In ancient times, there was no pinyin, so we used reverse cutting, that is, we used two words that we could read, took the initial of the first and the final of the second, and put them together.
The Hui brothers in ancient China learned Arabic instead of Chinese characters, but spelled spoken Chinese with Arabic letters, so this is the earliest pinyin in China.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian rulers spelled Chinese and other languages with Tibetan letters, which were called Basiba characters. Although it is not specialized in spelling Chinese, it is also a kind of Chinese Pinyin.
In the Ming Dynasty, western missionaries spelled Chinese with Latin letters, which was the earliest Latin pinyin in China.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there appeared a phonetic notation way to express Chinese pronunciation with simple ancient characters. During the Republic of China, the government formulated "phonetic symbols", which is the concentrated embodiment of this system. Taiwan Province Province is still in use today. But at the same time, there has also been a phonetic movement of Latin characters, which is closely related to the political movement of the left.
* * * After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the government immediately formulated the Hanyu Pinyin Scheme, which is now used. The United Nations also recognizes this.
* * Release the scheme of modern Chinese Pinyin * *
1949 after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the pinyin scheme developed immediately. 1949 10 established a non-governmental organization "China Character Reform Association", and the association established a "Pinyin Scheme Research Committee" to discuss what letters to use in the Pinyin Scheme.
In 195 1, Mao Zedong pointed out: "Chinese characters must be reformed and must follow the same phonetic direction as the world characters". However, what form of pinyin scheme to adopt, he himself has been repeatedly considered. When Mao Zedong visited the Soviet Union, he asked Stalin how to deal with China's literary reform. Stalin said that China is a big country and can have its own letters. After Mao Zedong returned to Beijing, he instructed the China Character Reform Research Committee to formulate a national pinyin scheme. At the same time, the Shanghai New Characters Research Association stopped promoting Latin new characters in the north, waiting for the new scheme to come into being.
195510 June 15, the National Conference on Character Reform was held in Beijing. Ye Laishi said in his speech: "During the period from 1952 to 1954, the China Chinese Character Reform Research Committee mainly studied the stroke pinyin scheme of Chinese characters. After three years' exploration, several drafts were put in the first draft of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Chinese Character Stroke Pinyin Scheme)". At this meeting, six draft pinyin schemes were distributed to the delegates, four of which are Chinese strokes, one is Latin alphabet and the other is Slavic alphabet. After the meeting, Wu Xianghui, then director of the Language and Character Reform Committee of China, reported that it was difficult to get a satisfactory design for the ethnic form scheme after three years, so it was better to use Latin letters. Mao Zedong agreed to adopt the Latin alphabet, which was adopted at the Central Conference.
When China formulated the pinyin scheme, the Soviet Union no longer engaged in Latinization, but engaged in Slavic scripts, and all Latin national scripts were changed into Slavic letters. Mongolians and China also changed Mongolian letters into Slavic letters. In the 1950s, China stood on the side of the Soviet Union, and some people advocated a literal alliance with the Soviet Union with Slavic letters. Serdyuchenko, a linguist sent to China by the Soviet Union, also suggested using Slavic alphabet. It is said that when a Soviet Vice Premier visited China, he told Vice Premier Chen Yi that he hoped that both China and the Soviet Union would use the same alphabet. Vice Premier Chen Yi replied that China's culture must be associated with East Asia and Southeast Asia, which are accustomed to using Latin letters. In this way, China did not use the Slavic alphabet. If our country had adopted the Slavic alphabet, we would have encountered more difficulties in using computers today. At that time, the decision of China government in choosing letters was very correct.
