The Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes have passed, but the great earthquake relief spirit has undoubtedly become a precious legacy of the entire nation. It should be said that earthquakes are a natural phenomenon and it is currently impossible for humans to prevent earthquakes from occurring. In the face of sudden earth tremors, winds and tsunamis, personal strength is meager. However, as long as everyone responds calmly, prevents disasters scientifically, and through pre-earthquake prevention, self-rescue during earthquakes, and post-earthquake rescue efforts, it is entirely possible to minimize the losses caused by earthquakes and protect people's lives and property. So, when an earthquake strikes, how should we respond calmly and help ourselves and each other?

1. Four principles of emergency shock evasion

When an earthquake strikes, emergency shock evasion must follow four principles: wait and be determined, adapt to local conditions, triangular space, near water and far away from fire.

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Hide and wait to get a chance of survival

During the Tangshan earthquake in 1976, more than 30 people were dining in the cafeteria of the Tangshan Steel Plant. The earthquake suddenly struck. More than 20 people rushed to the narrow door, but most of them were killed by the collapsed cement board at the door. An older employee did not panic but hid calmly under the dining table and escaped death. This example shows that when an earthquake occurs, you must not panic. You must take shelter nearby and wait for the main shock to pass before evacuating to a safer place.

"Hide and wait" is an important experience summed up by the ancients. When an earthquake occurs, stay calm and do not rush out of the house. Find a suitable location, lower your center of gravity, curl up your body, protect your head and spine, wait for the earthquake to pass, and then evacuate quickly.

During an earthquake, everyone’s environment varies greatly, and the methods of shock absorption cannot be the same. For example, rural areas in northern my country are mostly bungalows with relatively open courtyards. During an earthquake, people should act decisively and escape urgently. If you live in a building, it is best not to leave the room. You should find a relatively safe place nearby to avoid earthquakes, and then evacuate after the earthquake.

The goal of earthquake self-rescue is very clear: it is better to be injured than to die. We should hide next to objects with strong support and good stability, such as cabinets, tables, bed edges, and load-bearing wall roots and corners. We should use the "triangular natural space" formed by collapsed cement boards and supports. It not only ensures breathing, but also facilitates rescue by others. The places most unfavorable for shock absorbers indoors are: on a bed with no supports nearby, under a suspended ceiling or chandelier, on the floor without support around, on a balcony, near a window, in an elevator, etc.

In addition, when an earthquake occurs, stay away from stoves, gas pipes and household appliances to avoid the threat of fire. Proximity to water is a necessity for survival.

2. Earthquake relief begins at home

In order to cope with earthquake disasters, the home should stock up on some disaster prevention items, such as survival items, life-saving escape tools and other practical tools, and Keep them in a fixed and easily accessible place. Even though these things are commonly used and cheap, as long as you spend a little time preparing them, in times of crisis they will help you tide over the difficulties, wait for rescue, and usher in the hope of life.

Keep earthquake-proof items at home

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List of disaster-proof items at home

1. Survival items

(1) Water (3.78 liters per person per day) and purified water tablets (for purifying other water sources)

(2) First aid kit (commonly used medicines, hemostatic medicines and dressing supplies)

(3) Food to last at least three days (packaged, canned, no-cooking, an opener is required)

(4) Blankets or sleeping bags

2. Survival and life-saving tools

(1) Flashlight (spare batteries and light bulbs. People have difficulty adapting to darkness. This not only cannot be seen, but also increases psychological pressure. Power outages due to earthquakes It’s not surprising. It’s difficult to tell the difference between east, west, north and south even in your own room in the dark, so keep a flashlight with you at all times and you won’t have too much fear)

(2) Radio (spare battery) . After the earthquake, the source of information was completely cut off.

