Brought back a lot of spices, precious stones and precious sandalwood rosewood.
Since then, the Ming government has sent officials to Nanyang Islands every year to supervise the felling of rosewood and use it as a spice.
By the end of the Ming Dynasty, all the high-quality timber in Nanyang was basically cut down, especially rosewood. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the vast majority of rosewood produced in the world gathered in China. The rosewood used in the Qing Dynasty was collected in the Ming Dynasty, and it is called old rosewood.
Neo-rosewood is a rose rosewood (Indonesian black rosewood) produced in Indonesia.
In the national standard, redwood is divided into five genera, five species and eight categories, namely rosewood and rosewood of Pterocarya, rosewood, rosewood, Dalbergia, Dalbergia and Dalbergia of Dalbergia, ebony and striped ebony of Persimmon, Pterocarya and Pterocarya. Each category contains several tree species, and only one tree species is sandalwood rosewood.
Rosewood is a name used by the Dutch, and it is actually a kind of black rosewood in Indonesia.
In the fifth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1407), in September of 13, Zheng He went to the Western Ocean for the second time after returning to China for more than ten days. Zheng He made a special trip to the Buddhist temple on Mount Ceylon in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to set up a monument forever. It is recorded in the inscription that "internal and external gold and silver tapestries, spinning treasures, incense burners, vases, lamps and candles are given to Buddhist temples as supplements, which can only be learned by the world." This monument was discovered in Kerry Town, Ceylon Island in191/and is now kept in Ceylon Museum. Carved in Chinese, Tamil and Persian, it is a national treasure of Sri Lanka.
1409, Zheng He went to the Western Ocean for the third time.
This time, his task was to meet the Buddha's tooth relic in Ceylon (it is said that after the cremation of Sakyamuni's body, his teeth were intact, which is called Buddha's tooth relic).
The emperor sent eunuch Zheng He. In Koge, he went to Italy to support him. Zheng He advised King Alek to suffer. Respect Buddhism and stay away from heresy. The king was angry and wanted to hurt. Zheng He knew his plan and went. After that, Zheng He was sent to others. It is disrespectful to give thanks to Wang Yi, king of Mount Ceylon. Trying to kill the messenger. Fifty thousand soldiers published The Road to Cork. Divide troops to rob the sea ship. Will be released in advance. Zheng He and others were anxious to get back to the ship. This road is blocked. Send someone out. The captain refused. And 3,000 Israeli soldiers. At night, you break into the king's city from hell and keep it. Its hijacking of ships is related to its domestic soldiers. Attack from all directions. The encirclement is very big. Attack for six days. And wait for the king to open the door, cut down trees and build roads in the morning. Fight and leave. It takes more than twenty miles to get to dusk and get to the boat. Please come to the boat at once. Supernatural is very glorious. As I said before. I don't know if it is shocking and far-sighted. The calendar covers hundreds of thousands of miles. The wind and waves are as calm as the ground. Dragons and fish are very fierce. Tian meant no harm. Everyone on board is safe and happy. Yongle moved the capital on July 9th, 9th.
The emperor lives in the imperial city. The solemn throne of Tan Jingang holds it. Maintenance and support. Affectionate interests, pray for the people. Make infinite merits.
Zheng He's voyages to the West are closely related to Buddhism. At the same time, it is also closely related to imperial power.
The Buddha tooth relic was actually taken back by Zheng He with three thousand soldiers. He firmly believes that the Buddha tooth relic belongs to the Ming Dynasty.
Zheng He collected a large number of rosewood from Southeast Asian countries. The main purpose is that rosewood symbolizes both Buddhism and imperial power. So that by the end of the Ming Dynasty, rosewood was almost extinct in Southeast Asian countries.
Zheng He, in 28 years, commanded the largest ocean-going fleet in the world at that time, consisting of about 200 giant ships. He used the most advanced navigation equipment and technology in the world at that time, and was escorted by ships equipped with the most advanced artillery in the world at that time. He went to sea seven times and reached more than 30 ancient countries and regions, including the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, the Red Sea and the southeast coast of Africa, crisscrossing the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
/kloc-Zheng He's feat of going to the west in the 0/5th century made the ocean exploration in the 0/5th century belong to the China era. /kloc-the 0/7th century belongs to the Dutch era.
By the middle of17th century, the global commercial hegemony of Holland, Holland and China had been firmly established.
At this time, the Dutch East India Company has 65,438+05,000 branches, accounting for half of the total world trade. 10000 More than one merchant ship flying the Dutch tricolor flag is cruising on the five oceans of the world. At that time, there were 20,000 ships in the world, and there were 1.5 million ships in the Netherlands. More than Britain, France and Germany combined.