1On October 20th, Mao Zedong delivered a speech in support of the Latin alphabet at a conference on intellectuals. He said, "Comrade Wu's speech is very good. I quite agree with the opinion on the reform of writing. Do you agree to use Latin letters in the future? In my opinion, among the broad masses, the problem is not big; Among intellectuals, there are some problems. How can China use foreign letters? However, it seems better to use this foreign letter. In this regard, Comrade Wu spoke very well. Because there are very few such letters, only 20, written on one side, simple and clear. Our Chinese characters are really inferior in this respect. You can't compete if you can't. Don't think that Chinese characters are that good. Several professors told me that Chinese characters are the best characters in the world and cannot be changed. If the Latin alphabet was invented by China, there would probably be no problem. The problem is that foreigners invent and China people learn. However, foreigners have long discovered that China people study. For example, Arabic numerals, aren't we common for a long time? Latin alphabet originated in that part of Rome and has been adopted by most countries in the world. If it is used, will it be suspected of treason? I don't think so. As long as we learn what is good abroad and useful to us, we have to digest it all and turn it into our own. In the history of China, the Han Dynasty did this, and so did the Tang Dynasty. Both the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty were famous and powerful dynasties in the history of China. They are not afraid to absorb foreign things and welcome good things. As long as the attitude and methods are correct, it is of great benefit to learn good things from foreign countries. " (quoted from the Analects of Confucius by Zheng Linxi).
During this period, many writing schemes were created among the masses and sent to the China Writing Reform Committee. According to statistics, from 1950 to August 3 1 day, a total of 65,435 schemes were sent to the national conference on Chinese character reform, and Chinese pinyin schemes were announced from August 3 1, 1955 to February 1958. There are more than 3,300 writing schemes designed by the masses. This kind of enthusiasm for creating writing schemes is unprecedented in the history of China's cultural development. This fully shows the sociality of language planning.
1955 In February, the China Character Reform Commission set up the Pinyin Scheme Committee, started to design the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, and put forward the Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Draft). 1956 February 12, China Language Reform Commission published the "Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Draft)" for public comments. This draft * * * has 3 1 letters, including five new letters (dotted line I; Long legs n; Z, c, s) has a tail, thus realizing "one word and one sound" without inflections and double letters. After the publication of the draft, it caused a heated discussion throughout the country, and even overseas Chinese and overseas students put forward their own opinions.
1955 10 the State Council established the "Chinese Pinyin Scheme Examination Committee". After a year's work, 1957 10 put forward the revised draft, which was adopted as a new one at the 60th plenary meeting in the State Council. On February 1958, 1 1, the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress officially approved the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. Since the autumn of 1958, the Chinese phonetic alphabet scheme has entered the primary school classroom in China as a compulsory course for primary school students. "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" is a set of pinyin letters and spelling methods to standardize the spelling of Putonghua, and it is the legal pinyin scheme in People's Republic of China (PRC). This scheme absorbs the advantages of various Latin alphabet pinyin schemes in the past, especially the romanization scheme of the national language and the romanization scheme of new words. It is the crystallization of China's 300-year-old Pinyin Movement and the summary of China people's experience in creating Pinyin schemes in the past 60 years. It is more perfect and mature than any Latin alphabet pinyin scheme in history.
The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has the following characteristics:
(1) Only 26 letters are used internationally, and no new letters are added;
② Try not to use additional symbols (only use two additional symbols);
③ Try not to change reading;
④ y, W and the sound insulation symbol ""are used for sound insulation;
⑤ Use four double letters zh, ch, sh, NG; ;
⑥ Four tone symbols are used to represent four tone categories: flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone;
⑦ Use the common alphabetical order of Latin letters to determine the names of Chinese phonetic letters.
Zhou Enlai said in the report "The Task of Current Chinese Character Reform": "The scheme of Chinese Pinyin published now is developed on the basis of previous orthography, anti-tangency and various pinyin schemes. As far as the adoption of Latin letters is concerned, its historical origin can be traced back to more than 350 years ago. Recently, it can be said that the experience of China people in creating Chinese Pinyin schemes in the past 60 years has been summarized. This scheme is indeed more perfect than the pinyin schemes of various Latin letters that have existed in history and are still in use. "
Since the scheme of Chinese Pinyin was formulated, it has been rapidly popularized and applied. There are mainly the following aspects.
