP-UX

GNU/Hurd

SGI IRIX

Inferno

Linux (or GNU/Linux)

Mac OS X

MenuetOS

Minix

OSF/1

Plan9

SCO's SCO UNIX

Sun's SunOS, later Solaris

System V

Ultrix

UniCOS

Kylin operating system (Kylin), a server jointly developed by five units of the National University of Defense Technology, ChinaSoft, Lenovo, Inspur and National Star Corporation Operating System

OS/390

z/OS

Syllable

Others

Acorn

Arthur

ARX

RISC OS

RISCiX

Amiga

AmigaOS

< p> Atari ST

TOS

MultiTOS

MiNT

Apple Computer (Apple/Macintosh)

Apple DOS

ProDOS

Mac OS

Mac

OS X

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard (Alpha)

pink OS

BeOS

A/UX

Be

BeOS

BeIA

Digital/Compaq

AIS

OS-8

RSTS/E

RSX-11

< p> RT-11

TOPS-10

TOPS-20

VMS (later renamed OpenVMS)

IBM

OS/2

AIX

OS/400

OS/390

VM/CMS

< p> DOS/VSE

VSE/SP

VSE/ESA

OS/360

MFT

MVT

SVS

MVS

TPF

ALCS

z/OS

PC-DOS

pink OS

Microsoft

MS-DOS

Xenix

Microsoft Bob

Windows based on MS-DOS operating system

Windows 1.0

Windows 2.0

Windows 3.1

Windows 95

Windows 98

Windows ME

Windows NT

Windows NT 3.5

Windows NT 4

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Windows 2000

Windows XP

Windows XP SP1

Windows XP SP2

Windows XP SP3

Windows XP Media Center Edition

Windows XP Home Edition

Windows XP Tablet PC Edition

Windows XP Professional

Windows XP Professional x64 Edition

Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 64-bit Edition

Windows Vista

Windows Vista SP1

Windows Vista Home Basic

Windows Vista Home Premium

Windows Vista Business

Windows Vista Ultimate

Windows V

ista Enterprise

Windows Vista Starter

Windows Server 2008

Windows Server "Longhorn" Web x86

Windows Server "Longhorn" Web x64

Windows Server "Longhorn" Standard x86

Windows Server "Longhorn" Standard x64

Windows Server "Longhorn" Enterprise x86

Windows Server "Longhorn" Enterprise x64

Windows Server "Longhorn" Datacenter x86

Windows Server "Longhorn" Datacenter x64

Windows 7 Home Basic

< p> Windows 7 Starter

Windows 7 Home Premium

Windows 7 Professional

Windows 7 Enterprise

Windows 7 Ultimate

Windows Server 2008 R2

Novell

NetWare

Unixware

SUSE Linux

NeXT

NEXTSTEP (later Mac OS X)

Plan 9

Inferno

Prime Computer

Primos

p>

Siemens

BS2000 - mainframe for Siemens.

SINIX (also known as Reliant UNIX) - UNIX computer system used by Siemens.

Personal Electronic Assistant (PDA) Operating System

Palm OS

Pocket PC

EPOC

Microsoft Windows CE

Linux

Smartphone operating system

Windows Mobile series

Embedded Linux was created by Montavista and is used in Motorola's A760, E680 and other machines Used on models

Mobilinux was created by Montavista

Symbian OS series

Android (Google mobile operating system)

Other operating systems

p>

Dynamically scalable operating system

MIT's Exo Kernel

University of Washington's SPIN

Harvard University's VINO

University of Illinois Choices

ReactOS

Current mainstream operating systems

Personal computers

The personal computer market is currently divided into two categories in terms of hardware architecture: There are two camps, PCs and Apple computers.

Operating systems they support:

1Windows series operating systems

Produced by Microsoft;

2 Unix-like operating systems

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Such as SOLARIS, BSD series (FREEBSD, openbsd, netbsd, pcbsd);

3 Linux operating systems

Such as UBUNTU, suse linux, fedora, etc.

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4 Mac operating system

Produced by Apple (Darwin), it is generally installed on MAC computers.

Mainframe Computers

The earliest operating systems were developed for large mainframes in the 1960s. Due to the huge investment in software for these systems, the original computer manufacturers Continue to develop hardware and operating systems that are compatible with the original operating system. These early operating systems were the forerunners of modern operating systems. Mainframe operating systems that are still supported include:

Burroughs MCP-- B5000,1961 to Unisys Clearpath/MCP, present.

IBM OS/360 -- IBM System/360 , 1964 to IBM zSeries, present

UNIVAC EXEC 8 -- UNIVAC 1108, 1964, to Unisys Clearpath IX, present.

Modern mainframes can generally also run Linux or Unix variants .

