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The imperial army of the Chinese empire.
During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the central government had no permanent troops. If military action is to be carried out, the army is composed of civilians and slaves who are temporarily mobilized.

It was not until the Zhou Dynasty that there was a standing army. The article "Li Zhou Xia Guan Sima" said: "Anyone who builds an army has 2,500 people as the army, Wang Liujun, one big country and three armies, two countries and two armies, and one small country and one army." There are six armies under the direct jurisdiction of the Zhou Emperor, and other vassal States have one or three according to the size of the country. The task of the Sixth Army is to defend the emperor, defend the capital of Ji Wang and conquer the barbarians, which is equivalent to the imperial army in nature. The generals of the Sixth Army were appointed by court ministers (Qing history). In later generations, the word "six armies" also became synonymous with the imperial army, such as the Song of Eternal Sorrow by Tang Bai Juyi: "People in the army are motionless until they step on the moths' eyebrows. "At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Rio Tinto attacked the south and north armies. Wei Wei led the South Army to guard Miyagi; The lieutenant unified the northern army and defended the imperial city.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were two new imperial guards in the Southern Army, one was called Zhang Jianying Ride, and the other was called Qimen Ride, which was later renamed as Yu Lin and Hu Ben. Both Yu Lin and Hu Ben are headed by corps commanders. "Zhang Jianying Riding" was renamed as "Feather Forest Riding" for defending Zhang Jian Palace, which means "being the wing of the country, like Lin Zhirong". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also raised the children of the soldiers killed in the feather forest riding to avoid becoming "orphans in the feather forest".

"Riding at the door" means "the emperor walks and waits at the door of the temple". When Emperor Han Ping took it, it was renamed "riding a tiger's head" and "riding a tiger's head". Those who "rush to the forefront" are as fierce as tigers rushing to drive away and catch wild animals.

In the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, eight new forbidden soldiers were set up in the northern army, each under the command of a captain, namely "middle base", "stationing troops", "infantry", "riding over", "long water", "riding over", "shooting sound" and "samurai". The South Army and the North Army were paid more attention because the South Army often accompanied the emperor.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the eight governors of Yu Lin, Hu Ben and the Northern Army of the Southern Army were all hired, especially Hou Wei of the Northern Army, who was the highest military attache defending Miyagi. During the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, in order to crusade against Western Qiang and Yellow Scarf thieves, he spent five years recruiting able-bodied men in Luoyang Xiyuan, formed an imperial "Xiyuan Army" and went overseas in wartime. Under the command of Jian Shuo, there are eight captains, namely Jian Shuo, Yuan Shao, Humboldt, Zhang Rong and Rong Feng. Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, selected elite guards from the existing "Tiger and Leopard Riding" (cavalry regiments belonging to Tiger Camp and Leopard Camp respectively) to form a guard team, which was called "Wu Weijun" in history. Wei's butch riding was originally composed of Cao Cao, an imperial commander in the Han Dynasty. The Chief Executive has always been Cao Chun, Cao Zhen and Cao Xiu of the Cao Shi clan. This is the origin of the imperial army of Cao Wei.

The most famous war records of butch riding in history are:

First, when the battle of Guandu was deadlocked, butch rode with Cao Cao and successfully raided and burned Yuan Shao's grain and grass concentrated in the Wu Dynasty; In the later period of Yuan Shao's two sons' battle, butch rode to break Yuan Tan; During the northern expedition to Wuhuan, butch rode off the head of the tower shield.

Second, when Ma Chao confronted Xiliang Xiongshi and Cao Cao Legion in Guanzhong, butch and leopard under the command of Chu Xu killed Xiliang generals Cheng Yi and Li Kan in the battle of Tongguan.

3. Before Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei led his troops out of Jiangling. Tiger and leopard camp sprinted around the clock, catching up with Liu Junxuan and fighting. Liu Bei was completely annihilated. There are twelve guards in the East Palace (left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right Wu guards, left and right guards, left and right royal guards) and six rates (prince left and right guards, prince left and right guards, and prince left and right sweeps).

Following the twelve guards of Sui Dynasty (left and right guards were renamed left and right guards, left and right Tun guards were renamed left and right guards, left and right Houwei was renamed left and right Jinwu guards, and left and right Royal Guards were renamed left and right leading guards), four guards were added (left and right thousand cattle guards, left and right jailers), which were called Nanya Sixteen Guards.