① For Chinese phonetic notation: Since the autumn of 1958, Chinese phonetic notation has been used in Chinese textbooks for primary schools nationwide, and later in middle school textbooks, dictionaries, popular books and literacy textbooks. People's Daily, etc. Annotate difficult words with Chinese Pinyin. 1958 10 the central administration for industry and commerce and the China language and writing reform commission jointly issued a notice, requiring all kinds of trademark designs and commodity packages to be marked with hanyu pinyin letters. The names of post offices, railway stations, weather stations and city streets are also marked in Chinese Pinyin. 1June 9, 982, the National Bureau of Standards issued the national standard "Chinese Spelling of Chinese Books and Periodicals", which stipulated that Chinese books and periodicals published in China should be marked with Chinese phonetic titles and titles on the front cover, front cover, back cover or copyright page.
(2) Teaching Mandarin: After the publication of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, Mandarin textbooks, reading materials, word lists, dictionaries and dictionaries written in Chinese Pinyin came out one after another, which promoted the popularization of Mandarin. In teaching Chinese as a foreign language, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin has become an indispensable tool for foreigners to learn Chinese in an all-round way.
(3) Used for sorting and indexing dictionaries, dictionary phonetic notation, books and periodicals. The 75-volume Encyclopedia of China is sorted by Chinese Pinyin, and every entry in the article is marked with Chinese Pinyin.
(4) As the same foundation for the creation and reform of minority languages in China. In China, Zhuang, Miao, Dong, Hani, Wa, Li, Naxi, Tu and other ethnic minorities have used letter forms consistent with Chinese Pinyin.
⑤ Used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable: The Chinese Pinyin scheme provides a foundation for Braille and sign language for the deaf. Hanyu Pinyin can also be used for flag communication and lighting communication, and information is transmitted through flag signals or lighting symbols corresponding to Chinese Pinyin letters. Pinyin input method is one of the most popular input methods in computer Chinese character input.
From 65438 to 0977, the United Nations Conference on Standardization of Geographical Names decided to adopt the Chinese Pinyin Scheme as the international standard for spelling geographical names in China. 1978 In September, the State Council forwarded the Report on Using Hanyu Pinyin Scheme as the Unified Spelling Standard for Roman Alphabet of Geographical Names in China. 1 982 On August/0/day, the Technical Committee for Documentation Work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided to adopt Chinese Pinyin as the international standard for spelling China-specific words in world documentation work, and the standard number was ISO7098- 1982. The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has developed from China standard to international standard.
Pinyin is still an auxiliary tool for spelling Chinese characters.
Not very similar, but it is. Modern English letters are Latin letters.
In ancient times, there was no pinyin, so we used reverse cutting, that is, we used two words that we could read, took the initial of the first and the final of the second, and put them together.
The Hui brothers in ancient China learned Arabic instead of Chinese characters, but spelled spoken Chinese with Arabic letters, so this is the earliest pinyin in China.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian rulers spelled Chinese and other languages with Tibetan letters, which were called Basiba characters. Although it is not specialized in spelling Chinese, it is also a kind of Chinese Pinyin.
In the Ming Dynasty, western missionaries spelled Chinese with Latin letters, which was the earliest Latin pinyin in China.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there appeared a phonetic notation way to express Chinese pronunciation with simple ancient characters. During the Republic of China, the government formulated "phonetic symbols", which is the concentrated embodiment of this system. Taiwan Province Province is still in use today. But at the same time, there has also been a phonetic movement of Latin characters, which is closely related to the political movement of the left.
* * * After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the government immediately formulated the Hanyu Pinyin Scheme, which is now used. The United Nations also recognizes this.
* * Release the scheme of modern Chinese Pinyin * *
1949 after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the pinyin scheme developed immediately. 1949 10 established a non-governmental organization "China Character Reform Association", and the association established a "Pinyin Scheme Research Committee" to discuss what letters to use in the Pinyin Scheme.
