Introduction
①The capital of the United Kingdom, the political, economic, cultural and transportation center, the largest port in the country, and one of the ten largest cities in the world. It is located in southeastern England, across both banks of the lower reaches of the Thames River, 88 kilometers away from the river mouth, and can be directly reached by sea ships. "Greater London" consists of the "City of London" and 32 cities, with an area of ??1,605 square kilometers and a population of 7.5 million (2005); the 12 cities surrounding the City of London are equivalent to the urban area and are called "Inner London". 303 square kilometers and a population of 2.145 million. The climate is warm in winter and cool in summer, with occasional rain that does not last long. Generally speaking, the climate gradually improves in June, with clear skies and mild sunshine; in July and August, the real summer begins, with bright sunshine, but the temperature is around 20 degrees, and the days are particularly long. The autumn weather is crisp in September and October, and winter slowly enters in late November. From December to February and March of next year, the temperature is below 10 degrees, but there are not many opportunities for snow. It gets warmer in April and May, but the low temperature still remains below 15 degrees Celsius.
London has a long history of 2,000 years. It has been the capital of successive dynasties and has many places of interest. With many world-class museums, art galleries and famous buildings, it is a world-famous tourist destination, attracting a large number of tourists from home and abroad every year. She also has a rich and colorful cultural and educational life, with numerous world-famous universities, colleges and other educational institutions, attracting scholars from all over the world to study here. London has well-developed transportation, with subways, trains, ground buses and buses connected to a network, making travel very convenient. London can also taste delicious food from all over the world. Chinatown (Chinatown), located in the city center, is home to many Chinese restaurants and Chinese shopping malls. It is the center of Chinese activities. The Thames River is the lifeline of London, stretching for more than 300 kilometers with beautiful scenery on both sides.
It was built in 43 BC. During the Tudor Dynasty in the 16th century, shipping was very prosperous. In the 18th century, it was the largest port city in the world. In the 19th century, it became the center of British trade and finance. The City of London is home to banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, industrial and trade authorities. West London is the seat of the royal palace, parliament, and government departments, as well as large shops, theaters, and high-end residential areas. The editorial offices of many newspapers are also located here. The East End of London is a dockside, industrial area and workers' residential area. The most important manufacturing city in the UK, Greater London's industrial employees account for one-sixth of the UK's employees. Famous for general machinery and motors; as well as aircraft, precision instruments, automobiles, oil refining, chemicals, clothing, papermaking, printing, food, cigarettes and other industries. The largest seaport in the UK, with an annual throughput of 62 million tons, it is also the largest container port in northwest Europe. The port area extends for about 50 kilometers along the lower reaches of the Thames River. About 80% of imported goods are transported by barge to docks and factories along the coast. One of the largest air terminals in the world.
Inner London mainly performs administrative, financial, trade and cultural functions. London was first built by the Romans. Around the 1st century AD, the British established the London-N?mes administrative headquarters under the control of the Roman Empire, and planned to use the Tychos River as an important transportation channel. However, a bridge was needed to connect both sides of the river, so they chose to build a bridge from the Tower of London to the city. After that, it quickly developed into an important town at that time. London has maintained its long tradition since the ancient Roman Empire. Every corner here has historical relics telling the past, and the streets and alleys here show the traces of years of wind and frost. If you go to the Tower of London or Westminster Abbey to explore, for a moment you will feel as if you have traveled back hundreds of years.
London is a bustling and bustling city, and many buildings are relics of the Victorian era. The tallest building in the city is the Postal and Telecommunications Tower, 189 meters high. It houses the Royal Society, University of London, British Museum, British Library (with a collection of 7 million books), etc. The First International was founded here in 1864. The great proletarian revolutionary teachers Marx, Engels and Lenin once led the international workers' movement here; there is Marx's tomb in Highgate Cemetery. There are many famous buildings, such as Towell Castle (built in 1087), St. Paul's Church (110 meters high), Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, etc.
The original site of the Greenwich Observatory in the southeast of the city is the starting point of the earth's longitude (prime meridian). If the Thames is likened to the Milky Way, then the various parts of London are the stars surrounding the Milky Way, with Trafalgar Square at the center. From here, it takes less than 45 minutes to walk to all major attractions. The subway is centered at Charing Cross Station, from where it only takes 15 minutes to reach major attractions. You might as well go to the National Gallery across the square first, and then decide which direction to go. To the east you can explore the City of London and the Tower of London. Go west to the west for the best entertainment and shopping. To the north, you can visit the British Museum to visit the cultural heritage of mankind. To the south, you can listen to the roar of Big Ben and then take a commemorative photo at Buckingham Palace. Since the Romans settled there, bridges have been gradually built on the Thames River. 28 bridges of different architectural styles connect the two sides of the Thames River. Waterloo Bridge was named by the British to commemorate General Wellington's victory over Napoleon. The most beautiful bridge is the Tower Bridge in London. This Tower Bridge is unique in style and majestic. It has a 5-story tower built on two huge piers. The bridge deck is open and can be lifted apart whenever a ship higher than the bridge deck passes. Connecting the top floors of the twin towers is a pedestrian bridge 140 meters above the water. Standing on the top of the tower, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery nearby. The City of London gradually developed around the City of London. Standing on the top of the tower, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery nearby.
Traveling in London is very convenient. You can travel all over the city with a subway ticket and visit the scenic spots in the city. During the day, you can visit cultural museums, Tower Bridge, monuments and palaces. When you are tired, you can find a park anywhere to take a rest, or have a leisurely English afternoon tea. At night, whether it is music and dance shows, various plays, concerts, pubs or nightclubs, they can bring your night to life. Reach the climax. In addition, the shopping pleasure that you must not miss is the weekend market. Different from luxury department stores and exquisite shopping windows, it has more folk local colors and a lively and joyful atmosphere. Whether it is the antiques of the Victorian era or the rebellious Avant-garde punk outfits, exquisite handicrafts, or cheap and vulgar clothing accessories can all be found in various markets in London. It is said that the local area is known as the "British Tourism Center". London stands among the world's famous cities with its long history, colorful colors and majestic style.
Intercity Transportation
Transportation Guide Intra-city transportation London’s subways, buses, buses and taxis are all convenient means of transportation. When you roam around London, they will provide you with It brings you great convenience. Among the bus transportation, the red double-decker bus is the most exciting thing for tourists. There is nothing more convenient and pleasant than taking a bus in London. A London bus ride will be something you will never forget. How to take the bus Currently, there are two types of buses plying the streets in London. One is the old-fashioned one, where passengers get on and off from the rear of the car. The car itself has no doors. Passengers can get on and off even if they have not arrived at the station, such as when waiting for a green light or in a traffic jam. But please be careful not to force your way onto or off the bus. There are two types of bus stops. One is that buses must stop when they arrive (except for buses that are full), and the other is that buses must raise their hands to signal that they stop. There are different signs on the platform. British people naturally have to queue up when waiting for the bus. But the people in front of the queue may not necessarily take the same bus. If you don’t raise your hand in the queue, some buses will drive directly over. In addition, in the UK, people are accustomed to gesture with their hands straight forward.
The London Underground is commonly known as "Tube", which means test tube or pipe. The subway is the fastest mode of transportation in densely populated areas. Britain had the world's first underground railway. There are 11 lines in the London Underground***, and different lines are represented by different colors. The subway is convenient and fast. During rush hours, a train passes through the busiest subway station every 2 minutes. The length of the subway operated by the London Underground Company is 408 kilometers, with 273 subway stations. About 460 trains are in operation during peak transportation periods. Using the subway is very simple. First, you must have a subway map, find the name of the station you want to go to, and then determine which subway station you are currently at.
There will be many lines of different colors connecting these two points. You just need to follow the line, just like playing chess, and move forward in order. When changing lines in the middle, remember to look clearly at the direction of the line first. Never go in the direction of the line. I went in the opposite direction; also, although the subway station is like a maze, there are signs at every intersection. Follow the signs to find the platform. Taxis and double-decker buses are as famous as London's black taxis, commonly known as "Black Cabs". Recently, many taxis have been allowed to be painted in colorful colors, no longer just monotonous black. This traditional appearance of classic style Taxis are truly a luxury. It costs at least 3 pounds to get in. Taxi drivers are strictly trained and provide friendly service. Taxi fares start at .00 and are calculated based on mileage. The fare is indicated on the meter. After arriving at the station, a tip of about 10 RMB is usually added to the original fare.
Intercity rail is the choice for most people, and driving yourself is not necessary. Air flights are quick but expensive, long-distance buses are cheap but take too much time. Britain is the country that invented railways. If you are interested, you can go to the museum in Darlington to see the first locomotive built by Stevenson. The British railway network has a long history and extends in all directions. High-speed trains run on major trunk lines, taking only around four and a half hours from London to Edinburgh. British mainline trains generally have two types of carriages: First Class and Standard. Standard Open tickets allow you to ride at any time, but they are very expensive. If you plan ahead and buy tickets in advance, you can find cheap tickets among the wide variety of tickets. If you are a student, you can apply for railcard and buy discounted tickets. Train tickets can be purchased at the train station or booked online. Long-distance buses The UK's road network is well developed and complete. The coverage of long-distance buses greatly exceeds that of the railway system, and the prices are relatively cheap. If you want to go somewhere more remote and don't want to take an expensive train, you can take a long-distance bus. The comfort of long-distance buses is worse than that of trains, but it is not a big problem.
Shopping Guide
London is a shopping paradise, with both old stores that serve the British royal family and small open-air street shops. Most shops are open from 10:00-18:00 Thursday is a late-night shopping day, and many stores are open until 19:00 or 20:00. Many small street shops are still open on weekends, attracting many ladies. There are two big sales in London every year. The summer sales discounts are about 30-50, and the time is from the fourth week of June to the second week of July every year. The winter sale discount is about 40-60, which is from Christmas to the end of January. Shopping Street Regent Street is a shopping paradise for gentlemen and ladies. The world's largest toy store Hamley's, porcelain store Wedgwood and cutlery store Mappin & Webb are all on this street. The winding street connects Oxford Circus and Piccadilly Circus. Compared to the high-end designer stores on Bond Street, this place is more intimate. Many shops such as Lipati and Hamrez have a British style, and there are many high-end suit shops in nearby Xavier Law. People walking on this street are all middle- and upper-class British. When those British gentlemen wearing British suits, slightly pale faces, and off-white Panama hats pass you by, time seems to have returned to the beginning of the century. That distant and romantic era. For them, seeing Asian tourists is probably a novelty, because in the 19th century, this area was a shopping street for royal relatives and the upper class. Although the light has faded now, it is still an active area of ????old Britain, and you can observe the elegance of the previous generation of Britain.
Oxford Street Oxford St. In terms of the number of shops and the flow of people, Oxford Street is better than Regent Street and Bond Street. There are many high-end stores here, but those with a casual and relaxed style aimed at young people are more eye-catching. Here you can learn about London's most common fashion trends. Selfridges on this street is Londoners' favorite department store.
Burlington Market Street Burlington Arcade Burlington Market Street consists of new and old parts. High-end brand stores from the UK and around the world are gathered here, and it is also famous as a gathering place for fashionable shops. Turn into Piccadilly St. and you will find yourself walking into another time and space. The shops on Jermyn St. are at least over a hundred years old, and even shops with a history of three hundred years are not uncommon. Therefore, the buildings and shop signs are quite quaint, and the wooden windows are a bit mottled. Revealing the ancient color. Culling Street is London's most famous book street, with everything from the UK's largest bookstore (Foyles) to various small specialized bookstores.
Close to Leicester Square Underground Station, there is Cecil Court, a second-hand book street with many strange shops, which is very interesting. It’s not that easy to be a gentleman at Gentlemen’s Perfumer, a famous store. You can see the outfits of gentlemen washing their faces and trimming their beards here, which is guaranteed to leave you stunned. Those large and small utensils for gargling, spitting, washing your face, shaving, and spraying perfume are all lined up. You will definitely admire the meticulous work of the British gentlemen. T.M.LEWIN British Shirt Shop was founded in 1898. The quality and color of the shirts are very stylish. The price of a shirt is about 45 to 55 pounds. The shirts are placed on a grid of green cabinets, which looks quite pleasing to the eye. . Paxton & Whitheld, a British cheese specialty store, has been around for 300 years and sells a variety of cheeses. Among them, there is also a kind of British pie called Pork Pie. The outside is baked with flour batter and the inside is pork jelly. It has a unique taste and costs about 3.45 pounds each. The employees inside are very cute, with a little rosy cheeks, and they look like typical British people. The perfume products sold at Foris.89, a perfume store, are all homemade in the UK. Of course, all kinds of floral fragrances are the mainstream. In addition to the perfumes applied on the body, the most popular products are fragrances placed in the bathroom. You can try the British fragrance to see how it compares to the Paris fragrance. Berry Bros. & Rudo. LTD. This is a wine chain store. It celebrates its 300th birthday this year. The interior decoration is maintained with the original wood material, so it looks very old and nostalgic. The employees all wear neat suits and speak softly. You can also see old-fashioned corkscrews and wine thermometers... The price of wine ranges from 6.70 to 13.45 pounds. Harrods department store is the largest and most stylish department store in Europe. It covers an area of ??63,000 square meters and is on the seventh floor. The underground food department has mouth-watering delicious wines. Fortnum & Mason is a high-end food store with a history of 300 years. On the eighth floor, there are porcelain cups and cooking supplies that match food on the basement floor.
Flea Market: Camden Markets Saturday and Sunday 08:00-18:00. There are a variety of antiques, handicrafts, clothing and shoe shops. Petticoat Lane Sunday 09:00-14:00. People of all races gather together, mainly selling clothing and household items. Portobello Road Saturday 07:00-17:00. Once a mecca for London's hippies, it has many ancient costumes, jewellery, coins and curios. Brixton Market Monday to Saturday 08:00-17:30. There are many African and Indian fruits, handicrafts and audio tapes. At the same time, this is the birthplace of miniskirts, and the latest fashions are often introduced to countries around the world.
Leisure and Entertainment
Artistic Performances London has extremely rich forms of art and entertainment. Opera, musicals, classical music, rock, jazz, royal ballet, tap, you name it, and the tickets are unbelievably cheap. There are at least 1,000 theaters in London, most of which perform works by Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw. London theaters can be roughly divided into two types. Commercial theaters mainly feature works by famous writers performed by famous actors.
The most famous ones are the National Theater and the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. You can watch the creations of some budding writers in the small theater, which has a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere. It is very relaxing and comfortable to enjoy a classical concert in London. The acoustics of the concert hall are very good and the concert tickets are very cheap. Every year from July to September, the "Classical Music Summer Festival" is held in London, inviting world-famous conductors and orchestras to perform at the Royal Albert Hall. Famous concert halls in London include the Queen Elizabeth Concert Hall, Albert Hall, Royal Academy of Music, etc. Among them, the Royal Celebration Concert Hall can be called the top concert hall in London. The ticket price depends on the seats and the quality of the performers, and is roughly as follows: drama - 20, musical - 30, opera or ballet - 60, classical concert - 30, rock or jazz concert - 25. Tickets for rock or jazz concerts in London are not high, and you can also dance in discos.
Sports competitions catch up with the season from mid-August to early May. Visitors can also watch the English Football League and FA Cup. In the UK, people generally call football football instead of Soccer. To distinguish it from "Rugby football", they also say "Soccer football". Today, football has become a very popular sport around the world, and its birthplace is England. As early as the 14th century, this movement became popular throughout Britain. It is said that it was originally a competition between young people from two villages competing to kick the ball into the gate of the other village, and then developed into a formal sport. In England alone, there are more than 90 professional football teams competing at four levels from Class A to Class D. Scotland also has its own football league. Both leagues are played from mid-August to early May, with games every Saturday at 3 p.m. during the season. The schedule can be found in newspapers and magazines. In addition to the league, there is also the FA Cup. This is a knockout competition for all professional teams affiliated with the English Football Association and is extremely popular. The finals are held on the second Saturday in May. League tickets are on sale at all stadiums. Fans usually go there in the morning to wait in line. If there are exciting events, they are often sold out during the pre-sale period. The ticket price for standing seats is around 100%. Although it is cheap, there are many fanatical fans here. If you want to avoid them, you can buy 2nd floor seats. The ticket price is around 10%. Additionally, tickets for international matches and the FA Cup are hard to come by. You can purchase it in advance through organizations such as "Ball Game Introduction".
Museum London gathers all kinds of rare treasures from around the world. At the British Museum, you can take a look at cultural heritage from Egypt and Mesopotamia to India, China, and Japan. You can appreciate the wonderful works of masters in the National Gallery. The museums and art galleries here are spacious, comfortable and elegant, with rich exhibits. While some museums and galleries are operating commercially, places such as the British Museum are still free (sometimes with optional fundraisers). During your stay in London, you can go around every day and enjoy the luxury of this art. In addition, museums and art galleries are open most days except Christmas Eve (December 24), Christmas Day (December 25), New Year's Day (January 1) and the first Sunday after Christmas.
The main festivals in London include Christmas, New Year, Easter (someday in March-April, the first Sunday after the vernal equinox), Thanksgiving (the fourth Thursday in November), and BANK. HOLIDAY (in April, May, August, after Christmas, there are four Mondays with indefinite dates and other holidays related to it), as well as royal announcement days (usually the Queen's birthday, etc.), as mentioned above It is a holiday for holidays. There are many other holidays shared with the international community, such as Valentine's Day, Halloween, Father's Day, and Mother's Day, which are not holidays.
British food can be described in one word - "Simple". There are only two ways to make it: bake it in the oven, or boil it in a pot. No condiments are added when cooking. When eating, you can add some salt, pepper, mustard, spicy soy sauce, etc. according to your personal preference. .
Moreover, if you go to London, you will find that potatoes (sweet potatoes) are indispensable in every London meal! It sounds like we respect everyone's likes and dislikes, but it's hard to avoid the suspicion of cutting corners. However, now that you are in the UK, let’s experience the charm of British food. Grilled steak is recognized as a representative work of British cuisine. It is made from large pieces of raw beef with oil and grilled in the oven. Just like fried steak, when you order this dish, the waiter will ask you if you prefer it raw. Still a little more familiar. The cooked beef can be dipped in Western-style mustard sauce, and the Yorkshire pudding as a side dish is also famous. Fried fish and fried potatoes are the "McDonald's" of Britain, a cheap and convenient food. Fried fish is mostly plaice or cod, and is eaten with French fries dipped in salt or vinegar (many British people use both). It is very popular among ordinary people. There are also cucumbers and cream sausage (sausage wrapped in batter and fried), etc., which will definitely whet your appetite. In addition to British waiters, there are often Spanish and Italian waiters in the restaurant. Their English accent is heavy and difficult to understand. All you have to do is point to the dish you want to order and say "This one, please". Beef pie is made from beef or beef kidney. It has a special taste and is very delicious once you are used to it. It is also a typical lunch in a tavern. You must try it! Dover Plaice British fish dishes are quite delicious, and there are several chain restaurants in London that specialize in fish dishes. In particular, the plaice caught in the Strait of Dover is light, fresh and very delicious. English breakfast starts with orange juice, cornflakes, milk and sugar. Then comes the main course, which is usually bacon, sausage and fried eggs with fried mushrooms or tomatoes (fried tomatoes are quite delicious). And of course toast. Finally, there is coffee or black tea, and there is also the traditional British milk tea. This is the English breakfast.
Types of Beer Bitter Bitter beer is thicker in color and has a bitter taste. Britain's most iconic beer. Mild beer is a dark brown draft beer with lower bitterness and alcohol content than bitter beer, and a darker color than bitter beer. Bottled as brown beer. Pale Ale is a bitter beer bottled in a pale beer bottle. It has high alcohol content, sufficient carbonation, and a very light color. Several British foods: Bacon and eggs are essential dishes in the British breakfast. Eggs are mostly fried. Bass sweet bread is a sweet bread with raisins or lemons added. It was the first Bass people to make it, so it is called Bass sweet bread. Black pudding is a sausage containing pig's blood. Cornish pasties are meat and vegetable pasties. Devonshire cream is rich in flavor and nutrients. During afternoon tea, it is often spread on cakes or fruits as a decoration, and it is also very delicious. Edinburgh stones are hard candies in the form of sticks. Gaelic coffee is coffee with cream, sugar, and whiskey added. Guinness (trade name) is the most popular brand of dark beer. Evening refreshments are refreshments served earlier than the evening meal, and are mainly snacks such as sandwiches. Irish coffee is made by mixing whiskey, coffee, sugar, and milk. Mince pie is a pie filled with various dried fruits and spices. It is a must-have dish in Christmas dinner. As the name suggests, the farmer's lunch is a very simple meal. It consists of cheese, bread, salad, and pickles, and can be found in taverns. Lier beer is another name for various traditional draft beers. Scotch eggs are hard-boiled eggs wrapped in ham and wrapped in fried bread. There are round ones and square ones. Shortbread is a slightly hard crispy biscuit. Lots of cream. Stout is a dark, strong beer made from roasted malt.
Dining Customs and Wine Tasting Methods The British do not drink beer in one gulp, but taste the draft beer with less foam and less gas little by little. It is said that the optimal drinking temperature of bitter beer is 13-15 degrees Celsius. Those who are used to drinking light beer around 7 degrees Celsius are best to order Lager. There are often free seats at the drinking seats, so you can find a place and drink standing up. If the weather is warm, you can sit and drink on the benches outside the pub, the atmosphere is great. After drinking, please don't forget to return the cup to the counter and say "Thank you!". British Afternoon Tea In the 19th century, afternoon tea became popular among British upper-class gentlemen and ladies. They drank afternoon tea by a warm fire in the winter and in a flowery garden in the summer. The most important function was to make the upper-class people Communicate feelings and exchange information.
For example, which painter's work has been recently, or which play you have watched, is a relaxed and elegant activity. They do not provide pastries in a buffet style, but usually in a set, including a pot of tea and A snack, including sandwiches, Scorn or small cakes. The combination of snacks in each restaurant is a little different. Better restaurants will also change their pastries according to the season. Teas include Earl Grey, Darjeeling, Ceylon tea, etc. The most popular is Earl Grey.
Having afternoon tea in a traditional British pub is aristocratic, but going to a British pub for a couple of drinks is definitely popular culture. It is one of the great pleasures in life to drink with a few friends in a warm and dim bar, holding a glass of foaming dark beer. The usually reserved British people seemed to be able to open up their minds at this time. When you come to London, you have to sit in a bar to make your trip worthwhile. Another charming thing about British pubs is that the beers are delicious and there are many kinds. If you don’t have a particular preference, you might as well try British beers. British beers are mainly light beer Lager, bitter beer Bitter, and dark beer Guinness. Light beer has a sweet soda taste, and bitter beer has a bitter taste on the back of the tongue after drinking it. Dark beer is a famous product of Ireland. I heard that Irish children When they have a bad appetite, their parents will give them a little dark beer to whet their appetite. As for side dishes paired with wine, traditional foods include chargrilled salmon, French fries, and wheat porridge. However, most bars are open from early morning until late at night, offering lunch and dinner. As times change, bars have slowly changed in style. Now the most popular bar in London is the "sports bar", which is a bar equipped with a large-screen TV where everyone can sit and watch sports broadcasts together.
Historical introduction
London was originally a Celtic town, founded by Roman invaders around 50 AD as a port on the Thames River and named Londinium. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 7th century AD, Londinium was abandoned and the Saxons established the town of Lundenwic one mile west of present-day Aldwych. It was not until the 9th to 10th centuries AD that the old city of Roman London was again inhabited. London gradually developed and expanded, absorbing nearby villages and settlements, and spreading in all directions. By the 17th century, London was already the largest city in the British Empire and even Europe. The Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed most of the buildings in London (miraculously, only more than 20 people died in the fire), but immediately after the fire, London began to rebuild within 10 years, including St. Paul's Cathedral. The construction of landmark buildings all started during this period. During the Victorian era, London experienced massive development. The opening of the world's first subway, the operation of buses and buses, and the railway lines connecting all directions have given London's city appearance and transportation a completely new look. The urban population of London dropped sharply in the second half of the 19th century (1851: 128,000; 1871: 75,000; 1901: 27,000). A large number of new buildings transformed London from a Georgian city to a Victorian city. City.
The major changes in London in the past 100 years can be said to have started after the Second World War. During the war, London was heavily bombed by the Nazi Luftwaffe. During this period, more than 30,000 Londoners were killed and most of the buildings were damaged. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the reconstruction of London without unified planning resulted in today's diverse architectural pattern and has become a unique feature of London today. At the beginning of the 20th century, most Londoners used coal as household fuel, which produced a lot of smoke. These smog, combined with London's climate, create the famous smog in London, which is called London Fog in English. Therefore, English sometimes calls London "The Smoke", and London is named "The Smog City". Between December 5 and 9, 1952, the London smog incident killed 4,000 people. As a result, the government implemented the Clean Air Act in 1956, banning the use of smoke-generating fuels in some areas of London. Today, London’s air quality has improved significantly.
The climate is affected by the North Atlantic warm current and westerly winds, making it a temperate oceanic climate. Because the urban area of ??London is often filled with humid fog, it is nicknamed "The Fog City".
Administrative Planning
London Administrative Division The Thames River passes through London, dividing the city into southern and northern parts. The entire "Greater London" (Greater London) is divided into the "City of London" (City of London) and 32 boroughs (Borough) in London. The City of London has independent administrative and legislative powers and has a higher status; although the City of Westminster is called a city, it is still one of the London boroughs. The City of London and its municipalities belong to one of the standard first-level administrative regions - Unitary Authority Region. Among these 33 boroughs, according to the definition of the "Inner London Education Authority", the 12 closest to the center are collectively called "Inner London", and the 20 outer boroughs are collectively called "Inner London". "Outer London" (Outer London), a total of 33 areas. London is the third largest city in Europe. According to the 2001 census, the London urban area and its boroughs (towns) (approximately 610 square miles) had a population of 7,172,036. About 71 of them are white, 10 are of Indian, Bangladeshi or Pakistani descent, 5 are of black African descent, 5 are of black Caribbean descent, 3 are of mixed race, and about 1 are of Chinese descent. 58.2% of the population believes in Christianity, while 15.8% has no religious affiliation. Approximately 21.8% of London residents were born outside the EU. Although the population of London is smaller than that of Moscow and Paris, if the population (approximately 13,945,000 people) living in the London metropolitan area (6,267 square miles) is included, it has surpassed Paris and become the largest in Europe. The metropolitan area has a population greater than that of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland combined. Many people still believe that Britain is an Anglo-Saxon country, overwhelmingly white. This is not the case. Guests visiting London for the first time may be surprised by how many blacks and Orientals there are. As the capital of the British Empire in the past, London not only accommodated the legacy of the old colonies, but also accommodated a large number of immigrants, which resulted in various profound social problems. But on the other hand, this is also one of the conditions for becoming an international metropolis.