Tang Gaozu selected 30,000 imperial guards from Taiyuan Uprising Army to guard the palace, which was called "Yuan Congjun" in history. Because it is stationed in the north of the imperial city, it is also called North Asia. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, strong young people were selected from large families, the imperial army was expanded, and flying riders were selected, and then those who were good at riding and shooting were called baiqi. When Wu Zetian was in power, he expanded the hundred riding to a thousand riding. In Tang Zhongzong, thousands of riders expanded to 10,000 riders. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial army was expanded into four branches, called the North Gate Fourth Army. Later, it evolved into ten armies, with Yulin on the left, longwu on the left, SHEN WOO on the left, Ce Shen on the left and Shenwei on the left. Among them, the Ce Shen Army guards all the places, and its task is not limited to the flanker. Zhao Kuangyin in northern Song Taizu was controlled by the imperial army during the Five Dynasties and the Later Zhou Dynasty. After the mutiny, Chen Qiao was given a yellow robe and was acclaimed as the founding emperor by the Imperial Army. Later, Zhao Kuangyin invited many senior military attaché s who supported him to drink to relieve boredom, and a centralized imperial army was established in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty. In order to obey the emperor's orders, Song Taizong once again cooperated and restricted each other, thus preventing the disaster in the separatist regions in the pre-Tang Dynasty.

The northern song dynasty called the regular army the imperial army or the imperial army. Recruiting from all over the country, or selecting from Xiang army and Xiang army soldiers, is directly controlled by the central government and assigned to Sanya. In addition to defending the capital, we will also dispatch troops to various places several times so that the generals can't specialize in their own soldiers. Every time a soldier is sent, the Privy Council will issue a military emblem. The imperial army carried out the recruitment system, which was customized along the five dynasties of Zhu Liang, and its social status was lower than that of the general public. Once they join the army, they will serve for life until they retire from their old illness. There were Xiang Army, Xiang Army and Fan Jun in the Northern Song Dynasty, but the salary of Xiang Army was only half of that of the imperial army, and its combat power was not high.

"Records of Song Shibing": "Song Bing's system has about three aspects: the emperor's guard, in order to guard the capital, prepare for the defense, and ban the army; The town soldiers in each state are distributed to servants, called Xiang army; Choose from household registration or conscription, let them unite and train, thinking that they are defending in the countryside. "

The number of imperial troops in the Northern Song Dynasty was very large, and the number of soldiers raised was the highest in all previous dynasties. According to Qian Mu's Outline of National History, there were about 200,000 imperial soldiers in the early Song Dynasty, and more and more in the future. By the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the number of imperial soldiers had increased to more than 800,000. Song Renzong's Eight Years of Mirror Cleaning: "Because the Xia people blocked life, there were more than 420,000 forbidden troops in each road and 890,000 old soldiers in the Three Dynasties, except the volunteers in the township army, the army in the county and the small divisions of each army."

The imperial army in the Northern Song Dynasty was divided into three branches: the Ma Army, the Bu Army and the Gong Army, each with a coach. On it, there is also a head coach (head instructor). During Wang Anshi's political reform, the number of soldiers was reduced, the generals were divided and the combat effectiveness was improved. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were many vacancies in the army because of political corruption. In fact, the population controlled by Sanya, the capital at that time, was only 30,000. After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, the main force of the imperial army dispersed.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the garrison troops replaced the forbidden soldiers and became regular troops, while the remaining forbidden soldiers in various places became specialized handymen and did not engage in combat.

The army in the Northern Song Dynasty was divided into imperial army and Xiang army. The imperial army was a regular army in the Northern Song Dynasty. Its main purpose was to "guard the capital and prepare for garrison". In the early Song Dynasty, there were few imperial troops. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin organized elite troops from all over the country into imperial armies, with more than 800,000 troops in Renzong, most of whom were stationed in the north and only a few in the south. Xiang Army is a local army in the Northern Song Dynasty, which means "stationed in the city". Historian Qian Mu said in "The Political Gains and Losses of China in Past Dynasties": "These soldiers don't want them to go to the battlefield, but only do odd jobs in the local area. Let local governments do what they have to do. " Xiang army seems to be mainly engaged in labor or handyman, so it is also called "service soldier". In the Yuan Dynasty, the central imperial army was called the Suwei Army, which was divided into the "cowardly army" led by the emperor himself and the bodyguard pro-army led by the Privy Council.

