Datong in History
Datong City is an ancient capital with a long history and splendid culture. Due to its special geographical location, the ancients described it as: "Three sides face each other, and the most The key point. It connects Shanggu to the east, Bingheng to the south, the Yellow River to the west, and the desert to the north. It is the vassal screen of the capital and the guarantee of the Central Plains."
In the third century BC: King Wuling of Zhao "broke Linhu, Loufan, and built the Great Wall in the north, and placed Yunzhong, Yanmen, and Daijun in the north." Zhou Si must prepare for the enemy."
At the end of the fourth century AD: Tuoba Xianbei, who controlled most of the area north of the Yellow River Basin, moved the capital to Pingcheng, started to build palaces, built ancestral temples, established sheji, built the Great Wall, and dug grottoes. It took 96 years of the Seven Emperors. Datong immediately became the center of politics, economy, military, culture, and Buddhism in northern my country at that time, and prosperity appeared for the first time in history.
In the next 1500 years: Datong was successively the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital of the Liao and Jin Dynasties, and the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. The country has changed, and its name has been changed several times, but the "key to the north" has not been lost; the struggle on the Great Wall has been fought several times, and "the Datong warriors are in uniform all over the world".
1277: Italian traveler Marco Polo came to Datong. At that time, Kublai Khan unified China and ended the years of war and chaos in the Liao, Jin, and Song Dynasties. Datong regained prosperity. He immediately praised "Datong is a magnificent and beautiful city."
1372: Zhu Guifan, the thirteenth prince of Zhu Yuanzhang, moved to Datong and built Yunzhong City south of the old site of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It is now the ancient city of Datong. Its scale and uniqueness are rarely seen in northern my country.
In the northern suburbs of the city, the 300-kilometer Great Wall starting from Xinpingbao in Tianzhen County in the east and ending at Shahukou in Youyu County in the west has undergone six large-scale repairs, and a border has been built between the Great Wall and the city. There are hundreds of forts, barracks and beacon towers, forming a unique city defense layout in northern my country of "the Great Wall protects the outside and the square city secures the inside".
1438-1571: The Ming Dynasty adopted a tolerant and friendly policy towards all ethnic groups in Mongolia. It established three horse markets in Datong, several Piyue markets, and established small markets for a long time. It agreed to "tribute tribute" to the Tatars and promoted the development of Datong. The restoration and development of social productivity inside and outside the Great Wall. Datong became a distribution center for economic exchanges between the Mongolian and Xinjiang Hu people and the Central Plains region and a commercial port outside the Great Wall, and once again enjoyed rare prosperity.
Until modern times, barter trade and currency trade in Datong still flourished, attracting many wealthy businessmen from across the country.
[Edit this paragraph]★Datong City, Shanxi Province
[Edit this paragraph] Overview
Datong City is one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities announced by the country one. Datong belonged to Zhao during the Warring States Period, Pingcheng County was established in the Han Dynasty, the capital was established in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Yunzhong County and Yunzhou were established in the 18th year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (AD 730). In the thirteenth year of Chongxi reign of Liao Dynasty (AD 1044), Xijing was built in present-day Datong City, and in the seventeenth year of Liao Dynasty (AD 1048), Datong County was attached to Guo. Since then, the name of Datong County has not been changed. In the seventh year of Hongwu's reign (AD 1374), it was governed by Datong Prefecture. During the Anti-Japanese War, East and West Datong counties were divided into two counties. After liberation in May 1949, Datong urban area was established as Datong City and belonged to Chahar Province. Returned to Shanxi Province in November 1952. In July 1993, the Yanbei Administrative Office was abolished and merged with Datong City, and some counties under the jurisdiction of the Yanbei Administrative Office were placed under the jurisdiction of Datong City. It currently governs 5 districts including development zone, urban area, mining area, southern suburbs, and Xinrong District, and 7 districts including Yanggao County, Tianzhen County, Guangling County, Lingqiu County, Hunyuan County, Zuoyun County, and Datong County. county.
Datong City is located in the northernmost tip of Shanxi Province, on the northeastern edge of the Loess Plateau. The geographical coordinates are between 112°34′-114°33′ east longitude and 39°03′-40°44′ north latitude. It is bounded by the Great Wall to the north, adjacent to Fengzhen and Liangcheng County of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, connected to Shuozhou City and Xinzhou area of ??this province to the west and south, and connected to Yangyuan, Laiyuan and Yu County of Hebei Province to the east. Datong City has a long history and dangerous terrain. It is the gateway to the north of the Three Jin Dynasties and the barrier of the capital Beijing. It is the only shortcut between Shaanxi, Mongolia and Hebei. Its strategic position is very important. It is known as the ancient battlefield. It was the capital of one generation and the companion capital of two generations. , an important town in the four dynasties. This city is located at the junction of Shanxi, Hebei and Mongolia and is a nationally famous "coal capital".
