In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), Sun Tingyuan and Sun Meitang moved the Meihuali Clock-making Workshop, which was opened in Ningbo in 196, to Yangshupu, Shanghai. In 4 years of the Republic of China, a new factory was built in Tiantong 'an Town, Zhabei, with more than 1 employees, and various parts were manufactured by machines, making it one of the earliest manufacturers of mechanical clocks in China. That year, all kinds of clocks sent by the factory to Panama Expo won the Gold Award. By the 12th year of the Republic of China, Meihuali Clock Factory had produced 7,832 clocks, including screen clocks, astronomical clocks, pavilion clocks, glass door clocks and floor clocks, and also made 336 clocks for buildings of 14 units, including Shanghai Youth Annual Meeting, Shanghai Xianshi Company, Shanghai Telephone Bureau and Beijing China Hotel. In the 13th year of the Republic of China, the factory set up 23 distribution branches in Ningbo, Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Jinan, Hankou, Shenyang and other places, which was beyond the reach of the same trade, so Sun Meitang was called "the king of clocks and watches". In the 21st year of the Republic of China, after the Battle of Shanghai in 128, the factory was destroyed by gunfire, and has not resumed business since then. In the third year of the Republic of China, the first world war broke out, and the imperialist powers had no time to look east, which provided an opportunity for the development of Shanghai clock manufacturing industry. In 12 years of the Republic of China, Shanghai watchmakers Zhuang Ronghua and Zhuang Honggao set up China Clock Factory on Jiangyin Road with their own funds. Due to their weak technical strength, they did not build a clock for seven years. In the 18th year of the Republic of China, Dong Zixing, a watchmaker who founded Shanghai Sino-American Watch Company and Samsung Watch Company, raised 3, yuan to buy it, established Shanghai Clock Factory, and officially produced Fuxing brand desk clocks and wall clocks, which were sold to domestic ports and Nanyang, with a maximum annual output of 6,. Because of its tight parts, generous style and accurate time, the product has been hailed as the leader of China's clock-making industry. During this period, Changming Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. (predecessor of Changming Bell Factory), Shiyong Bell Factory, Naiqiao Bell Factory, Zhenya Bell Factory and Broadway Electric Company (predecessor of Shanghai Bell Factory) opened successively. In addition, China Yapur Light Bulb Factory, an electrical manufacturing company, also produces electric clocks, and the products are sold in Nanyang and other places. In the second half of 193s, domestic clocks were exported to the rear areas and Malaya, Borneo, east indies, Siam, Myanmar, India, the Philippines and other places, with an annual output of about 2,.
On March 24th, 29, in the fierce competition in domestic and international markets, Mao Shitang raised 1.2 million yuan to establish China Bell Factory in Xujiahui Road and hired Ruan Shunfa as an engineer with the help of Wang Kuancheng, manager of Victoria Ocean Bank, and Li Kangnian, manager of China Domestic Products Company. The product trademark is Sanwu brand. Prior to this, China's desk clock and wall clock were mainly based on the Japanese Baoshi brand 8-day clock. Ruan Shunfa carefully studied and created the first desk clock and wall clock in China that used the "living pendulum" structure and walked for 15 days. It was famous for its "hanging crooked and swaying, but it is accurate to dial backwards and forwards". The establishment and development of China Clock Factory has raised domestic clocks to a brand-new level, and at the same time, Shanghai has become a centralized place of clock manufacturing in China.
After the establishment of China Clock Factory, nearly 2 spare parts factories, such as Asia Clock Factory, Huaqiang Clock Factory, Far East Clock Factory, Shimin Clock Factory and Wenhua Clock Factory, as well as metal watchbands, watch cases, watch oil, clockwork, hairspring, glass drill holes, wooden cases, surfaces and watch hands, opened one after another. At this time, the clock industry in Shanghai basically took shape.
In 34 years of the Republic of China, although the victory of the Anti-Japanese War brought a little vitality to the national industry, many clock-making enterprises were brought down by the Kuomintang government's keen interest in civil war, inflation and currency devaluation. In 37 years of the Republic of China, the original capital of China Clock Factory was 4 million yuan. As a result, the book value was only 133 yuan, which made the factory unsustainable. On May 1, 1949, the factory stopped production, and each person was given 5 pieces of severance pay and 1 desk clock. Changming, Shanghai, Jinsheng, Zhonghua, Shimin, Far East, Wenhua and other clock factories are also on the verge of bankruptcy, and the whole industry is dying.
