1. The Current Situation of China’s Marine Environmental Pollution

At present, generally speaking, China’s marine environment is basically in good condition. However, environmental pollution in some coastal bays, estuaries and local sea areas, such as Dalian Bay, Liaohe Estuary, Jinzhou Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, is relatively serious; some marine aquatic resources have declined, fish catches have decreased, and a few Precious seafood has been damaged, and the quality of some marine aquatic resources has been affected; some tidal flats have been abandoned, and the coastal environment has been damaged. As far as sea areas are concerned, the pollution along the Bohai Sea is more serious, followed by the East China Sea and Yellow Sea, and the South China Sea is relatively lightly polluted, which is basically normal.

At present, the main factors that pollute and damage China's marine environment include the following aspects:

(1) Land-based pollutants. According to statistics from relevant departments, about 6 billion tons of industrial and domestic sewage are discharged into the sea every year in coastal areas of China. Among domestic sewage, the discharge along the East China Sea is the largest, followed by the South China Sea and the Bohai Sea, and the Yellow Sea is the smallest. Among industrial wastewater, the East China Sea coast has the largest discharge, accounting for 50% of the total; the Bohai Sea coast and the South China Sea coast follow, and the Yellow Sea coast has the least.

(2) Pollutants discharged by ships. China has more than 100,000 motorized ships of various types, and tens of thousands of foreign ships enter Chinese ports and sail through the waters under our jurisdiction every year, and a large amount of oily sewage is discharged into the sea. For example, in 1979, a Brazilian oil tanker was operating at the Qingdao oil terminal and ran out 380 tons of oil at a time.

(3) Pollution from offshore oil exploration and development. There are several large oil fields and more than a dozen petrochemical companies scattered along China's coast. A considerable amount of oil escapes, leaks, drips, and leaks. More than 100,000 tons of oil enter the sea every year.

(4) Manual dumping of waste pollution. In the past, the ocean was treated as a big "trash can" and waste was dumped indiscriminately. For example, in places such as Dalian Xianglujiao Coast, Huludao, Qingdao, Wenzhou, Zhanjiang and other places, garbage, slag, slag and other wastes are piled on the seashore or dumped directly into the sea.

(5) Unreasonable construction of marine projects and marine development have caused siltation in some deep-water ports and waterways, and destroyed the ecological balance of local sea areas.

There are more than 200 major pollution sources of various types along China's coasts, more than 100 along the Bohai and Yellow Seas, and about 100 along the East and South China Seas. The main pollutants discharged into the sea by these pollution sources include petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metal pollutants and organic pollutants. River transport is the main route for pollutants to enter the sea.

Oil pollution Oil pollution along China's coast is relatively serious. Oil is the largest amount of various pollutants entering the sea. Oil pollution is extremely harmful to marine biological resources. Oil easily forms a film on the water surface, preventing sea air exchange and reducing dissolved oxygen in seawater. Therefore, oil pollution can cause large-scale anoxia. Oil films and oil lumps can stick to a large number of fish eggs and young fish, causing them to suffocate to death; they can deform the eggs of young fish, causing fish and shellfish to accumulate certain carcinogens.

The area of ??oil pollution along China’s coast is about 120,000 square kilometers. Relatively speaking, oil pollution in the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea is relatively serious, accounting for 34% and 33% of the oil discharged into the sea respectively; the South China Sea accounts for 19%; the Yellow Sea accounts for the least, accounting for 14%.

The Bohai Sea oil pollution area is about 40,000 square kilometers, including 18,000 square kilometers in Liaodong Bay, and the oil concentration (geometric mean) is 0.049ppm; the Bohai Bay is 9,000 square kilometers, and the oil concentration is 0.050ppm; Laizhou Bay covers an area of ??6,000 square kilometers, with an oil concentration of 0.059ppm; the central Bohai Sea area covers 0.7000 square kilometers, with an oil concentration of 0.041ppm. It can be seen that oil pollution in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay is relatively serious, while Liaodong Bay has the largest pollution area.

The oil pollution area of ??the Yellow Sea is 26,000 square kilometers. The oil concentration in the North Yellow Sea is 0.059ppm; the oil concentration in the northern part of the South Yellow Sea is 0.052ppm; the oil concentration in the southern part of the South Yellow Sea is 0.026ppm; Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay They are 0.085ppm and 0.062ppm respectively. It shows that the degree of pollution in the North Yellow Sea is relatively serious, especially in Dalian Bay; in the South Yellow Sea, Jiaozhou Bay is the most heavily polluted by oil.