The location conditions are relatively superior, transportation and communication are relatively convenient, mineral resources are quite abundant, tourism resources are well-known both at home and abroad, and the industrial foundation is relatively strong. The city has a total land area of ??14,112.56 square kilometers, with an average altitude of 700--1,400 meters. The highest peak is Huangyangjian, the main peak of Liuling Mountain in Yanggao County, at 2,420 meters. The lowest point is Ranzhuang River in Lingqiu County, which is 558 meters. The urban area is 1,000 meters above sea level. The landform types within the territory are complex and diverse, including mountains, hills, basins, and plains. Rocky mountainous and hilly areas account for 79% of the total area. The mountain ranges in the northwest belong to the Yinshan Mountains and the Luliang Mountains, mainly including Shuangshan, Erlang Mountain, Yunmen Mountain, Cailiang Mountain, etc.; the southeastern mountains belong to the Taihang Mountains, mainly including Hengshan, Taibai Mountain, Liuling Mountain, etc. The city's general altitude is between 1,000 and 1,500 meters. The highest point is Huangyangjian of Liuling Mountain in Yanggao County (2,420 meters above sea level), and the lowest point is the Ranhe exit of Huata Village in Lingqiu County (558 meters above sea level). The Sanggan River runs through the city from southwest to northeast, forming a trough-shaped basin with high surroundings, low in the middle, and two mountains sandwiching a river. In addition to the Sanggan River, the main rivers in the territory include Yuhe River, Nanyang River, Huliu River, Tang River, which belongs to the Haihe River system, and Cangtou River, which belongs to the Yellow River system. The city's total population is 2.848 million, of which the agricultural population accounts for about 60%. There are Mongolian, Manchu, Hui, Tibetan, Miao, Korean and other ethnic minorities in this city, and the Han population accounts for 99.6%.
Datong City has a continental monsoon climate, with long, cold and dry winters, short, warm and rainy summers, and cool spring and autumn with large temperature differences. The average annual temperature is 5.5℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 37.7℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -29.1℃; the average annual rainfall is 400 mm; the frost-free period is 100 to 156 days.
Datong City has vast land, and its main crops include corn, millet, oats, spring wheat, millet, potatoes, flax, day lilies, astragalus, sugar beets, sunflowers, vegetables, fruits, etc.
Datong City is rich in mineral resources and is a famous "coal town" in my country. It has large coal reserves, good quality and high calorific value. The total proven coal reserves reach 37.69 billion tons, which is an important high-quality coal in our country. Thermal coal production base. The underground mineral deposits in the territory also include iron, copper, aluminum, zinc, phosphorus, limestone, mica, graphite, marble, granite, etc.
There are more than 20,000 ancient buildings, ancient tombs, and ancient sites in Datong City, including more than 60 national and provincial cultural relics protection units. The main ones that are famous at home and abroad include the Yungang Grottoes excavated by Emperor Wencheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the early years of peace; the Upper and Lower Huayan Temples, the only existing wooden buildings of the Liao Dynasty; the Nine Dragon Wall; the ruins of the "Xujiayao people" in Yanggao; Beiyue Hengshan; and the Xuankong Temple. ; Hunyuan Yuanjue Temple Brick Pagoda; Tianzhen Ciyun Temple; Lingqiu Jueshan Temple, etc. In addition, the Yonggu Mausoleum of Empress Dowager Feng of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Wannian Hall of Emperor Xiaowen's Xu Palace, the ruins of the Baideng Battle of the Han Dynasty, the Guanyin Hall, and the ancient Great Wall are all extremely precious cultural heritages.
[Edit this paragraph] Tourism resources
The cultural landscape of Datong is characterized by a relatively concentrated concentration of scenic spots and different styles.
Yungang Grottoes Yungang Grottoes
After all the calamities, our ancestors left us the Yungang Grottoes at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain. It stretches for 1 kilometer from east to west, and there are 53 main caves in existence. , more than 51,000 stone sculptures, known as the world's art treasure house. It was built in the Northern Wei Dynasty in the fifth century AD and was entirely excavated along Wuzhou Mountain. It was originally said that there were three major grottoes in China, and Yungang Grottoes was one of them, along with Dunhuang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes. Yungang Grottoes are representatives of early Chinese stone carving art.