In East Asia, they occupied Taiwan Province Province of China and monopolized Japanese foreign trade.
In Southeast Asia, they turned Indonesia into their own colony, and the first colonial stronghold they established, Batavia City, constituted the embryonic form of Jakarta today.
In Africa, they seized the Cape of Good Hope fortress from Portugal to the new route;
In Oceania, they named a country after a province in the Netherlands-New Zealand;
In South America, they occupied Brazil;
At the mouth of the Hudson River on the North American continent, the East India Company built the new Amsterdam City. Today, the name of this city is new york.
1596, a low-lying country, the Netherlands, conquered Indonesia, a country of thousands of islands, and brought Indian sandalwood rosewood and hardwood Dalbergia to Indonesia for planting, thus producing Indonesian ebony called rose rosewood. At that time, the Dutch didn't know how to distinguish sandalwood from Dalbergia odorifera. Members of the Dutch royal family, like China people, think that these two kinds of wood are the best choice for making royal furniture. Indonesian black rosewood is closer to the texture and color of sandalwood rosewood than any other black rosewood. Red sandalwood (Indonesian black rosewood) is very similar to sandalwood red sandalwood in physical properties. After being made into furniture, it has a satin-like texture and metallic luster. Therefore, Indonesian black rosewood is called rosewood by the Dutch royal family.
The Netherlands established the Dutch East India Company in 1602, becoming the main force of Europe in Indonesia. The East India Company was dissolved in 1800.
In A.D. 1627, the carpenter emperor Zhu Youxiao resigned as both a carpenter and an emperor. He gave the throne to his half-brother, Zhu Youjian, and went to the west.
He worked as a carpenter and emperor for seven years. As a carpenter, he is more successful than as an emperor.
Ming-style furniture, mostly designed directly by literati, is orange and bright in color and natural and beautiful in wood grain, which is highly praised by literati in Ming Dynasty. Huang Huali endowed furniture with simple, pure, concise, lively artistic temperament and beautiful form, which made furniture contain a sincere literati atmosphere. While rosewood is darker and cooler. Because it is suitable for fine decoration technology, it can cater to the tastes of some dignitaries who pay attention to ostentation and extravagance, advocate luxury and pursue grandeur.
The rosewood here is sandalwood rosewood.
Probably because Zhu Youxiao's education level is not high, he rejected the literati from his bones. So he chose to develop mahogany furniture. Moreover, contrary to the primitive atmosphere of Ming-style furniture, some stories he heard in Shan Hai Jing were integrated into the furniture, so the furniture he developed often had vivid patterns such as dragons, phoenixes, peacocks, unicorns, elephants and even plum blossoms and bamboos.
Zhu Youxiao was a wayward emperor. In order to make the furniture he developed attract the attention of dignitaries for a long time, he sent Wei Zhongxian, the eunuch leader, to Huizhou to find a delicious tea he had heard, and left the dignitaries in the palace to appreciate his masterpiece on the grounds of tea tasting. He called the furniture he designed "Jinyu Woodware", which is exactly the same color as the tea-like soup of Jinyu Xiangming, bringing out the best in each other.
1627 After Zhu Youxiao abdicated, the Ming Dynasty continued for 17 years, and 1644 was replaced by the Qing Dynasty.
In the 13th year of Shunzhi (1656), the Dutch delegation arrived in Beijing.
Tang Ruowang served as the interpreter for the meeting with the Dutch delegation. The Dutch have long heard that there were Jesuits in the Qing court. Johann Nieuhof in Mission wrote the scene when the Dutch ambassador to China visited China for the first time and met Tang Ruowang: "The Minister of Ritual and a western knowledgeable person counted the gifts one by one and asked if they really came from the Netherlands and what was the state of the Netherlands. This generalist is the famous Jesuit Tang Ruowang. At that time, he won the trust of the emperor shunzhi and was appointed as the supervisor of Qin. Because of his knowledge of Spanish, he was often used as the general manager when dealing with western countries in the early Qing Dynasty. He is a very old man with a long beard on his chest. According to the custom of Manchuria, he shaved his hair, hung his braid and wore Manchu clothes. "
Because the Netherlands is a Protestant country, at that time in Europe, Catholic countries and Protestant countries were at loggerheads, and Tang Ruowang did not want the Qing Dynasty to establish diplomatic relations with the Netherlands anyway. In addition, when the Dutch attacked Macau in 1622, Tang Ruowang had just arrived in Macau and personally participated in the battle with the Dutch. The Dutch are well aware of this. In the book "Dutch Ambassador of the East India Company pays tribute to Tatar Khan" published by 1665, they said: "Tang Ruowang made a big speech in the Ritual Department, saying that the Dutch were pirates and lived on an island, and his gifts were robbed, urging the Ritual Department to refuse the Dutch to come to trade. So officials of the Ministry of Rites asked the Dutch ambassador many times whether the Dutch had no land and lived at sea like pirates. Is the gift really from Holland? I asked the same question nine times. " Kessel, the Dutch ambassador, even reported to the company like this: "Because of the slander and rumors of these Jesuits, we are portrayed as people who are not like people and ghosts who are not like ghosts. "
However, officials in Shunzhi did not fully follow Tang Ruowang's ideas. The Great Qing Dynasty needs to enjoy the beautiful feeling of a small country thousands of miles away to make a pilgrimage. The emperor shunzhi also gave the Dutch ambassador many gifts such as silk, and by the way, he gave the Dutch ambassador all the furniture made by Zhu Youxiao, a carpenter of the Ming Dynasty.