At this time, only a small radio can obtain a steady stream of important information, so that it can better cope with changing situations)

(3) Fire extinguisher

(4) Wrench or screw Pliers (to close gas and water pipe valves)

3. Practical tools

(1) Ax, shovel, plastic tape, water pipe, rope, backup keys for home and car, cash (consider In the chaotic situation after the earthquake, it is necessary to prepare three months of cash expenses, because after the earthquake, banks, post offices, etc. often cannot withdraw money)

(2) Disaster prevention helmets, Portable cooking utensils, gloves, candles, matches (in waterproof packaging), knives, waterproof and dustproof plastic bags, cotton shoes or sneakers (during an earthquake, wearing high heels is harmful to evacuation but not beneficial. You should wear them at ordinary times or have a backup running shoe) Fast, durable, flat-heeled cotton shoes or sports shoes)

3. When an earthquake occurs, how to avoid danger at home and save yourself

Earthquakes are sudden, and people need to Inside, it is often difficult to escape. The simplest and most practical self-rescue measure is "Drop, Cover, Hold", which means "crouch, avoid, and hold on."

When an earthquake occurs, precautions for avoiding danger at home

If you are at home when an earthquake occurs, our reaction time generally takes 8 to 9 seconds. If you can be safe in a short time Evacuate as soon as possible; if it is too late, quickly hide in the triangular space under the load-bearing wall and hold on until the earthquake stops before evacuating. If you are in the kitchen, turn off the gas valve quickly. In high-rise buildings, you should immediately take shelter next to sturdy furniture and protect your head and neck with pillows, cushions and other objects. Regardless of whether you live in a building or a bungalow, during an earthquake, do not jump off the building, climb over the window, go to the balcony, the exterior wall or the window, and do not hide under the beams of the house, because these places are more dangerous places. To evacuate via the stairs, never take the elevator. If you encounter an earthquake while taking the elevator, you should immediately press all the buttons on each floor on the operating panel to increase the chance of the elevator stopping. Once the elevator stops, leave the elevator quickly. If you are trapped in an elevator, please call the dedicated telephone for help.

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The story of Ma Zhicheng’s tenacious self-rescue and successful escape

On May 12, 2008, 17-year-old Ma Zhicheng suffered an earthquake and was buried in a collapsed building. Under the house, rescuers failed to rescue him after more than 30 hours of digging. People had to give up rescue efforts due to concerns about mudslides caused by rain. At this moment, Xiao Ma climbed out of the ruins on his own. It turned out that Xiao Ma never lost his fighting spirit. He first strengthened the surrounding environment, expanded a small space, and then started digging in one direction. After more than 30 hours of digging, he finally got out of danger.

4. When an earthquake occurs, how to avoid danger and save yourself in schools and hospitals

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The miracle of escape from Sangzao Middle School

After the devastating Wenchuan earthquake, people are telling the story of a legendary principal. He is Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in An County, Mianyang City, Sichuan! When the earthquake occurred, 2,300 teachers and students in the school evacuated safely from two four- and five-story teaching buildings within 1 minute and 36 seconds, creating a miracle with no casualties! This is all thanks to Principal Ye’s unremitting efforts in earthquake prevention awareness and escape drills. Every semester, the school organizes an escape drill. "Sweat more during normal times and bleed less during disasters." The truth is very simple. I hope everyone will take practical action!

The escape drill of Sangzao Middle School showed results

Schools, hospitals, theaters and other densely populated places are the places where earthquakes cause the greatest casualties. For example, in the devastating Wenchuan earthquake, the main teaching building of Beichuan Middle School collapsed, killing more than 1,000 teachers and students. Bloody lessons tell us that it is very important to popularize escape and self-rescue knowledge in these places. When teaching in the classroom, quickly hold your head, close your eyes, and hide next to the desk. After the disaster is over, follow the teacher’s instructions and evacuate in an orderly manner. Do not run around blindly. At the same time, avoid tall buildings. You can also take shelter in open places such as playgrounds. Students, most of whom are minors, often have reactions such as fear and crying, so attention should be paid to stabilizing their emotions.

In the hospital, you should quickly hide at the foot of the bed and protect your head with a pillow; medical staff should promptly transfer patients with limited mobility to a safe place, secure their wheelchairs, and hold their heads in place to avoid danger.