Genghis Khan made his close followers fear Xue Jun, and fear Xue is with Wei. The whole army is divided into four groups, with the four founding fathers as the team leaders, who perform their duties in the world, and the four team leaders take turns to lead the troops to stay and guard at the specified time. These guards were brave and good at fighting before and after the founding of Mongolia.

After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, although he retained four snow-fearing armies, his combat effectiveness has been seriously reduced due to his long-term pampering. So Kublai Khan transferred elites from all over the country and established five pro-Wei armies: the front, the back, the left, the right and the middle. As the central imperial army, they are directly subordinate to the Privy Council, and all pro-armies are under their command, organized into the imperial guards and Beijing defense forces. Ding Zhuang of all ethnic groups was also assigned to form the 2 nd1Guards, stationed in the "belly" area near the capital. 2 1 Army is also divided into some full-time troops, such as the garrison army of the Great Dynasty, the ceremonial army of the Great Sacrifice, the retinue army to escort the emperor, the guards guarding the emperor's wealth, the night patrol army, the army to stop the grain transportation, the army to repair the city god, and the Xixia conquest army. The imperial army of the Ming Dynasty was divided into the Beijing camp guarding the capital and the Shangzhi 26 Wei pro-army guarding the imperial city. Beijing camp was not only responsible for guarding the capital, but also took Beijing camp as the main force when Ming Chengzu went out to pacify the remnants of Mongolia several times. It is mainly divided into three camps: the fifth army camp (except in the Jingwei Institute, every year, 160000 soldiers are transferred from the capitals of Fengyang, Shandong, Henan and Daning to practice in Beijing in turn, hence the name "the fifth army"; The other five barracks are divided into five battalions, namely, Zhong Jun, Zuo Yi, Right One, Left Little and Right Little, also known as the Fifth Army. Also known as the Three Thousand Battalion (in Yongle, three thousand soldiers were sent abroad to form a battalion, hence the name "Three Thousand", which was the cavalry unit of the whole battalion. Jiajing was renamed Shenshu Camp and Jishen Camp (the whole army was equipped with all kinds of muskets and artillery, which was the best equipped hot weapon force in the world at that time). Usually, the fifth battalion is responsible for stationing in the barracks, the third battalion is responsible for patrol observation, and Ji Shenying is responsible for all kinds of guns. When the emperor used his personal expedition, the imperial camp was in the middle, and five barracks were distributed outside the imperial camp. Infantry guards the inside, cavalry guards the outside. Outside the cavalry, guarded by Ji Shen Camp, and outside Ji Shen Camp, there is a dike wall with a circumference of 20 miles, lined with all kinds of bamboo and thorns as a barrier.

At the beginning of its establishment, Shangzhi 26 guards had only 12 guards, namely Jinwu avant-garde (south of imperial city), Jinwu defender (north of imperial city), Yulin Zuo Wei (east of imperial city), Yulin right-back (west of imperial city), Fujun defender (south of imperial city), Fujun Zuo Wei (east of imperial city) and Fujun right-back. Also known as "Sheren with a sword" and "Guards with a knife"), the guards of the government army (guarding the north of the imperial city), the left-back of the samurai (guarding the east of the imperial city), the Royal Guards (commanding messengers, guarding the guards, observing the ceremony and arresting the prisoners) and the standard-bearer guards (guarding the imperial drum flag).

In the four years of Wen Jian's reign, Zhu Di, the prince of Yan, failed. This year, he changed his name to Hongwu for thirty-five years and was promoted to pro-army. Inspected all the divisions in the capital: Yulin Qianwei (formerly "Yanshan Zhongwei" in Beiping, guarding the south of the imperial city), Jinwu Zuo Wei (formerly "Yanshan Zuowei" in Beiping, guarding the east of the imperial city) and Jinwu Youwei (formerly "Yanshan Youwei" in Beiping) spent four years in Yongle. Before he was promoted to Beiping, Du Qi became a pro-army and inspected all the gates of the capital: Yanshan Zuo Wei (east of the imperial city) and Yanshan Youwei (Yanshan Youwei). In the eighth year of Xuande, four escorts were added: Tengxiang Left Guard, Tengxiang Right Guard (formerly SHEN WOO Avant-garde), Wuxiang Left Guard and Wuxiang Right Guard.