The area of ??oil pollution in the East China Sea is about 34,000 square kilometers. The oil concentration from the Yangtze River Estuary to Hangzhou Bay is 0.059ppm; the oil concentration from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian is 0.078ppm. Oil pollution in the East China Sea is heavier from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian, and the pollution range is from the Yangtze River Estuary to Hangzhou Bay.

The area of ??oil pollution in the South China Sea is about 17,000 square kilometers. The oil concentration in the Pearl River Estuary area is 0.055ppm and along the western Guangdong coast is 0.052ppm. Therefore, the degree of oil pollution near the Pearl River Estuary is slightly heavier than that along the western Guangdong coast, while the scope of oil pollution along the western Guangdong coast is larger.

Heavy metal pollution mainly refers to mercury, cadmium, lead, etc. There are more than 60 major sources of mercury pollution along China's coast, especially the Yangtze River, Pearl River, Yalu River, and Wuli River. The largest amount of mercury is discharged into the East China Sea, followed by the South China Sea and Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea is the least. However, the average concentration of mercury is highest in the East China Sea, followed by the Bohai Sea, and the lowest in the South China Sea. The Bohai Sea has the highest mercury concentration in Liaodong Bay, with an average value of 0.05mmb; the mercury concentration in other sea areas of the Bohai Sea is about 0.01ppb. Jinzhou Bay and Liaohe Estuary are areas with high mercury concentrations in the Bohai Sea. The mercury concentrations in the northern and southern parts of the North Yellow Sea and South Yellow Sea are 0.04, 0.02 and 0.01ppb respectively; the concentrations in Dalian Bay and Jiaozhou Bay are 0.02ppb. The concentration of mercury in the Yellow Sea is relatively high at the mouth of the Yalu River. The mercury concentration in the East China Sea is 0.01 to 0.23 ppb, the area from the Yangtze River Estuary to Hangzhou Bay is 0.07 ppb, and the area from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian is 0.04 ppb. The mercury concentration in the South China Sea is 0.02ppb.

There are also more than 60 major sources of cadmium pollution along China’s coast. Cadmium is also mainly carried into the sea by rivers. The Pearl River, Yangtze River, Luanhe River and Moyang River account for 80% of the total cadmium carried into the sea. The largest amount of cadmium is discharged into the South China Sea. The concentration of cadmium along the entire coast of China ranges from 0.02 to 0.45 ppb, with an average concentration of 0.10 ppb, with the highest concentration in the South China Sea and the lowest in the East China Sea. In the Bohai Sea, the concentration is higher in Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay, and in the Yellow Sea, the concentration is higher in Dalian Bay.

There are more than 80 major sources of lead pollution along China’s coast. The largest amount of sewage discharge flows into the South China Sea, accounting for about 60% of the total; followed by the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea; and the smallest amount in the Yellow Sea. Lead enters the sea mainly through rivers. The concentration of lead in China's offshore surface water ranges from 0.05 to 51.44 ppb, with an average of 1.60 ppb. Among them: the average lead concentration in the Bohai Sea is 2.95ppb; the Yellow Sea is 1.34ppb; the average concentration in the East China Sea is lower than the minimum detection limit of the analytical method, but it has reached 10-30ppb in southern Zhejiang; the average lead concentration in the South China Sea is 7.68ppb, and the Pearl River Estuary is as high as 150ppb , the area with the highest lead concentration in China’s coastal waters, with the coastal lead concentration in western Guangdong being 4.85 ppb.

Organic matter pollution Organic matter pollution in seawater is usually measured by chemical oxygen demand (COD). There are more than 150 major sources of organic pollution along China's coast. The amount of organic matter entering the sea every year, measured as COD, amounts to more than 7 million tons. About 50% of it flows into the East China Sea, and the remaining half flows into the Bohai, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea respectively. Rivers are also the main channel through which organic matter is discharged into the sea. The average value of COD in the Bohai Sea is higher, 1.63ppm. Among them, Laizhou Bay has the highest level, reaching 2.08ppm; followed by Liaodong Bay; and the central Bohai Sea has the lowest level. COD in places such as the coast of Laizhou Bay, northern Liaodong Bay and Luanhe Estuary has reached the "standard", and some have exceeded the standard, such as the Liaohe Estuary reaching 10ppm. The average COD value of the Yellow Sea is 1.10 ppm, with Dalian Bay being higher than other sea areas of the Yellow Sea. Exceeding standards are also found in the Yalu River Estuary, the coast of the North Yellow Sea and some areas offshore Jiangsu. The COD value in the East China Sea is low, about 0.89 ppm, and the COD value in the Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay area is slightly higher than that along the coast from southern Zhejiang to eastern Fujian. No COD in the South China Sea exceeds the standard, and the average value is the lowest, 0.45ppm.