5. When an earthquake occurs, how to avoid danger and save yourself in theaters, gymnasiums, and shopping malls. If you are in a theater, gymnasium, etc. when an earthquake occurs, do not blindly rush to the exit and flee in a rush. General cinemas, gymnasiums, etc. all adopt long-span thin-shell structure roofs, which are light in weight and difficult to collapse during earthquakes. At this time, you should squat next to the benches and pay attention to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and fans; wait until the earthquake passes. , follow the command and evacuate in an orderly manner.

Shock Isolation in Theaters

If you are in a shopping mall and encounter an earthquake at this time, you should not panic. You should take shelter nearby, protect your head with your hands or other soft objects, and squat down. Get down and wait for the earthquake to subside. When you are upstairs, in principle it is better to move to the ground floor, but please note that the stairs are often the weakest part of the building, so whether to move to the lower floor depends on the situation: if you are located very close to the exit, quickly Transfer; if you are far away from the exit or the direction of the exit is unclear, do not act rashly. You should take shelter nearby and wait for rescue. Try to avoid glass doors, windows, showcases and counters; avoid tall and unstable shelves with heavy and fragile items, and wait for orderly evacuation after the earthquake.

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Adjust measures to local conditions for earthquake avoidance

In big cities, the population density, building strength and floors are higher, so the risk avoidance measures The main focus should be on "escape nearby". In small cities and villages with low buildings and many open areas, the main risk avoidance measures should be "run outside during an earthquake". In the central and western regions, there are many mountainous areas, and most of the buildings are earthen cave dwellings. Roof collapses are prone to occur during earthquakes, so "escape" measures should be taken to avoid danger.

6. The subway is not foolproof during an earthquake

With the acceleration of urbanization in our country, rail transit such as subways has also become one of the main ways for people to travel. The geotechnical medium around underground structures can absorb the high-frequency components of seismic wave energy transmitted from the earthquake source, so the degree of earthquake damage is light. Therefore, people simply believe that underground structures are safe during earthquakes. However, the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan proved that underground structures are not absolutely safe during earthquakes. The damage caused to the subway structure by the Hanshin Earthquake was the first case in the history of world earthquakes that a large underground structure was damaged in an earthquake.

Subway shock absorbers

Normally, since surface waves are limited to ground motion, earthquakes do little damage to underground structures. However, when there is obvious inertia in the underground structure or stiffness mismatch between structures, the underground structure will be excessively deformed and cause damage. The Great Hanshin Earthquake reminds us that although subway construction has become an important way to solve the "urban syndrome", the foundations of some cities that have built or will build subways are not in very good condition. They should carry out appropriate reconstruction and reinforcement, and design and Full consideration will be given during construction. We should learn the painful lessons from the Hanshin Earthquake and take preventive measures to ensure the safety of subway structures and smooth traffic flow.

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The Guangzhou Metro can withstand strong earthquakes of magnitude 7 (intensity)

According to Zeng Yaochang, a geological expert from the Guangzhou Metro Company, although Guangzhou has never Earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above have occurred, but due to complex geological conditions, Guangzhou has higher requirements for disaster prevention. Guangzhou City stipulates that the seismic anti-seismic design standard of the subway is "seismic intensity level 7". Whenever subway lines pass through geological fault zones, special structural treatment will be done. The structural strength of the tunnel will be stronger and safer.

7. How to avoid danger and escape in an outdoor environment

Stay away from telephone poles

Run quickly to an open area outdoors

Stay away from slopes When earthquakes occur in places prone to landslides and collapses outdoors, at the seaside, in mountainous areas, and in the wild, everyone must not take it lightly, because earthquakes can trigger secondary geological disasters such as collapses, landslides, and mudslides. If you are outdoors, run quickly to an open area and stay away from tall buildings, telephone poles, billboards and other objects that can easily fall.

If you are in a mountainous area, stay away from places prone to landslides or collapses such as cliffs, steep walls, slopes, river banks and ditches, and be careful to avoid rocks, trees and other falling objects.