The Dutch ambassador transported this batch of furniture to Indonesia, the production base of royal Dutch furniture, so that Indonesians could learn the furniture making technology of the carpenter emperor of China.
The Dutch hoarded a large number of sandalwood rosewood and hardwood Dalbergia from India in Indonesia. In their view, they all belong to the same kind of wood. The Dutch call it rose rosewood, and roses are used to describe its quality and beauty. And began to plant rose rosewood (actually sandalwood rosewood and broadleaf Dalbergia).
In 2008, these 350-year-old rosewood (Indonesian black rosewood) were owned by He Shan Water Group. He Shanhe successfully restored Chinese classical furniture, the painstaking work of the carpenter emperor Zhu Youxiao, also known as "Rose rosewood shanhaijing Jinyu Woodware", and took Rhyme Red as the trademark. Five years later, He Shanhe successfully restored the golden jade fragrant tea of carpenter emperor Zhu Youxiao, calling it Huangshan Hawking, and still using Rhyme Red as the trademark. The product series is divided into Oriental Rhyme, Natural Rhyme and Yun Yun.
As kings in history, there are not many people who can contribute to democratic constitutionalism. /kloc-William III at the end of 0/7 was one of them, although he didn't want to do so. He was born in the glorious Orange family in the Netherlands and is the great-grandson of Prince Orange, the father of our country. William III can be described as the savior of democratic constitutionalism. First, it defended the constitutional Netherlands from the tyranny of France, and then promoted the "glorious revolution" of Britain at a critical moment. However, William III did not show his enthusiasm for the value of democratic constitutionalism from a personal perspective in his life. In fact, he is an enlightened monarch, used by parliamentary Democrats to fight against the stubborn monarchy.
1650, William II, who was in power in the Netherlands at the age of 24, suddenly contracted infantile smallpox and died. Eight days later, his only son, William III, was born, and Holland entered the "first ruling period" (1650- 1672).
William III grew up amid the noise of his mother and grandmother. He is taciturn and suffers from tuberculosis and asthma.
1672, Britain and France jointly attacked the Netherlands. Britain acted at sea (that is, the third naval battle between Britain and Holland), and Louis XIV, the French sun king, sent 6,543,800+2,000 troops to the border. When the national disaster came, the Dutch people once again remembered the heroism of the predecessors of the Oranger family. As a result, William III, who was only 22 years old, was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of Lu Haijun. His outstanding record proves that he is worthy of being a descendant of the Orange family. The war was so difficult that William III even made a difficult decision-breaking its banks to prevent the French army from occupying Amsterdam. At the end of 1673, the French army was completely expelled from the country, and the young William III's prestige reached its peak, winning the title of "national hero" and becoming the ruling party of the Netherlands.
William III married Mary, the daughter of King James II of England. James II ignored the fact that most people in China are Protestants and tried to re-establish Catholicism as the state religion. 1In September, 688, a huge fleet set sail from Amsterdam Port. These ships carried William III, the supreme consul of the Netherlands, and 20,000 Dutch soldiers. The British Parliament invited William III to protect the "religious freedom and property" of British nationals. William III easily occupied London and sent his father-in-law to France. This event, for Britain, means the success of the "glorious revolution", and for the Netherlands, it means the further expansion of the Orange family.
William III became "King of England and Ruler of the Netherlands" (the position of King of England was shared with his wife Mary). This is the only time in history that Britain and the Netherlands have been assigned to the same person.
Because of William III's prominence, Orange's bloodline should have been carried forward and become the "golden family" in the Netherlands. Unfortunately, William III has no children.
The production base of Royal Dutch Furniture is in Indonesia. According to the precious wood of carpenter emperor Zhu Youxiao, the production of "Orange Gold Furniture" has finally been forgotten by history.