The Yungang Grottoes are located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain in the western suburbs of Datong City, Shanxi Province. The grottoes are carved into the mountain and stretch for 1 kilometer from east to west. There are 45 main caves and more than 51,000 large and small statues. It is one of the largest ancient grotto groups in my country. In 1961, it was announced by the State Council as one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. It was listed by UNESCO on December 14, 2001. World Heritage List, and was rated as one of the first batch of national 5A-level tourist attractions by the National Tourism Administration on May 8, 2007.
According to documentary records, during the Heping Period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (460 to 471 AD), the famous monk Tan Yao presided over the construction of five grottoes in Wuzhou Fortress on the western outskirts of the capital, now numbered from Cave 16 to Cave 20. It was the earliest so-called "Tanyao Five Caves" excavated at that time. Most of the other major caves were completed before Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang in the 18th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 494), which has a history of 1,500 years ago.
A corner of Shanhua Temple Shanhua Temple
Shanhua Temple, commonly known as South Temple, is a national key cultural relic protection unit and is located in the southwest corner of Datong City, Shanxi. It was built in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, it was called Kaiyuan Temple. After the Five Dynasties and the early Jin Dynasty, it was renamed Dapuen Temple. In the second year of Baoda at the end of the Liao Dynasty (1122 AD), most of the temple was destroyed by war. At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, Master Yuanman, the leader of the temple, presided over the reconstruction. It took fifteen years to complete from the sixth year of Tianhui (1128 AD) to the third year of Huangtong (1143 AD). In the Yuan Dynasty, it was still named Puen Temple and was quite large. According to records in Yuan history, 40,000 monks once gathered in this temple to perform Buddhist activities on the orders of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. It was renovated in the Ming Dynasty and was renamed Shanhua Temple in the 10th year of Ming Zhengtong (AD 1445). The temple is also a place for officials to practice rituals. The entire temple covers an area of ??about 20,000 square meters, and the entire layout still retains the Tang style. The main buildings face south along the central axis, gradually unfolding and rising layer by layer. In the front is the mountain gate and in the middle are the three holy temples, both of which were built in the Jin Dynasty. The main hall, a relic of the Liao Dynasty, is located on a high platform at the back. On its left and right are the East and West Duo Halls. On the east side is the Shu Pavilion ruins, and on the west side is the Puxian Pavilion built in the second year of Jin Zhenyuan.
The temple buildings of Shanhua Temple are scattered in height, with clear priorities and symmetry. It is the largest and most complete Liao and Jin temples in my country. The temple also preserves precious cultural relics such as clay sculptures, murals, and inscriptions. Among them, the clay sculptures from the Jin Dynasty are beautiful in shape and have outstanding personalities, especially the statues of the Twenty-Four Kings. They are male, female, old, young, beautiful, and ugly. , some are literate, some are military, some are in imperial attire, some are portraits of ministers, some are bare-footed, with gauze and fine clothes that seem to come from the land of Tianzhu, or they are wearing armor and fur lining to resist the cold wind of the north. The atmosphere of life is rich. Very contagious. It is a national treasure.
Nine-Dragon Wall Nine-Dragon Wall
It is a beautifully made and noble screen wall. It is located opposite or in front of the main building such as palaces, mansions, altars, temples, etc. The base is in the Xumizuo style, the top is covered with tiles, and the walls are decorated with relief-like nine dragons and wave-like cloud patterns. Do you know which is the largest Nine Dragon Wall in China? Some people may think it is the Nine Dragon Wall in Beihai Park. In fact, the Datong Nine Dragon Wall is more than three times larger than the Beihai Nine Dragon Wall, and it was built more than 350 years earlier. The Datong Nine Dragon Wall is 45.5 meters long, 8 meters high and 2.02 meters thick. It was built during the Hongwu period in more than 1300 AD. It is a glazed screen wall in front of the palace of Zhu Guidai, the thirteenth son of the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty. There are three intact Nine Dragon Walls in China. In addition to the two in Datong and Beihai Park, there is also one in the Forbidden City in Beijing. Datong Nine Dragon Wall, colorful and rough in style, is the best dragon wall in China.
Huayan Temple Main Hall Huayan Temple
Huayan Temple was a "giant temple" in the Liao and Jin Dynasties. Its main hall has a total area of ??1,559 square meters. It is the largest existing Buddhist temple in the Liao and Jin Dynasties in my country. One of the temples, there are exquisite Liao sculptures, murals painted in the late Qing Dynasty, five seated Buddhas from the Ming Dynasty, etc.; the appearance of Huayan Temple is simple and solemn, with a strong Liao and Jin style.