In short, oil is the main pollutant in China's offshore waters, and the East China Sea and Bohai Sea are the two serious areas of oil pollution. Overall, heavy metal pollution is not serious, but in some sea areas such as the northern part of Liaodong Bay, the Yalu River Estuary and the Pearl River Estuary, the concentration is relatively high, which should be noted. As for organic pollution, it is clearly reflected in China's Bohai Sea and some bays, with COD values ??increasing from south to north.

2. China’s basic policies and main measures to protect the marine environment:

The marine environment is different from that on land. Once it is polluted, even if measures are taken, the harm will be difficult to eliminate in a short time. . Because controlling pollution in the sea takes longer than controlling pollution on land, it is technically more complex, more difficult, requires higher investment, and it is not easy to achieve good results. Therefore, the protection of the marine environment should focus on prevention, combine prevention and control, rational development, and comprehensive utilization. This should be said to be the basic strategy for protecting the marine environment. Protecting the marine environment requires not only correct marine development policies and advanced science and technology, but also a set of scientific and strict management systems and methods, especially the management of pollution sources, which is an important part of marine environmental protection. The self-purification ability of the ocean is also a resource. We should make full use of the self-purification ability of the sea to help reduce the cost of treating "three wastes", develop production, and effectively control the amount of pollutants entering the sea. We must avoid the detour of polluting first and treating later. .

For many years, while China's industry and agriculture are booming, it has actively managed the "three wastes" in industry, engaged in technological innovation, and extensively carried out comprehensive utilization. In order to eliminate pollution, protect and improve the environment, protect people's health, and promote Great achievements have been made in socialist construction. On the basis of extensive investigation and research and accumulation of many valuable experiences, the basic policy of environmental protection in China has been formulated: "comprehensive planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses, everyone taking action, protecting the environment and benefiting the people" . Practice has proved that this is also the correct policy for protecting the marine environment.

"Comprehensive planning and reasonable layout" are extremely important measures to protect the environment and prevent problems before they occur. It is also a reflection of the implementation of the policy of giving priority to prevention and combining prevention and control. When arranging the national economic plan and developing industrial and agricultural production, we must take into account all aspects, make comprehensive plans, and correctly handle industry and agriculture, heavy industry and light industry, coastal industry and inland industry, urban and rural areas, production and life, economic development and environmental protection, etc. relation. It is necessary to combine the protection of natural resources with the rational utilization of natural resources, strengthen planning, scientificity and predictability, and avoid blindness and one-sidedness. It is necessary to combine short-term interests with long-term interests and strive to avoid or reduce the damage to natural resources and the impact on the environment after development. In the layout of the development of industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, salt, sideline industries, breeding, and other marine resources, in addition to paying attention to raw materials, power, water sources, transportation and other conditions, geology, topography, ocean hydrology, and meteorological conditions must also be considered As well as the characteristics of biological resources, we must conduct comprehensive research, weigh the pros and cons, coordinate and unify, and oppose each individual's own approach. We must not just focus on production and ignore environmental protection. We must pay attention to short-term benefits and fully estimate the long-term impacts that may occur in the future. We cannot just focus on utilization and ignore the protection of resources and environment.

“Comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit” is an effective way to develop socialist enterprises and eliminate environmental pollution. "Harm" and "benefit" are contradictions of the unity of opposites, and they can transform into each other under certain conditions. "Harm" is caused by "waste" in production, and "waste" and "treasure" are contradictions of the unity of opposites. Under certain conditions, they can also transform into each other. The condition that promotes this transformation is comprehensive utilization. The content of comprehensive utilization is very broad. On the one hand, it refers to the comprehensive utilization of the resources themselves. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish economic and reasonable joint enterprises. Only by combining the control of industrial "three wastes" with the technological transformation of enterprises and the comprehensive utilization of resources can we try our best to eliminate the hazardous substances in the "three wastes" in the production process. Many of the "three wastes" that were originally discarded as harmful substances can be eliminated. By making full use of it and carrying out process reform and technological innovation, we can turn "waste" into "treasure" and "harm" into "profit", achieving the goals of rational development with low investment, large profits, many varieties, and low harm.