Embedded systems

Embedded systems use a very wide range of operating systems (such as VxWorks, eCos, Symbian OS and Palm OS) as well as some reduced-function versions of Linux or other operating systems. . In some cases, OS refers to a huge general-purpose program with built-in fixed application software. In many of the simplest embedded systems, the so-called OS refers to the only application program on it.

Unix-like system

A customized KDE desktop system running under Linux. The so-called Unix-like family refers to a family of various OSs. This family includes System V, BSD and Linux. Since Unix is ??a registered trademark of The Open Group, it specifically refers to operating systems that adhere to the behaviors defined by this company. Unix-like usually refers to an OS that contains more features than the original Unix.

Unix systems can run on a wide range of processor architectures and are highly used on server systems, such as workstations in universities and colleges or engineering applications. Free software Unix variants, such as Linux and BSD, have become more and more popular recently. They have also made great gains in the personal desktop computer market, such as Ubuntu systems, but they are mostly used by computer experts.

Some Unix variants, such as HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX, are only designed to be used on their own hardware products, while SUN's Solaris can be installed on their own hardware or x86 computers. Apple Computer's Mac OS X is a microkernel BSD system derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach and FreeBSD. This OS replaced Apple Computer's early non-Unix family Mac OS. After several years of hard work, the free and open source Unix system has gradually encroached on the professional fields that used to be proprietary software. For example, the IRIX system of SGI, the former computer animation computing giant, has been replaced by the Linux family and the Plan 9 [3] cluster.

Linux system

Linux is a free 32-bit multi-tasking operating system. It operates very much like the UNIX system, but the stability and multi-tasking of the Linux system The capabilities and network functions are unmatched by many commercial operating systems. Another biggest feature of Linux is that the source code is completely open. In compliance with the principles of GNU GPL (General Public License), anyone can freely obtain, distribute, and even Modify the source code.

In terms of the nature of Linux, it is only the core of the operating system, responsible for controlling hardware, managing file systems, program processes, etc. The Linux Kernel (kernel) is not responsible for providing users with powerful applications. Without compilers, system management tools, network tools, Office suites, multimedia, drawing software, etc., such a system cannot exert its powerful functions and users cannot take advantage of it. This system works, so some people proposed to use the Linux Kernel as the core and then integrate it with various system programs or application tool programs to form a complete operating system. The Linux package thus combined is called a Linux distribution.

The two relatively successful domestic Linux distributions are Hongqi and ChinaSoft. The interfaces are very beautiful and the installation is relatively easy. The new version gradually blocks some low-level operations and is suitable for novices. use. Both versions are derived from the Linux project of the National 863 Program undertaken by the Institute of Software of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. However, there is a certain gap in stability and compatibility compared with foreign versions. The operating interface and habits are becoming more and more similar to Windows. , providing certain technical support and after-sales service, suitable for domestic low-cost operating system solutions.

Microsoft Windows

The Microsoft Windows series operating systems are graphical operating systems designed based on the MS-DOS designed by Microsoft for IBM machines. Today's Windows systems, such as Windows 2000 and Windows XP, are built on the modern Windows NT kernel. The NT kernel is borrowed from systems such as OS/2 and OpenVMS. Windows runs on 32-bit and 64-bit Intel and AMD processors, but earlier versions also ran on DEC Alpha, MIPS, and PowerPC architectures. Although Windows' market share has declined due to increased interest in open source operating systems, by 2004, Windows operating systems accounted for 90% of the desktop operating system market worldwide. [4]

Windows systems are also used on low-end and mid-range servers, and support some functions such as database services for web services. Recently, Microsoft has spent a lot of research and development funds to make Windows have the ability to run large-scale enterprise programs.

WindowsXP was released on October 25, 2001, and the latest upgrade package, WindowsXP Service Pack 2, was released on August 24, 2004. Microsoft's latest operating system, Windows Vista (developed as Longhorn), was released on January 30, 2007[5]. Windows Vista adds many features, especially system security and network management functions. Windows Vista has Aero Glass with a gorgeous interface.

Apple Mac OS

The Apple Mac OS series of operating systems are OSs designed by Apple Inc. (formerly known as Apple Computer) for the Apple personal computer series.

Others

Mainframes and embedded operating systems have little to do with the Unix or Windows families, except for Windows CE, Windows NT Embedded 4.0 and Windows XP Embedded, which are blood relatives of Windows. and several *BSD and embedded Linux packages are exceptions.

A few older OSs are still active today in markets that require stability, such as IBM's OS/2[6] BeOS and XTS-400.

After the craze of the Dacom era, OSs used by a few people, such as AmigaOS and RISC OS, continue to be established to satisfy the fanatical enthusiast community and special professional users.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia