The Four Heroes: the collective name of Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and King Luo Bin, the writers of the early Tang Dynasty

The Five Hegemons: the five powerful vassal states in the pre-Qin period. Also known as the fifth uncle. The specific meaning of it mainly has the following theories: ① "Zuo Zhuan" in the second year of Chenggong: "The five uncles are also the hegemons, and they care about them diligently to serve the king's orders." Du Xuan's note: "Xia Bokunwu, Shang Bo Dapeng , Jiwei, Zhou Bo, Qihuan, and Jin Wen " advocated that the Five Hegemons refer to the five vassal states of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. This theory follows that of "Bai Hu Tong Hao" and "Customs Tong Huang Ba", and is based on the materials of "Guo Yu Zheng Yu" and "The Analects of Confucius Xian Wen". However, the historical events of the Xia and Shang dynasties are elusive and difficult to ascertain. There is also a lack of records on the situation of Kunwu, Dapeng, and Shewei. It is even less clear whether there were activities among princes competing for hegemony. ② "Mencius Gaozi Xia" states: "The five tyrants are the sinners of the three kings; the princes of today are also the sinners of the five tyrants." It also says: "Of the five tyrants, Duke Huan is the most prosperous." This obviously refers to the Spring and Autumn Period. For five kings. Therefore, Zhao Qi notes: "The five hegemons in a great country lead the princes in a straight way, including Huan of Qi, Wen of Jin, Mu of Qin, Xiang of Song, and Zhuang of Chu." This is a quite popular saying, but among them Duke Mu of Qin, Song Xianggong did not become the overlord of the Central Plains. ③ "Xunzi Wang Ba" lists Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue as the "five uncles". Judging from the historical situation of the Spring and Autumn Period, this statement is more appropriate. The struggle for hegemony among the great powers was a product of the specific historical conditions of the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, due to the separation of the princes, a unified political core could not be formed. Therefore, Sima Qian said: "After Youli, the Zhou Dynasty declined, the princes were dictatorial,... the five hegemons rose and fell even more"; Confucius It is also said: "Guan Zhong, Prime Minister Huan Gong, dominated the princes and brought peace to the world, and the people are now receiving his blessings." Among the powerful countries that have arisen among the princes, some use the slogans of "respecting the king" and "repelling the barbarians", such as Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin ; Some formally obtained the approval of the Zhou royal family, such as King Gou Jian of Yue; some planned to replace the Zhou royal family, such as King Zhuang of Chu. They all competed politically and militarily for the slave states in order to seek hegemony. In fact, during the hundreds of years of the Spring and Autumn Period, there were more than five monarchs who pursued and achieved this status, and Duke Huan of Qi was just a few of the most famous representatives. Because the commentators have different criteria for choosing and rejecting, there are different opinions.

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest: refers to the seven famous scholars of the Jin Dynasty: Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Shan Tao, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu and Wang Rong.

Drinking Eight Immortals: One Immortal congratulates Zhizhang: Zhizhang rides a horse like a boat, and falls into a well and sleeps under the water.

The Second Immortal Ruyang King: The three battles in Ruyang began to face the sky, salivating at the mouth of the carriage when the road was curved, and sealing towards Jiuquan with hatred.

Three Immortals Li Shizhi: The left prime minister spends tens of thousands of money on daily prosperity, drinks like a long whale sucking in hundreds of rivers, holds a cup in his mouth and enjoys the sage, calling him a shunner.

Four Immortals Cui Zongzhi: Zongzhi is a handsome and handsome young man. He raises his glass and looks at the blue sky with his white eyes, which is as bright as a jade tree before the wind.

Five Immortals Su Jin: Su Jin often likes to escape to Zen when he is drunk before embroidering Buddha in Changzhai.

The Six Immortals of Li Bai: Li Bai wrote a hundred poems in one fight and slept in a restaurant in Chang'an City. The emperor couldn't get on the boat, so he said that he was a wine-drinking immortal.

Seven Immortals Zhang Xu: Zhang Xu takes off his hat and tops his head in front of the prince, swiping paper like clouds of smoke.

Eight Immortals Jiao Sui: Jiao Sui's five fights and Fang Zhuoran's eloquent talk shocked the four feasts.

The Nine Elders in Xiangshan: Bai Juyi, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, gathered and had fun with eight elders in his former residence in Xiangshan (now east of Longmen Mountain in Luoyang, Henan). At that time, in order to commemorate such a gathering, Bai Juyi asked a painter to depict the Nine Elders and their activities at that time. This is the origin of the "Fragrant Mountain Nine Elders Picture". Later generations longed for this elegant story, resulting in many works depicting the gathering of old sages.

Ten talented men in Dali: Li Duan, Lu Lun, Ji Zhongfu, Han Hong, Qian Qi, Sikong Shu, Miao Fa, Cui Dong (Yisuodong), Geng Mao, Xia Houshen.

The Four Scholars of Su Clan: a collective name for the Northern Song Dynasty writers Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei.

The Six Gentlemen of Su Sect: Huang Tingjian, Chao Buzhi, Qin Guan, Zhang Lei, Chen Shidao, and Li Lao

The three major religions in the world: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam

Four major mysteries: 1. The mystery of human genetic structure

American scientist Watson and British scientist Crick identified in 1955 that human genes are stored in a spiral macromolecule. This won the Nobel Prize. Scientists now hope to know exactly what information is stored in which gene. Whether they can succeed is not yet certain, because each gene consists of about 30,000 pieces of information. They have to check one by one. Only about 100,000 types have been identified so far. 100 types of genes.

If the secrets of all genes can be revealed, cancer, diabetes and more than 4,000 other genetic diseases known so far caused by gene damage can be cured by repairing genes.

2. Is there more dark matter in the universe?

Astrophysicists believe that if we can know how the universe was created, we can calculate the future of the universe, and thus we can answer the question of the origin of mankind.

The theory they proposed for the creation of the universe is that it began with a primordial thunderbolt and a huge lightning, from which matter, time and space emerged. But according to new calculations, there would need to be nine times more matter in the universe than astronomers can currently see for this theory to be true. However, where these substances are, what their composition is, and whether a large amount of dark matter can still be found are completely unknown, which cannot answer the question of the origin of human beings.

3. Can controlled nuclear fusion be successful?

In 1938, physicist Hahn split a uranium nucleus. It was first used in atomic bombs and later used peacefully. At the same time, astrophysicists discovered that the sun produces energy through hydrogen nuclear fusion. The original The application is a hydrogen bomb, and peaceful use remains in the future, because although the theoretical problems have been solved, the practical problems have not yet been solved. The premise of hydrogen nuclear fusion is a high temperature of 100 million degrees. How to build a furnace that can withstand such high temperatures is very valuable to solve this problem, because using 7 grams of hydrogen nuclear fuel can produce the energy of 6 tons of coal, and the hydrogen nuclear fuel is made from water. The extracted energy is inexhaustible, and the harm to humans and the environment is only 1% of current energy.

4. How was life formed?

In 1953, American scientist Miller simulated the conditions on the earth 4 billion years ago. As a result, amino acids, the building blocks of life, were produced under these conditions. But how it evolves into life is still a mystery. Now computer scientists have programmed artificial organisms and observed their "life" in the computer world. A group of moving small triangles (flocks of birds) appeared. They separated in front of a pillar, and then They are united again, like a real flock of birds. They believe that this is the first step in understanding the structure of life, and the future goal is to simulate the formation of life

Seven Wonders: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Statue of the Sun God Mausolus in Rhodes, and the Mausoleum

Temple of Artemis, Statue of Zeus, Pharos Lighthouse, Egyptian Pyramid

Nine Famous Passes in China: Nine Famous Passes in my country

Shanhaiguan Pass: In Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, it is the Great Wall The starting point of the road is in a dangerous situation. It has been called a transportation hub since ancient times and is known as "the first pass in the world".

Juyongguan: In the northwest of Changping County, Beijing, it is one of the key points of the Great Wall.

Zijing Pass: Located on Zijing Ridge in Yixian County, Hebei Province, it is one of the key entrances from the Hebei Plain to the Taihang Mountains.

Niangziguan: Built in the early Tang Dynasty in the eastern part of Pingding County, Shanxi Province, it was named because Princess Pingyang once led the Women's Army stationed here. It was the strategic point between Shanxi and Hebei provinces and the situation was dangerous.

Pingxingguan: Located on the northeastern border of Fanzhi County, Shanxi Province, adjacent to Lingqiu County, it is one of the key points of the Great Wall and a transportation hub in northern Shanxi.

Yanmen Pass: Located in the north of Dai County, Shanxi Province, it is one of the key points of the Great Wall.

Jiayuguan: In the west of Jiayuguan City, Gansu Province, it is the end point of the Great Wall. It is built against the mountains and is located high and safe. It has been an important hub for east-west transportation since ancient times.

Wusheng Pass: Located in the south of Xinyang, Henan Province, it is one of the passes of the Dabie Mountains.

Youyi Pass: also known as Dananguan Pass, the first pass of the border, is located in the southwest of Pingxiang City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and is a transportation hub from China to Vietnam.

Top Ten Famous Teas: 1. West Lake Longjing 2. Dongting Biluochun 3. Huangshan Maofeng 4. Lushan Yunwu 5. Lu'an Guapian 6. Junshan Silver Needle 7. Xinyang Maojian 8. Wuyi Rock Tea 9. Anxi Tieguanyin 10. Keemun Black Tea

Thirteen Famous Wines: 1. Maotai Liquor

It is so famous that I won’t introduce it.