If you are on a landslide, run perpendicular to the slide. If you encounter avalanches, landslides, or mudslides during an earthquake, you must run in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the rolling rocks. Never run down the mountain in the direction of the rolling rocks.

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Jiujiang Earthquake Residents should take shelter outdoors

On November 26, 2005, a 5.7-magnitude earthquake occurred at the junction of Jiujiang County and Ruichang City, Jiangxi Province Earthquake, this is the most devastating earthquake that has occurred in the central and eastern regions of my country in recent years. Since a large number of houses became dangerous during the earthquake, it became the best choice for residents to stay outdoors overnight for safety. In Ruichang City, the most severely affected port town, all residents moved their belongings outside their houses and set up tents in front of and behind their houses, preparing to spend the night in the open air.

8. How to prevent shocks and avoid risks when traveling by self-driving car

How to prevent shocks and avoid risks when traveling by self-driving car

With the improvement of people's living standards, cars are becoming more and more popular. Entering thousands of households, self-driving travel has also become an important way of life for people. When an earthquake occurs while we are driving, what measures should we take to prevent earthquakes? If you are on an urban road or there is no open space around, you should immediately turn on the double-flash emergency lights, slow down and park the car on the side of the road, then get out of the car and avoid danger in a safe area; if the vehicle is in a location surrounded by tall buildings, you should get off the car quickly. Use the vehicle as cover and squat down to protect us from falling objects from high floors; if the vehicle you are driving is on a bridge, embankment or tunnel during an earthquake, you should leave as soon as possible; if there are cracks or subsidence in the road surface, you should leave the vehicle quickly Hedging. Therefore, we should develop good driving habits in daily life, such as wearing seat belts, wearing flat shoes, not speeding, and turning on double flashers when parking in emergency situations, etc., to make our driving safer.

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The smart driver successfully avoided the danger

When the Wenchuan earthquake occurred, a tour group’s bus was driving in the highway tunnel heading to Wenchuan . The driver, Master He, suddenly felt that the car was shaking violently and initially thought it was a tire failure. When he found that sand began to fall from the top of the tunnel, Master He immediately realized that there was an earthquake. Soon enough, he rushed out of the tunnel at full speed and was out of danger.

9. How to save yourself when injured or buried in a disaster

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The self-rescue story of nine-year-old hero Lin Hao

Lin Hao is a second-year student at Yuzixi Primary School in Yingxiu Town, Sichuan. During the Wenchuan earthquake, he and other classmates were buried under the rubble. At this time, Xiao Linhao, who was the squad leader, showed extraordinary maturity. He organized students to sing under the rubble to comfort the female classmates who were crying due to excessive fright. After two hours of hard struggle, Xiao Linhao finally succeeded in saving himself. Afterwards, he calmly rescued two classmates.

Self-rescue under pressure

If you are injured or trapped, don’t panic. Taking correct self-rescue measures can give you greater hope of survival. Tips for self-rescue include: stay calm, don’t shout, and conserve your energy as much as possible; when you smell gas or toxic odors or there is too much dust, try to cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes. Do not use an open flame until the risk of flammable gas leakage has been eliminated; Knock rocks on water pipes and other objects that make noise to send out a cry for help; try to use bricks, sticks, etc. to support the broken walls to prevent them from being buried under pressure during aftershocks and cause secondary damage; move away the broken bricks and tiles that can be moved around you Wait for debris to expand the space for movement, and be careful not to force it when it cannot be moved to prevent the surrounding debris from further collapse; if you are injured, try to find sanitary items to bandage the wound.

10. Actively participate in mutual rescue and save endangered lives

After an earthquake, there are three principles for rescuing people on site: first save those who are nearby and then those who are far away; first put out the fire and deal with the poisonous gas leakage, Save people first; save young adults and medical staff first to increase the number of helpers.