The above 26 guards said that the pro-army commanders and emissaries were not under the jurisdiction of the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army. At the beginning of Qing dynasty, he entered the customs and followed the Ming system.

After the occupation and control of the whole country was completed, the main force of the Eight Banners was placed in the capital, and the security system of palaces and the capital was re-established. The Eight Banners of Manchu-Mongolian Korean Army are evenly distributed in all parts of Beijing: Huangzheng Banner and Huangbian Banner are located in the north, Zhengbai Banner and Baibian Banner are located in the east, Zhenghongqi Banner and Baibian Banner are located in the west, Zhenglan Banner and Bianlan Banner are located in the south, which are divided into left and right wings according to east and west, and the left wing is inlaid with yellow, white, white and blue; The right wing is yellow, red, red and blue; In addition, the foreigners who were attached and captured in the past and the domestic slaves of their own generation formed the three flags of the internal affairs office, which were placed in the imperial city, mainly engaged in the functions of eunuchs in previous dynasties, and also served as the guards of some portals in the forbidden area of the palace.

Palace guards are specially selected from the children of Shangsanqi, including ministers in charge of guards, attendants and guards around the emperor. During the reign of Kangxi, Han guards were added and selected from martial arts (from then on, all martial arts guards were collectively called Han guards, regardless of whether they were Han or not).

As daily attendants, the senior guards who stayed with the emperor were called imperial guards and imperial walkers, and the lesser ones were called Ganqingmen guards and Ganqingmen walkers. The leader of such a senior aide is called a minister. The minister of suggestion and history was selected among the princes, and Zhang Yi was in charge of the imperial palace and the affairs of the throne. After Yongzheng, the commanding minister often served as the minister of military aircraft. The duty of Imperial Guards, Imperial Guards, Ganqingmen Guards and Ganqingmen Walkers is to wait on duty in the palace, check the entry and exit of officials, lead the introduced officials into the temple and travel with the emperor. These senior guards belong to senior military officers, not ordinary guards. The guards rank second among military officers. The guards at Ganqingmen stand under the eaves of the emperor's temple, not guarding Ganqingmen. The guards of Ganqingmen were selected from the Manchu members of the first-class excellent guards and could be promoted to the imperial guards. Guards except the Royal Guards and Ganqing Gate are all called door guards or three flags guards. Korean Guards can only serve in the Guards at the gates, and the highest honor is to be promoted to Ganqingmen Guards. At the same time, the children of each flag set up Xiao Qi Camp, Guard Camp and Pioneer Camp to cooperate with each other and undertake the duties of guarding, cleaning up the ruins, opening and closing the palace gates and patrolling the imperial city at night; The Three Flags of the Office of the Interior also sent soldiers to form the Pioneer of the Office of the Interior, the Guards and the 3rd Battalion of Xiao Qi, which were respectively responsible for guarding the Imperial Palace and the Imperial Garden. The infantry battalion is responsible for guarding and public security at the nine gates of the capital; The patrol battalion is responsible for public security outside Beijing.

In addition, the Qing court set up special forces: Fireware Battalion (founded in the 27th year of Kangxi, formerly known as Hanbing Blade Training Battalion, equivalent to the battalion of the Ming Dynasty) and Jianrui Battalion (founded in the 14th year of Qianlong), which were used for foreign operations, using guns and building ladders to attack the city; Military attendants such as Tiger Gun Battalion, Good Rescue Battalion and Shangyu Preparatory Office are responsible for the hunting of the squire emperor.

The Forbidden City set up nine prefects as the supreme commander to guard the imperial city; The commander-in-chief's army camped in Fengtai Camp (now Fengtai District, Beijing).

In the late Qing Dynasty, under the oppression of internal troubles and foreign invasion, the Qing court created a new type of guards: Jishen Camp, equipped with new western-style weapons, and soldiers were selected from the original Eight Banners Guards Barracks. However, due to the corruption in the Qing Dynasty and various problems that are hard to get back, this newly-built guard is far from the requirements of a modern power.