The Shanhua Temple was built in the Tang Dynasty. The entire temple is staggered in height, orderly, and symmetrical. It is one of the most complete layouts among existing temples. There are also a large number of fine sculptures from the Liao and Jin Dynasties preserved in the temple. Together with Huayan Temple, it is a national cultural relic protection unit.
The lower temple is located to the southwest of the upper temple, and the main hall is Bojia Shizang Hall. The Bojia Hall was built in the seventh year of Chongxi of the Liao Dynasty (AD 1038). There are 31 statues of the Liao Dynasty preserved in the hall. They have plump looks, smooth clothes and free expressions. They are the finest sculptures of the Liao Dynasty in my country. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xia Huayan Temple was turned into the Datong City Museum, which contains jade, pottery, bronze, stone, etc., many of which are exquisite.
(This picture shows the Main Hall of Huayan Temple in Datong)
Wild Goose Pagoda
Datong Wild Goose Pagoda, formerly known as Wenfeng Pagoda. Because there are so many flying geese in spring and summer, it is commonly known as the Wild Goose Pagoda.
The tower was built in the fourth year of Tianqi in the Ming Dynasty (1624). Located on the east and west city walls of Datong. It belongs to the Confucian Temple complex together with Yunlu and Archway. It was a place where scholars who had passed the imperial examination in ancient times worshiped and praised their officials. The tower is about 14 meters high and is an octagonal seven-level hollow brick tower. It has beautiful appearance, unique structure, and its construction location is extremely special. The lower part of the tower is a three-story eight-sided bluestone pedestal. On top of the pedestal is the tower body. There are two doors on the first floor. Each of the other six sides has a tablet on which are engraved the names, residences and achievements of some of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties. . The towers above the second floor each have four doors, which alternate in eight directions. Each floor has brick-carved brackets imitating wood structure. There are cornices on the brackets, and wind chimes are hung at the corners of the eaves. The bells ring when the wind blows, which is very interesting. . The inside of the tower is octagonal and straight and hollow, with jumping bricks. Visitors can climb directly to the top of the tower. The wild goose pagoda is adjacent to the Yuhe River in the east. It is located in a commanding position and is difficult to detect due to the formation of the pagoda, so it is also known as the watchtower.
Datong Drum Tower
Datong Drum Tower is a three-eaves cross-shaped pavilion on the top of the street. It was built in the Ming Dynasty and was repeatedly repaired during the Qing Dynasty. The four corners of the ground floor are made of bluestone, with a cross-through door opening in the middle. The upper two floors are made of brick and wood, and a large drum is placed on the top floor. It was used in ancient times for the evening report. It is known as the "Four Great Voices", hence the name "Drum Tower".
In April 1966, it was designated as a municipal cultural relic protection unit.
In the autumn of 1978, the Drum Tower underwent large-scale repairs. In 1985, it was fully painted, with various patterns vivid and gorgeous, and the appearance was completely renewed, completely restoring its majestic, simple, clean and magnificent style.
In the past, plaques were hung on all sides of the Drum Tower. Facing south, the upper plaque read "Drum Tower" and the lower plaque read "Sound and Hearing Four Reachers"; facing east, the upper plaque read "Singing Style" and the lower plaque read "Singing Style". "The clouds are opening at the dawn of spring"; facing west, the upper plaque is "Zhende" and the lower plaque is "Harmony Mingsheng"; facing north, the upper plaque is "Shi Yong" and the lower plaque is "Toad Yun Yue". There is also a plaque on the lower eaves with the words "The laws of nature are clear". It no longer exists.
Fenglin Pavilion
Originally known as "Jiusheng Pavilion", in 1518 AD, Emperor Wuzong visited the border and stayed at Fenglin Pavilion. According to legend, Emperor Wuzong and the hostess of Fenglin Pavilion, Li Sister Feng has a true love story, commonly known as "playing with dragons and phoenixes", and Emperor Wuzong praised Fenglin Pavilion's delicacies "Baihua Shaomai" and "Golden Phoenix Lying in Snow" after tasting it, so Fenglin Pavilion is famous in the north of the country.