In addition, you need to master some life-saving essentials: pay attention to the calls for help from the buried people; first determine the location of the buried person before rescuing, and do not act hastily; when rescuing the buried person, first expose the head of the injured person , and remove foreign matter in the mouth and nose to protect smooth breathing; for survivors who have been buried for a long time, they should first add water and food to maintain their lives, and then dig out and rescue; the supports should be protected when digging to prevent further collapse and injury ; The trapped person cannot climb out on his own and should not be pulled or pulled forcefully to avoid further injury; when transporting a person with spinal cord injury, a door panel or a hard stretcher should be used to secure it; when a survivor who cannot be rescued within a short period of time is found, he should stand down Mark the location to remember and wait for rescuers to arrive.

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The "Iron Army" rushes to the aid of the Wenchuan earthquake area

After the Wenchuan earthquake, a Red Army division known as the "Iron Army" stationed in a place in Henan has thousands of soldiers. The famous soldiers worked day and night to reach the disaster area as quickly as possible and quickly devoted themselves to earthquake relief, making significant contributions to saving the lives and property of the people in the disaster area. Wu Wenbin, a soldier of the "Iron Army", sacrificed his precious life due to ineffective rescue efforts due to excessive fatigue and massive pulmonary hemorrhage. In times of crisis, the People's Liberation Army always charges forward. It is worthy of being the Great Steel Wall that protects the country and the people!

11. How to live under special circumstances after a disaster

After an earthquake, people's homes are destroyed. At this time, it is often necessary to build earthquake-proof shelters as temporary living places. When building an earthquake-proof shed, choose an open, dry, higher-lying location to avoid dangerous factors such as high-voltage lines and dangerous buildings. Because earthquake-proof sheds are mostly built with flammable materials, great attention must be paid to fire prevention.

There are often constant aftershocks after earthquakes, so do not return to the earthquake scene casually and stay away from the ruins as much as possible. Broken glass, nails, wood stubble, etc. in the ruins can easily cause injuries. Due to poor medical conditions after the earthquake, A small injury can be fatal. Don't wander around, because the environment is harsh and explosions, gas leaks, floods, fires, etc. may occur. In addition, post-disasters are often times when plagues and diseases are rampant. Pay attention to diet and personal hygiene, drink sanitized water, and avoid eating unclean or rotten food.

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Records of post-disaster reconstruction in Yushu

After the earthquake in Yushu, Qinghai, on May 11, the post-disaster reconstruction on-site headquarters was established; on June 14, The State Council approved the "Yushu Earthquake Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Master Plan"; on June 19, Qinghai Province reached a construction assistance agreement with Beijing, Liaoning and other provinces and cities, as well as four major central enterprises. Through hard work, Yushu's reconstruction has achieved significant results: urban and rural housing, infrastructure Construction of 249 other projects has started; winter materials and daily necessities are in sufficient supply, and water and electricity facilities are guaranteed. The reconstruction of Yushu is a manifestation of the strong and unyielding spirit of the whole nation in China and an immortal monument to the unity of the people in earthquake relief!

12. Prepare an emergency plan for earthquake prevention

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"Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense and Disaster Mitigation"

On May 1, 2009, the "Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation" was promulgated and implemented. This is an important law that regulates the prevention and mitigation of earthquake disasters in the whole society. Its main responsibility is to adjust various social relations, including earthquake monitoring and forecasting, disaster prevention, emergency rescue, post-disaster transitional resettlement and recovery and reconstruction, while clarifying the responsibilities of the government, enterprises and institutions, social groups and individual citizens in mitigating earthquake disasters. , rights and obligations.

Earthquake emergency response is an emergency disaster prevention and rescue operation that is different from normal working procedures in order to reduce earthquake disasters. The destructive earthquake emergency plan is an emergency defensive measure taken by the government and society before a destructive earthquake occurs under the guidance of the earthquake prevention and disaster reduction work guideline of "focusing on prevention and combining defense with rescue". Its main contents include: earthquake emergency agencies, emergency communication support, organization of rescue personnel, preparation of emergency rescue equipment and materials, and emergency action plans, etc. By formulating destructive earthquake emergency plans, the government and society can purposefully prepare for earthquake emergencies, prevent the occurrence of secondary disasters, and effectively reduce casualties and economic losses.