2. Wuliangye

In the world for three thousand years, Wuliangye became jade liquid. Wuliangye liquor is a typical representative of the strong-flavor Daqu liquor. It is brewed by integrating the spirit of heaven, earth and man, using traditional techniques and selecting five kinds of high-quality sorghum, glutinous rice, rice, wheat and corn. It has a unique style of "long-lasting aroma, mellow taste, sweet entrance, refreshing throat, harmonious flavor and just the right amount". It is an outstanding product among today's alcoholic products.

Wuliangye Liquor has won the gold medal of "National Famous Liquor" for several consecutive years, and was named one of China's "Top Ten Famous Trademarks" in 1991. Eighty years after winning the Panama Award in 1915, in 1995 it won the only gold medal in the wine category at the Panama International Trade Fair. So far, Wuliangye Liquor has won 32 international gold medals.

3. Xifeng Wine

Xifeng Wine is produced in Xifeng Winery, Liulin Town, Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province. Xifeng wine belongs to other flavor types (Phoenix type). It has been rated as a national famous wine four times.

4. Shuanggou Daqu

Produced in Shuanggou Town, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province. After the fourth national wine evaluation meeting in 1984, the wine was rated as a national famous wine twice in a row for its typical strong-flavor style of "clear and transparent color, rich aroma, harmonious flavor, and clean and long tail".

5. Yanghe Daqu

Yanghe Daqu is produced by Yanghe Winery in Siyang County, Jiangsu Province. It was once listed as one of the eight famous wines in China. It has been More than three hundred years of history. "Sweet, cottony, soft, clean and fragrant" are the characteristics of Yanghe Daqu. There are currently four main varieties of Yanghe Daqu: Yanghe Daqu (55 degrees), low-degree Yanghe Daqu (38 degrees), Yanghe Dunhuang Daqu and Yanghe Dunhuang Puqu.

6. Gujing Gong Liquor

This wine is produced in the Gujing Distillery in Bo County, Anhui Province. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, King Cao Cao of Wei presented to Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty the "Nine Brewing Spring Wine Method" passed down by the late magistrate of the county. According to local historical records, the water used for winemaking here comes from an ancient well that was left over from the Northern and Southern Dynasties. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the local wine was contributed to the emperor, so it was known as "Gujing tribute wine". Gujing Gongjiu is a strong-flavor liquor with the characteristics of "color as clear as crystal, fragrance as pure as orchid, sweet and mellow in the mouth, and long-lasting aftertaste".

7. Jiannanchun

Produced in Mianzhu County, Sichuan Province. Its predecessor should be regarded as the famous wine of Tang Dynasty, Jiannan Shaochun. In the Supplement to the History of the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhao in the later period of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty listed Jiannan Shaochun among the thirteen famous wines in the world at that time. The current winery was built in April 1951. After the advent of Jiannanchun wine, the quality continued to improve. In 1979, it was rated as a national famous wine for the first time at the third national wine evaluation meeting.

8. Luzhou Laojiao Tequ Liquor

Luzhou Laojiao Tequ was identified by the country as a typical representative of strong-flavor liquor in 1952. Luzhou Laojiao Cellars was designated by the State Council as the only nationally protected cultural relic in my country's liquor industry in 1996 and is known as the "National Treasure Cellars". Luzhou Laojiao National Treasure Liquor is carefully brewed in the National Treasure Cellars. It is the best strong-flavor liquor today

9. Fen Liquor

Won the first prize at the Panama International Exposition in 1915 Gold medal, and has been rated as a national famous wine for five consecutive times. It is a typical representative of my country's light-flavor liquor and is famous for its unique style of light fragrance and purity. The typical style of its wine is soft in the mouth, sweet in the mouth, and lingering fragrance after drinking. Drinking it in moderation can drive away wind and cold, eliminate stagnation, and promote blood circulation. The alcohol content is 38 degrees, 48 ??degrees, and 53 degrees. Registered trademarks: Xinghua Village, Gujing Pavilion, Great Wall, Fen brand.

10. Dong Liquor

Dong Liquor is produced in Dong Liquor Factory, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province. From 1929 to 1930, Dong Gongsi Ciao Liquor was brewed by Cheng's brewing workshop. In 1942, it was named "Donggongsi Liquor" Dongjiu”. Zunyi Dong Winery was established in 1957. In 1963, it was the first to be rated as a national famous wine. After 1979, it has been rated as a national famous wine. The aroma of Dong wine is different from the strong aroma type and the sauce aroma type, but belongs to other aroma types. . The production method of this wine is unique, integrating the production techniques of Daqu wine and Xiaoqu wine.

The other three major ones were not included in the list due to unstable rankings

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