Since its construction in 2002, funded by private entrepreneur Mr. Qi Yonggui, the rebuilt Fenglin Pavilion covers an area of ??about 7,000 square meters. In addition to a two-story main building and supporting buildings, there are also more than 2,000 square meters. Square meters of landscaped square. There are archways, pavilions, cloisters, screen walls, and stage carved beams and painted buildings, which are impressive and interesting. What is particularly eye-catching is the screen wall opposite the main building of Fenglin Pavilion. It is the first of its kind in the country and the first large-scale glazed four-phoenix wall with exquisite shapes in China. Under the congratulations of hundreds of birds around, four colorful phoenixes spread their wings and soared, singing loudly, adding a harmonious atmosphere to the prestigious Longbi Hometown. Up to now, the rebuilt Fenglin Pavilion has entered the internal decoration stage, with a total investment of more than 100 million yuan.
Guanyin Hall
Guanyin Hall is located on a small hill 7.5 kilometers west of Datong City. Built in Liao Dynasty. It was destroyed by fire. In 1122 AD, the Jin soldiers captured Datong, and Guanyin Hall was destroyed again. The existing building was rebuilt on the old site in the 8th year of Shunzhi (1651 AD) and has been repaired many times until now. In January 1996, it was announced as a provincial cultural relic protection unit. The temple has a compact layout. The stage, Guanyin Hall, Sanzhen Hall, Taidian Hall and pavilions are arranged from front to back along the central axis, stacked up to the highest level. The structure of the mountain gate is a brick door opening with the words "Guanyintang" written on the forehead. A stage, facing south to north, was built at the entrance of a cave 8 meters above the ground. Under the cave was the ancient road for carriages and horses. The stage is separated from the main hall (Guanyin Hall) by a waist wall. When entering the waist gate, there are bell and drum towers and stele corridors on the left and right sides. The main hall is three rooms wide and two rooms deep. The roof of the hall is in the style of a hanging mountain, covered with glazed tiles. A building was added to the hall to expand the venue for Buddhist activities. There is a 6-meter-high stone sculpture in the middle of the hall. (The picture shows the three dragon walls in front of Guanyin Hall)
Xuankong Temple
There is also the Xuankong Temple on Hengshan Mountain, which Xu Xiake called "the world's largest temple". It is one of the eighteen scenic spots in Hengshan Mountain. crown.
It was built in the late Northern Wei Dynasty (about the sixth century AD) and has a history of more than 1,400 years. It is the most famous suspended structure in China. Ancient poets vividly praised: "On Feige Danya, white clouds have blocked it several times", "The mirage is suspicious of the sea, and the bird path disappears in the clouds." There are 40 pavilions in the whole temple facing west and east. Caverns are dug on the cliff and cantilever beams are inserted as the foundation. There are plank roads connecting the pavilions. Climbing the tower and looking down, you feel like you are facing an abyss; looking up at the bottom of the valley, the cliff looks like a rainbow. For thousands of years, this temple has been exposed to wind and rain, and has experienced several major earthquakes, but it has remained as safe as ever. It is a miracle in the history of architecture. The building of the temple consists of three parts: the temple, the first south floor, and the north building. The north and south second floors are facing each other up and down. They are both stele pavilions and gate towers. The palaces and pavilions are all three-story eaves and mountaintop-style structures. The construction of the palace and pavilion is based on the mountain, with a large one at the top and a small one at the bottom. Brick walls are built at the bottom, pavilions are built on top, stone blocks are cut out, and houses are built on cliffs. The strength of all buildings is in the gaps in these rocks. There is a cliff in the middle of the north and south floors, connected by a flying plank road, and a double-story eaves tower rises above the plank road. Although it is located on a thousand-foot cliff, it is still surrounded by corridors on three sides, making the building even more spectacular and beautiful. It is not only famous for its thrilling palaces, but also has both giant Buddha halls and Taoist halls, including the Buddhist Three Buddha Hall, Sakyamuni Hall, Ksitigarbha Hall, Guanyin Hall, and Jialan Hall, as well as the Taoist Taiyi Hall, Sanguan Hall, Chunyang Palace and Guandi Palace, which is a Buddhist and Taoist temple, even have three statues of Confucius, Sakyamuni and Laozi in one hall. As we all know, in the history of our country, there have been conflicts and struggles between Buddhism and Taoism during the development process. There have been incidents of "three martial arts and one sect" that "annihilated Buddhism" on a large scale. One of the "one martial arts" was the Northern Wei Dynasty who proclaimed himself emperor in Datong. The third emperor, Emperor Dawu. But because both religions are polytheistic, for example, in Buddhism there are Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, Arhats, Heavenly Kings, Ming Kings and other thousands of Buddhas; in Taoism, there are gods, emperors, gods, earth gods, real people, mountains, rivers, thunder and fire, bright moon and stars, everything is divine. , there are gods everywhere, and none of them is a single god that cannot tolerate the intervention of pagan religions. Therefore, in