After the liberation of Shanghai in May, 1949, although some clock factories began to resume work, due to the imperialist economic blockade and the civil war of liberation, the supply of raw materials and electricity were in short supply, and product sales were very difficult. In 195, the Shanghai Municipal People's Government restricted the import of watches and clocks, and the products of the watch industry were purchased by Shanghai Zhongbai Supply Station, and production began to recover. In 1952, Shanghai watch industry established a trade association. Through the national processing and ordering, the production of Shanghai watch industry can be restored and developed. That year, the output of clocks in Shanghai increased from 4, in 1949 to 128,, and the number of employees increased from 3 to 5. During the three-year economic recovery period, new clock factories such as Hendry, Hendry, Zhongxing, Zhongming, Dongfang and Daguangming were opened. As Hendry, Hendry and Daguangming departments changed from commerce to industrial and commercial integration, they became the earliest joint management system of production and marketing.
In p>1954, China Bell Factory and Shanghai Bell Factory were the first batch of public-private partnerships, and Wenhua Bell Factory, Rentai Machine Factory, Shunxing Screw Cap Factory, Taichang Electroplating Factory and Zhong Caiji Wood Shell Factory were successively merged into China Bell Factory.
in p>1956, the whole industry realized public-private partnership. On September 1st of that year, Shanghai Watch Industry Company was established. Since then, the watch industry in Shanghai has entered a new period of development. More than 2 enterprises in the whole industry organized production according to professional requirements. Nine factories in Far East, Daguangming, Hendry, Hendry, Dongfang, Changming, Shimin, Jinsheng and Beigao became the main factory for alarm clock production, and Shanghai Clock Factory, which produces seat clocks and wall clocks, was merged into Far East Clock Factory to produce locomotive brand and Chinese character brand with short three-hand alarm clocks. A long three-hand alarm clock was developed by Daguangming Clock Factory and China Clock Factory. By 1957, the output of alarm clocks in Shanghai reached 1.2 million. The following year, the three factories of Hendry, Hendry and Dongfang merged to form the new Shanghai Clock Factory, with 551 employees, becoming the largest professional factory of mechanical alarm clocks in China. Production of diamonds, workers and peasants, locomotives, seagulls and other brand alarm clocks, the output in 1958 reached 68,. Due to the unprecedented development of alarm clock production scale, the output exceeded the actual demand. In 1962, alarm clocks began to be unsalable. In June, 26, Zhongbai had a backlog of 4.6 million pieces, and Zhongbai Wholesale Station required the factory to reduce the annual output from 2 million pieces to 1.5 million pieces. Shanghai's clock-making industry is facing a new contraction. China's watch industry was born in Shanghai. In 1954, Li Fuchun, director of the State Economic Commission, put forward during his inspection in Shanghai: "China has a market as big as 6 million people, and the watch industry has great potential. I hope that Shanghai can produce watches made in China. " On July 9, 1955, Shanghai No.2 Light Industry Bureau and Shanghai Watch Industry Association organized 13 clock factories and Jianguo Instrument Factory, Huakang Watch Material Store, Shenchang Watch Store, and four industrial companies, including Yixing, Hecheng, Huacheng and Sino-Soviet, plus 6 individual mechanics engaged in watch repair ***58 people to participate in the watch trial-production team, and the first batch of long three-needle (17-diamond) fine horse watches were trial-produced. By September 26th, the first batch of 18 fine horse watches with three needles (17 diamonds) were assembled. In May of the following year, the trial production was concentrated in Jiangyin Road (the former warehouse of Qi Xin Clockwork Factory), and the trial production team was expanded to more than 15 people, and the second batch of 1 watches were trial-produced with simple equipment. In April, 1957, the trial-production team recruited Xi Guozhen, a former locomotive design engineer, and Tong Qinqin, a former medical needle technician, to refer to the textbook "Soviet Technology", and combined with the trial-production practice, it took more than four months to draw more than 15 parts drawings and set out the production and processing technology of 17 processes, which became the first set of watch production technology documents formulated by China itself. In March 1958, A581 mechanical watch was registered as a Shanghai brand trademark. On April 23rd, Shanghai Watch Factory, the first watch factory in China, was established. In that year, * * * produced 13,6 watches of Shanghai brand. Since then, the history that China can only repair watches but not make them has ended.
After p>1958, the watch industry in Shanghai gradually began to take shape, but the key components and devices still depended on imports. In order to fill the gap in China's watch industry and support the formation and development of watch components and materials bases, the Shanghai Municipal Government selected a group of enterprises from 15 systems including culture, education, metallurgy, instrumentation, daily chemistry, daily hardware, scientific research, finance and trade to switch to production, and also dispatched a group of engineers and technicians to vigorously develop gem drilling, shock absorbers and travel. As well as specialized factories for the production of copper, stainless steel, free-cutting steel, nickel-based alloy materials, watch instruments, molds and special machine tools, Shanghai watch industry quickly formed a relatively complete watch production base.