13. Strengthen earthquake prevention publicity and enhance earthquake prevention awareness

Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction publicity and education are important measures for non-engineering earthquake prevention and are also an important part of improving national cultural quality. The purpose of carrying out publicity and education on earthquake prevention and disaster reduction is to enhance citizens' awareness of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, improve their ability to rescue themselves and each other in the face of earthquakes, and achieve the purpose of reducing losses. Earthquake disaster practice shows that citizens who master the knowledge of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction and have the awareness of earthquake prevention and avoidance tend to make more rational and scientific behavioral choices, and can protect themselves and others; citizens who do not understand the knowledge of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction often make behavioral choices that Being blind and prone to panic, leading to unnecessary loss of life and property.

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The movie "Tangshan Earthquake"

On July 12, 2010, "Tangshan Earthquake" directed by the famous director Feng Xiaogang was grandly released. . The film is based on the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake. The real and grand scenes reproduce the horrific scenes when the earthquake occurred, which is extremely shocking. After the film was released, it aroused great social repercussions, triggered people's discussion on earthquake disasters, and played a positive role in promoting the national awareness of earthquake prevention and disaster relief.

14. Japan’s experience in disaster prevention and self-rescue

Japan is an earthquake-prone country. The government and citizens attach great importance to the popularization of knowledge and practical training on earthquake prevention and resistance, and have accumulated a lot of experience in defense. China has always been at the forefront of the world in dealing with sudden disasters such as earthquakes.

Japan has established an earthquake early warning system and releases information quickly and accurately through the national monitoring center. At the same time, great emphasis is also placed on improving the accuracy of earthquake prediction and early warning. In the 2011 Japanese earthquake, the world's first newly launched earthquake prediction system played an important role. It seizes the time difference of just a few seconds between P wave and S wave to provide early warning. High-speed trains slow down early, elevators stop in time, and dangerous valves are closed to minimize disaster losses. Japan has also established a professional rescue team, which is not only well-equipped and technically advanced, but also integrates search and rescue, rescue, medical treatment and liaison. In addition, Japan's disaster prevention and relief has implemented a complete system that focuses on self-rescue and government assistance, supplemented by social assistance.

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Japan’s disaster prevention system

After the 1995 Hanshin earthquake, 80 people died in collapsed buildings, which made them re-examine The previous disaster prevention system gave top priority to enhancing the earthquake resistance of buildings. Its "Building Standards Act" stipulates that high-rise buildings must be able to withstand earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.0 or above, and construction can only start after the earthquake resistance report has been confirmed by relevant departments. In addition, Japan has spared no effort to educate the public on earthquake prevention knowledge. There are nearly 40 hours of crisis education in primary school curriculum.

15. What earthquakes bring us

From the Wenchuan earthquake to the Chilean earthquake, from the Yunnan earthquake to the Japanese earthquake, major earthquakes have occurred frequently in recent years, making human beings pay more attention to the earth under their feet. A little worried. In fact, we should clearly realize that earthquakes are a natural disaster and there is no need for us to worry too much.

However, after learning from the pain, we can get an important revelation from these earthquakes: how to effectively prevent earthquake disasters and reduce the loss of life and property caused by earthquakes is an important issue before us. As the saying goes, "Be prepared to avoid disasters. Preventing disasters is better than relieving them." Scientific analysis, correct understanding, active response, and preparedness should make scientific knowledge about earthquakes benefit the general public, make the awareness of disaster prevention and reduction deeply rooted in the people, and understand correctly with a scientific attitude. Use correct methods to prevent disasters, use effective means to save ourselves and each other, and minimize the loss of life and property as much as possible. "Nip trouble before it happens, and maintain long-term peace and stability." We should always maintain a reverent heart, protect the environment, and explore nature, so that we can truly live in harmony with nature!