the long history of history, the two religions have lived in harmony and the exchanges between monks and Taoists have been the mainstream. Therefore, there is a Taoist Jade Emperor Pavilion in the Puhua Temple in Mount Wutai; there is a Buddhist Guanyin Pavilion in the Gushe Mountain Cave in Linfen, an ancient Taoist holy land; there is a statue of Guanyin in the Ciyun Cave of the Taoist Sanqing Pavilion in Longmen, Xishan, Kunming; Qingguan; In the Guanyin Hall of Datong, there are three real statues of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the Sanzhen Hall. It can be seen that it is not uncommon for Buddhist and Taoist deities to gather in the same temple and worship statues and murals in the same place. Moreover, Buddhism also introduced emperors and foreigners into the ranks of Arhats. For example, Beijing Xiangshan Biyun Temple, Chengdu Baoguang Temple, and Guangzhou Hualin Temple all made the imperial statue of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty as one of the five hundred Arhats; Emperor Kangxi was made into The 295th statue of Ye Duo among the five hundred Arhats in Baoguang Temple in Chengdu; the Arhat statue of Jesus Christ in the Arhat Hall of Lianzhu Temple in Kunming; and the Arhat statue of Italian traveler Marco Polo in the Arhat Hall of Hualin Temple in Guangzhou.
In addition, there are many historical and cultural heritages here including the Great Wall of Datong, Yanmen Pass, Desheng Fort, Pingcheng Ruins, Pingxingguan Victory Memorial Hall; Beiyue Hengshan, Datong Earth Forest, Datong Volcano Group, Tangtou Hot Spring and many other natural sites Scenery; as well as modern architectural landscapes such as Datong City Museum, Jinhuagong Coal Mine, and Datong Locomotive Museum (containing the country's first steam locomotive).
In the Datong tourism radiation area, there are many tourist attractions:
1. Yingxian Wooden Pagoda
To the northwest of Yingxian City, south of Datong , the best in the world is the Sakyamuni Pagoda, which was built in the second year of Qingning in Liao Dynasty and has a history of more than 900 years. The tower is 67.31 meters high. The platform base is more than 4 meters high and the pagoda is 14 meters high. The tower is octagonal in plan and has a base diameter of 30.27 meters. The tower has five bright floors, and each floor is sandwiched between dark floors, making it actually nine floors. The ground floor has double eaves and a cloister, so the tower has a six-story eaves appearance. The tower body is entirely made of wood, and each floor is supported by two rings of inner and outer wooden columns to support the beam frame. Between the wooden columns, many diagonal braces, beams, squares and short columns are used to form a composite beam wooden frame in different directions. This is a major innovation in the tower's engineering technology. There are 54 types of brackets used in the whole tower. It is a complete system of brackets. It does not have a single iron nail and cannot be destroyed by fire. It has not been struck by lightning for thousands of years. Relevant studies believe that although the Yingxian wooden tower does not have modern lightning protection facilities, the insulation conditions of the wooden tower base and tower body, and the tower body structure are similar in some aspects to the insulation structure in modern electrical equipment, so it has good lightning protection performance.
It reflects the great achievements of ancient Chinese architectural engineering. It is known as the "superior miracle" and the "wonder of the world". It is the tallest existing wooden structure pavilion building in the world and enjoys a high reputation.
2. Mount Heng
Traveling 62 kilometers south from Datong, you can climb the majestic Mount Heng. According to historical records, more than 4,000 years ago, Emperor Shun visited the north and saw the towering peaks of Hengshan Mountain, so he named it Beiyue and became the leader of thousands of mountains in the North. Together with Mount Tai, Mount Huashan, Mount Heng and Mount Song, they are called the Five Sacred Mountains and are equally famous all over the world. It leads to Yanmen Pass in the west, spans Hebei Province in the east, screens the Three Jin Dynasties in the south, and borders Yanyun in the north. It has 108 peaks, stretching for hundreds of miles, undulating and running across the fortress. Its strange rocks and secluded caves are known as the eighteen scenic spots. It is said that the relics left by the sacred stone after it flew eastward are flying into the cave; there is a legend that the sister-in-law threw herself into the cliff and became an immortal bird; there are two wells one meter apart and the water smell is the same. There are sweet and bitter wells; Zizhi Valley where Ganoderma lucidum grows secretly but is not easily exposed; the word "Hengzong" carved in Dazi Bay is 13 meters high; the cliffs of Huixian Cliff are full of inscriptions; beside the Qinqi table , the pine wind plays music; the clouds and mist are misty on the top of Izumo Cave; the imprints of the fairy donkey's hoofs on the Guolao Ridge are legendary. In addition, natural wonders such as the "Golden Rooster crowing at dawn", "Jade Sheep in the Clouds", "Mountain Peak Pine Breeze", "Sunset Return" are also famous. There are more than 30 ancient temple buildings on the mountain, and the Hengzong Dynasty that looms over the south sky The palace has a towering cliff; the Beiyue Palace, which is hidden in a secluded place, is embedded in a grotto; the Kuixing Pavilion facing the Beidou is an independent and dangerous peak; the Sanqing Palace facing the abyss is cleverly built on the cliff.