In p>1968, Shanghai Watch Factory broke through the annual output of 1 million watches for the first time. In 197, it increased to 2.28 million watches, which doubled in two years. Since then, China's watch consumption has begun to get rid of the history of completely relying on imports. In order to further meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets, Shanghai watch industry has undergone large-scale adjustment. Shanghai Stopwatch Factory (formerly Jinsheng Clock Factory) was renamed Shanghai No.4 Watch Factory (now Shanghai Diamond Watch Factory), and Shanghai No.5 Clock Factory (formerly Changming Clock Factory) was renamed Shanghai Second Hand Watch Factory. In 197, Shanghai's hardware industry released manpower to develop the watch industry. In 1973, 18 factories, including Qiujing Lock Factory, set up Shanghai Watch No.3 Factory. During this period, in order to pursue speed, many enterprises changed all their office buildings, living rooms and production auxiliary rooms into production sites, and set up more than 1, square meters of simple workshops, even stacking raw materials and semi-finished products in corridors, escalator rooms and workshop sidewalks, trying their best to tap the production potential. In 1968, Shanghai Watch Factory relied on a 3,-square-meter factory to produce 1 million watches. After that, the output increased year after year, until the annual output exceeded 5 million watches, and the original factory area was still maintained. The only difference was that 54 shelves, large and small, were built. This short-term behavior made the Shanghai watch industry show a weak market in less than 1 years, which led to the industry-wide recession in the 198s.
The watch industry in Shanghai is facing the dual choice of planning and market. For a long time, the watch industry in Shanghai has basically adopted the principle of "planning first, market second" and organized production according to the production plan issued by the government economic department. Since the mid-198s, with the transformation of the economic system from the traditional planned economy system to the socialist market economy system, the watch industry in Shanghai has accelerated the economic restructuring and management system reform in the face of the new situation.
in the product development, the product structure has been greatly adjusted, from single variety and large quantity to multi-variety and multi-grade. In the whole industry, Shanghai Watch Factory No.3 is a professional manufacturer of women's watches, Shanghai Watch Factory No.5 is a professional manufacturer of fourth-generation digital display quartz electronic watches, and Shanghai Watch Factory No.2 and Shanghai Diamond Watch Factory form a series according to the movement specifications of men's watches, women's watches and electronic watches and six functions such as stand-alone, calendar, double calendar, automatic, calendar automatic and double calendar automatic. Through the adjustment of the variety structure of the whole industry, the adjustment of the production technology structure and labor organization structure will be promoted, the management level and technical level of the whole industry will be improved, the speed of technology development in the industry will be accelerated, and the export of products will be expanded. From 198 to 199, it exported 1,673,9 hand expressions to more than 12 countries and regions.
in terms of technological progress, accelerate the introduction of advanced technology and equipment. During the ten years from 1981 to 199, the renovation of the old factory building and the construction of the new factory building in Shanghai watch industry reached an unprecedented scale, with an additional construction area of 157,4 square meters. All enterprises in the whole industry improved the factory building conditions to varying degrees. With the expansion of enterprise autonomy, the ability of self-accumulation and self-transformation of Shanghai Watch Factory has been continuously enhanced. Since 1983, the factory has invested 9.24 million yuan, equivalent to the sum of the investments in the previous 25 years. The factory has built new automatic, moving parts and physical and chemical buildings, covering an area of 1, square meters, and transformed the old factory building of 5, square meters. In 1988, all 54 shelving buildings all over the factory were demolished and replaced by spacious and bright new workshops.
in terms of system reform, the administrative company that followed for more than 3 years was abolished, and the Shanghai Watch Company was established. In 1989, it was changed to Shanghai Watch Company. The company contracted the country with one head and settled accounts with the other, and assumed the economic responsibility in a unified way, forming a multi-level group enterprise composed of core layer, tight layer and loose layer.
in p>199, there were 24 factories, a research institute, 2 distribution departments, a staff university, a transportation team and two joint ventures in Shanghai, which were distributed in 1 districts and one county of the city. The workshop covers an area of 273,59 square meters, with a building area of 411,85 square meters, 21,719 sets of main equipment, with an original value of 43.48 million yuan of fixed assets and a net value of 25.48 million yuan. The fixed working capital is 357.87 million yuan, the total industrial output value is 1,435.3 million yuan, the per capita labor productivity of all employees is 38,61 yuan, and the profits and taxes paid are 235.58 million yuan. In 199, 2.24 million watches, 2.37 million mechanical alarm clocks and 9, pendulum clocks were exported, and the export delivery amount was 386.14 million yuan. There are 31,72 employees in the whole industry, including 1,32 engineers and technicians, accounting for 4.16% of the total employees.
Shanghai watch industry officially produced 13,6 mechanical watches in 1958, and broke through 1 million watches in 1968 and 1 million watches in 1982. Since then, it has maintained an annual output of 1 million watches for nine years. In 199, it reached 15.4 million, and the cumulative production of mechanical watches was 166.625448 million.
The watch industry in Shanghai is the "cash cow" of the national finance. During the 35 years from 1956 to 199, the total tax and profit of the whole industry reached 1.243522 billion yuan, equivalent to 39 times of the net fixed assets of the whole industry in 199.