“Rely on the masses, everyone takes action”, this is the embodiment of the party’s mass line in marine environmental protection work, and it is also an important guarantee for strengthening environmental protection work. Protecting and improving the environment is related to the vital interests of the broad masses of the people and involves everyone and all aspects.

Another important measure to protect the marine environment is to manage the marine environment and formulate and improve necessary laws and regulations. As early as the mid-1950s and early 1960s, China promulgated a series of management regulations on ships, ports, shipping and maritime handling; in 1974, the State Council approved the "Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention of Pollution in Coastal Waters" , and pilot it internally.

In order to protect China's aquatic resources, the State Council issued an order in June 1955 on the "Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea Engine Trawl Fishery Prohibited Areas." In August 1957, the State Council made additional regulations. In November 1956, the "Instructions on Implementing Resource Protection Policies, Effectively Arranging Fishing Grounds and Modifying Boat and Net Tools" were issued. In April 1957, the "Interim Regulations (Draft) on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Reproduction" was issued. Coastal provinces and cities have formulated breeding protection measures based on this regulation. In July 1957, the "Instructions for Dealing with Intrusion of Machine Vessels into Prohibited Fishing Zones" were promulgated. In February 1979, the State Council officially promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Reproduction. These fully illustrate the importance that the party and the government attach to the protection of aquatic resources. The "Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Breeding" clearly stipulates that: hairtail, large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, blue trevally, sardine, Pacific herring, bream, red sea bream, black sea bream, two long spiny sea bream, red snapper, barracuda, flathead , plaice, sole, grouper, cod, dogfish, goldfish, pomfret, squid, white catfish, yellow catfish, mackerel, mackerel, moray eel and other seawater fish; shrimp, prawn, greenfish Crabs, eagle claw shrimp, Chinese mitten crab, swimming crab and other shrimps and crabs; abalone, razor clams, clams, oysters, Shih Tzu tongue, scallops, river rays, clams, variegated clams, emerald mussels, purple mussels, thick-shelled mussels, Shellfish such as pearl oysters; algae such as seaweed, wakame, Gelidium, Gracilaria, kelp, and Eucheuma, as well as whales, sea turtles, hawksbill turtles, sea cucumbers, cuttlefish and squid, etc. are to be protected. "It is strictly prohibited to explode fish, poison fish, abuse electric power fishing, and carry out knocking operations and other behaviors that seriously damage aquatic resources." It is prohibited to discharge pollutants and wastes such as sewage, oil, and oily mixtures that are harmful to aquatic resources into fishery waters. Fishing gear that is harmful to resources must be banned or phased out within a time limit; there should be a plan for fishing gear that is less harmful to resources. , be improved step by step. The minimum mesh size of various major fishing gear should be specified according to different fishing objects. It is prohibited to manufacture or sell substandard fishing gear, etc.

Especially March 1, 1983. The "Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China", which was implemented on the All sea areas under its jurisdiction. The promulgation and implementation of the "Marine Environment Protection Law" marks that my country's marine environment legislation has entered a new historical period. The "Marine Environment Protection Law" mainly provides legal provisions for the prevention of marine pollution damage; The first is to prevent damage to the marine environment caused by coastal engineering, which mainly refers to the construction of ports, oil terminals and water conservancy projects at estuaries on the coast; the second is to prevent the pollution of the marine environment caused by offshore oil exploration and development, which mainly refers to blasting exploration, drilling, testing oil, oil transportation, etc.; the third is to prevent the pollution of the marine environment by land-based pollutants, which mainly refers to the discharge of pollutants into the ocean and the setting up of waste disposal sites on coastal tidal flats; the fourth is to prevent the pollution of the marine environment by ships; the fifth is to prevent dumping The pollution damage caused by waste to the marine environment stipulates the restrictions, application, approval and supervision procedures for dumping waste into the sea. If the above aspects are met, the need to protect the marine environment can basically be achieved. Any violation of this law will cause. Those who cause pollution and damage to the marine environment will be liable for compensation, administrative liability and criminal liability based on different circumstances. Undoubtedly, the implementation of the Marine Environment Protection Law is a major measure to promote the development of China's marine industry and protect the marine environment.

After years of hard work, China's marine environmental protection work has made significant progress, and great achievements have been made in controlling industrial pollution. The urban environmental situation has been improved to a certain extent, and ecological environment protection has achieved initial results. The environmental management system It has been initially formed, environmental monitoring work has developed rapidly, environmental science research and education have been strengthened, and the Marine Environmental Protection Law has been enriched and improved.

Reference material: "China's Ocean" (Sun Xiangping)