These tourist attractions are famous for their beauty. The typical "Beixiong" characteristics correspond to the "Southern Show", which reflects the bold and vigorous cultural background and outstanding talents of the people in northern my country.
List of major tourist attractions in Datong: Yungang Grottoes, Xuankong Temple Pingcheng Ruins. Jiulong Bijueshan Temple Shanxi Yong'an Temple Shuishen Hall Datong Drum Tower Tomb of King Zhao Wuling Yunlin Temple Ancient Castle Han Dynasty Tombs Wuguantun Grottoes Luban Kiln Grottoes Ciyun Temple Datong Mosque Guanyin Hall Shanhua Temple Pingxingguan Battle Site Xujiayao People's Site Upper Huayan Temple Lower Huayan Temple Datong Coal Mine Exhibition Hall Datong City Museum Yonggu Mausoleum Langye Kang Wang Sima Jinlong and his wife Tomb Three Emperors Tomb Queen Qi Tomb Qing Ren Yong Lie Tomb Qingli Yumei Tomb Mazhuang Han Tomb Group Qing Wang Wanbang Tomb Yuan Shu Epitaph Beiyue Hengshan Datong Volcano Group Tangtou Hot Spring Text Yinghu Lingqiu Ancient Trail Cailiangshan Yungang National Forest Park Qingshanlong Mountain Dianziliang Lingqiu Taohua Mountain
Best time to travel
Summer and autumn
[Edit this paragraph] Datong Volcano
Datong Volcano is a famous extinct volcano group in eastern my country. It consists of two parts: one part was formed in the Tertiary Period and is mainly distributed in Zuoyun, Youyu and other counties; Formed in the Quaternary Period, they are mainly distributed in the northern part of the Datong Basin. Among them, this group of volcanoes is the most studied. There are more than 30 volcanoes. The formation age of this group is generally believed to be from the end of the Pliocene to the beginning of the Late Pleistocene. According to their distribution characteristics, volcanoes are divided into four regions: east, south, west and north. Among the four regions, the northern region is the earliest, followed by the east and south regions, and the west region is the latest.
The east region volcanoes: refers to the volcanoes in the east. There are six solitary hill-shaped volcanoes in the Sanggan River Valley between Guayuan and Shenquan Temple, including the Xiaojiayaotou volcano. It is about 100 meters high, and the mountain is round and relatively well preserved. However, the craters of Shenquan Temple and Efeituda volcano are not visible now.
Southern volcanoes: mainly refer to the Dayukou volcano in the area south of Sanggan River. Xiyaotou volcano and three unnamed volcanoes in the northeast of Xiyaotou
Western volcano: refers to the volcanoes distributed to the north of Guayuan and Xiping. It is the earliest discovered and more intensively studied part of the Datong volcano group. . It includes 15 volcanoes such as Heishan, Shuangshan, Laohushan, and Langwoshan. It has three characteristics: first, it is cone-shaped, mainly composed of volcanic debris; second, the shape of the mountain is complex and diverse; third, it is a fetal volcano. There are many parasitic volcanoes. Among them, Heishan is the largest volcano in the Datong volcano group. Shuangshan is located in the center of the Datong volcano group, so this area is more eye-catching.
Northern District volcanoes: mainly refer to Datong City. The north includes Gushan and 6 volcanoes southwest of Gushan.
Among them, Gushan is the largest in this area. It is composed of basalt and looks like a loaf of bread. Although the mountain is not high, it stands alone in the valley and is majestic.
[Edit this paragraph] Datong Coalfield
The geographical location of Datong Coalfield is about 113゜7′ east longitude and about 40゜4′ north latitude, spanning Datong, Youyu, Pinglu, Zuoyun, Shuozhou and other cities and counties are roughly rectangular, running from northeast to southwest, 85 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide, with a total area of ??1,827 square kilometers and total coal reserves of 71.8 billion tons. Among them, Datong City occupies a coal-bearing area of ??632 square kilometers, with cumulative proven reserves of 37.6 billion tons.