In 195 1, Mao Zedong pointed out: "Chinese characters must be reformed and must follow the same phonetic direction as the world characters". However, what form of pinyin scheme to adopt, he himself has been repeatedly considered. When Mao Zedong visited the Soviet Union, he asked Stalin how to deal with China's literary reform. Stalin said that China is a big country and can have its own letters. After Mao Zedong returned to Beijing, he instructed the China Character Reform Research Committee to formulate a national pinyin scheme. At the same time, the Shanghai New Characters Research Association stopped promoting Latin new characters in the north, waiting for the new scheme to come into being.
195510 June 15, the National Conference on Character Reform was held in Beijing. Ye Laishi said in his speech: "During the period from 1952 to 1954, the China Chinese Character Reform Research Committee mainly studied the stroke pinyin scheme of Chinese characters. After three years' exploration, several drafts were put in the first draft of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Chinese Character Stroke Pinyin Scheme)". At this meeting, six draft pinyin schemes were distributed to the delegates, four of which are Chinese strokes, one is Latin alphabet and the other is Slavic alphabet. After the meeting, Wu Xianghui, then director of the Language and Character Reform Committee of China, reported that it was difficult to get a satisfactory design for the ethnic form scheme after three years, so it was better to use Latin letters. Mao Zedong agreed to adopt the Latin alphabet, which was adopted at the Central Conference.
When China formulated the pinyin scheme, the Soviet Union no longer engaged in Latinization, but engaged in Slavic scripts, and all Latin national scripts were changed into Slavic letters. Mongolians and China also changed Mongolian letters into Slavic letters. In the 1950s, China stood on the side of the Soviet Union, and some people advocated a literal alliance with the Soviet Union with Slavic letters. Serdyuchenko, a linguist sent to China by the Soviet Union, also suggested using Slavic alphabet. It is said that when a Soviet Vice Premier visited China, he told Vice Premier Chen Yi that he hoped that both China and the Soviet Union would use the same alphabet. Vice Premier Chen Yi replied that China's culture must be associated with East Asia and Southeast Asia, which are accustomed to using Latin letters. In this way, China did not use the Slavic alphabet. If our country had adopted the Slavic alphabet, we would have encountered more difficulties in using computers today. At that time, the decision of China government in choosing letters was very correct.
1On October 20th, Mao Zedong delivered a speech in support of the Latin alphabet at a conference on intellectuals. He said, "Comrade Wu's speech is very good. I quite agree with the opinion on the reform of writing. Do you agree to use Latin letters in the future? In my opinion, among the broad masses, the problem is not big; Among intellectuals, there are some problems. How can China use foreign letters? However, it seems better to use this foreign letter. In this regard, Comrade Wu spoke very well. Because there are very few such letters, only 20, written on one side, simple and clear. Our Chinese characters are really inferior in this respect. You can't compete if you can't. Don't think that Chinese characters are that good. Several professors told me that Chinese characters are the best characters in the world and cannot be changed. If the Latin alphabet was invented by China, there would probably be no problem. The problem is that foreigners invent and China people learn. However, foreigners have long discovered that China people study. For example, Arabic numerals, aren't we common for a long time? Latin alphabet originated in that part of Rome and has been adopted by most countries in the world. If it is used, will it be suspected of treason? I don't think so. As long as we learn what is good abroad and useful to us, we have to digest it all and turn it into our own. In the history of China, the Han Dynasty did this, and so did the Tang Dynasty. Both the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty were famous and powerful dynasties in the history of China. They are not afraid to absorb foreign things and welcome good things. As long as the attitude and methods are correct, it is of great benefit to learn good things from foreign countries. " (quoted from the Analects of Confucius by Zheng Linxi).
During this period, many writing schemes were created among the masses and sent to the China Writing Reform Committee. According to statistics, from 1950 to August 3 1 day, 65435 schemes were sent to the national conference on Chinese character reform, and the Chinese pinyin scheme was announced from August 3 1 day 1955 to February 3 1958. There are more than 3,300 writing schemes designed by the masses. This kind of enthusiasm for creating writing schemes is unprecedented in the history of China's cultural development. This fully shows the sociality of language planning.