There are two coal series in Datong Coalfield: Jurassic coal series and Carboniferous-Permian coal series. The Jurassic coal series was originally formed in the depression basin in the late Indosinian movement. Later, due to the influence of the Yanshan and Himalayan movements, it was involved in the Neocathaysian polygonal structure and is a single weakly caking coal. There are 18 minable coal seams in the Jurassic Coal Measures and Carboniferous Permian Coal Measures. Among them, there are 15 minable coal seams in the Jurassic Coal Measures and 3 minable coal seams in the Carboniferous Permian Coal Measures. The total thickness of the two is 26 meters, equivalent to the height of a seven-story building.
Datong Coalfield not only has large reserves, but also has good coal quality. The Jurassic coal system being mined is the best thermal coal and is known as "the world's finest thermal coal". It has five major characteristics: First, it has strong firepower. Ordinary coal has a calorific value of only 5,000 to 6,000 kcal per kilogram and can only boil 9 to 10 kilograms of water; Datong Jurassic coal has a calorific value of about 8,000 kcal per kilogram and can boil 9 to 10 kilograms of water. Boil 11~12kg of water. The second is low ash content. Generally, the ash content of coal is 10-20, that is, 10-20 kilograms of ash will be left after every 100 kilograms of coal is burned. The ash content of Datong Jurassic coal is only 5-8, that is, every 100 kilograms of coal. After burning, there are only 5 to 8 pounds of ash. The third is that there are few impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. The sulfur content of Datong Jurassic coal is less than 1 and the phosphorus content is only 0.29. The fourth is high volatile matter. The volatile matter content of Datong Jurassic coal is between 30 and 34. It is easy to ignite when used as fuel, suitable for making coal gas, and is a good raw material for processing and converting into coal chemical products. The fifth is high hardness. Hard coal is difficult to mine, but transportation, especially long-distance transportation, is very convenient. Datong's high-quality coal has been famous for a long time. In the past, coal merchants in Beijing and Tianjin used "Kouquan Big Block" as a trademark to attract customers. Now Datong coal is an indispensable industrial raw material for national construction.
In addition, Datong Coalfield also has excellent mining conditions. First of all, its coal seam is very close to the surface. Generally, you only need to dig down 60 to 100 meters to find the coal. The deepest part does not exceed 400 meters. Therefore, the well construction is fast and the investment is low. Second, the inclination of the coal seam is small, and the general inclination is around 5, which is convenient for mechanical mining. Third, the roof is hard, and the roof rocks are mostly hard colloid rocks. In some places, the roof rocks have not fallen off even after decades of mining. Fourth, the amount of gas is small. Fifth, there is little groundwater. Generally, the water inflow volume in mines is about 6 to 7 tons per minute, or even more. The water inflow volume in Datong Coal Mine does not exceed 1 ton, so drainage equipment can be saved.
[Edit this paragraph] Natural resources
Datong has coal, cement limestone, graphite, flux dolomite, kaolinite, phlogopite, basalt, marble, refractory clay and other minerals resource.
Coal resources: Datong City is located in the northeast of the Datong Coalfield, and its coal resources are part of the geological concept of the "Datong Coalfield". The coal-bearing strata in Datong City are Jurassic Datong Formation, Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation. The coal-bearing area of ??the Jurassic Datong Formation in the city reaches 540 square kilometers, with retained reserves of 5.87 billion tons and cumulative proven reserves of 6.55 billion tons. Currently, this part of the coal industry is largely mined on a large scale. For Carboniferous coal, most of them have only been surveyed, and the level of exploration is not high. The cumulative proven reserves are 11.7 billion tons. This type of coal has higher ash content and is far inferior in quality to Jurassic coal. It belongs to the gas coal category.
Graphite resources: This mineral is buried in the Jining Group strata of the pre-Paleozoic era. It is a sedimentary metamorphic type and is the only one in the province. It is distributed in Hongcibao and Liumudi in the north of the city. They belong to the same mineralization belt, with total proven reserves of graphite ore of 51.623 million tons, containing 2.247 million tons of graphite.
Among them, Hongcibao has 39.133 million tons of graphite ore reserves on the table, containing 1.63 million tons of graphite. The average carbon content is 3-4, and the highest is more than 10. There are reserves of graphite ore of 12.484 million tons within the six acres of land, containing 617,000 tons of graphite, with an average carbon content of 4.9. They are all rich ore types.