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Beginners starting out. Motherboard article

Article introduction

The computer motherboard can be called the nervous system of the computer. The motherboard is an integrated product that combines high technology and high craftsmanship. It is inevitable that everyone will have cognitive confusion when building a computer. Therefore, it is very helpful for everyone to understand some basic knowledge about the motherboard first. Below, I will briefly explain to you some commonly used terms for motherboards... (4665 words)

The computer motherboard can be called the nervous system of the computer. The motherboard is an integrated product that combines high technology and high craftsmanship. It is inevitable that everyone will have cognitive confusion when building a computer. Therefore, it is very helpful for everyone to understand some basic knowledge about the motherboard first. Below, I will briefly explain some commonly used terms for motherboards.

People like to compare the CPU to the brain or heart of the computer, so the computer motherboard can be called the nervous system of the computer. The motherboard is an integrated product that combines high technology and high craftsmanship. It is inevitable that everyone will have cognitive confusion when building a computer. Therefore, it is very helpful for everyone to understand some basic knowledge about the motherboard first. Below, I will briefly explain to you some terms commonly used on motherboards.

Motherboard: English "mainboard", it is the largest circuit board in the computer and the core component of the computer system. It is covered with various slots (which can connect sound cards/graphics cards/MODEM /etc.), interfaces (can connect mouse/keyboard, etc.), electronic components, they all have their own responsibilities and tightly connect various peripheral devices together. Its performance will have a decisive impact on the overall performance of the computer.

CPU (Central Processing Unit: Central Processing Unit): also commonly called a microprocessor. It is known as the heart of the computer. It is actually an electronic component, which is composed of millions of transistors inside and can be divided into three parts: control unit, logic unit and storage unit. Its working principle is: after the control unit mobilizes and distributes the input instructions, it is sent to the logic unit for processing and then formed into data, and then stored in the memory, and finally waits to be handed over to the application program for use.

BIOS (Basic-Input-&-Output-System): The literal translation of the Chinese name is "Basic Input-Output System". Its full name should be ROM-BIOS, which means read-only memory basic input and output system. In fact, it is a set of programs solidified on a ROM chip on the motherboard of the computer. It saves the computer's most important basic input and output programs, system setting information, power-on self-test program and system startup bootloader.

CMOS: CMOS is a readable and writable RAM chip on the computer motherboard. It is used to protect the hardware configuration of the current system and the user's settings for certain parameters. Nowadays, manufacturers have built the CMOS program into the BIOS chip. When turning on the computer, you can press specific keys to enter the CMOS setup program to set up the system. So it is also called BIOS settings.

Chipset: It is the core of the motherboard circuit. In a certain sense, it determines the level and grade of the motherboard. It is the collective name for "South Bridge" and "North Bridge", which is a chipset that integrates previously complex circuits and components into a few chips to the maximum extent possible.

Northbridge: It is the chip closest to the CPU on the motherboard. It is responsible for contacting the CPU and controlling the transmission of memory, AGP, and PCI data within the Northbridge.

Southbridge: A chip on the motherboard, mainly responsible for the control of I/O interfaces and IDE devices.

MCH (memory controller hub): Memory controller center, responsible for connecting the CPU, AGP bus and memory.

ICH (I/O controller hub): Input/output controller center, responsible for connecting PCI bus, IDE devices, I/O devices, etc.

FWH (firmware controller): Firmware controller, its main function is to store BIOS.

I/O chip: Motherboards of 486 and above grade have I/O control circuits on the board. It is responsible for providing serial, parallel interfaces and floppy disk drive control interfaces.

PCB: That is, the motherboard circuit board is made up of several layers of resin materials bonded together, with copper foil wiring used internally. The general PCB circuit board is divided into four layers. The top and bottom two layers are signal layers, and the middle two layers are ground layer and power layer. Put the ground and power layers in the middle, so that the signal lines can be easily made. Correction. The circuit board of a good motherboard can reach six layers. This is because the signal lines must be far enough apart to prevent electromagnetic interference. A six-layer board may have three or four signal layers, a ground layer, and one or two power plane to provide adequate power supply.

AT board type: That is, the "vertical" board design, that is, the short side is located on the rear panel of the chassis. It was originally used on IBM PC/AT machines. The AT motherboard size is 13×12 inches.

Baby-AT board type: With the significant increase in the integration of electronic components and control chipsets, the relatively smaller Baby AT motherboard structure has been introduced accordingly. Baby AT size is 13.5×8.5 ??inches.

ATX (AT eXternal) board type: It is a new motherboard structure proposed by Intel. Its layout is a "horizontal" board design, just like turning the Baby-AT board upside down. This increases the space for the motherboard's lead-out ports, allowing the motherboard to integrate more expansion functions.

Micro-ATX board type: It is a motherboard structure proposed by Intel in 1997. It mainly reduces the size of the motherboard by reducing the number of PCI and ISA slots.

AT power supply: It is composed of two sets of interfaces, P8 and P9. Each interface has six pins and supports +5.0V, +12V, -5V, -12V voltage. It does not support +3.3V. Voltage.

ATX power supply: ATX power supply is the power supply for ATX motherboard, and some new functions have been added to it; first, it can provide a set of micro-current (5V/100MA) power supply in the shutdown state. The second is to add a 3.3V low voltage output.

Slot 1: A CPU socket designed by INTEL specifically for Pentium II. It is a long and narrow 242-pin slot that provides greater internal transmission bandwidth and CPU performance.

Socker 370: A CPU socket designed by INETL for the Celeron series to reduce costs. Supports VRM8.1 specification, core voltage is about 2.0V.

Socker 370 II: INETL is designed for Pentium III Coppermine and Celeron II. It supports VRM8.4 specification and the core voltage is about 1.6V.

Slot A: Customized by AMD for the K7 series CPU, the appearance is similar to Slot 1.

Socket A: AMD dedicated CPU socket, 462 pins.

Socker 423: INTEL's dedicated socket for the first generation Pentium IV processor.

Socket 478: Willamette core Pentium IV dedicated CPU socket.

SIMM (Single-In-line-Menory-Modules): a memory slot, 72-line structure.

DIMM (Dual-Inline-Menory-Modules): A memory slot. 168-line structure.

SDRAM (Synchronous Burst RAM): Synchronous burst memory. It has 168 lines, 3.3V voltage, 64bit bandwidth, and a speed of up to 6ns. It is a dual memory structure, that is, there are two storage arrays. When one is reading data by the CPU, the other is ready to read data. The two automatically switch to each other, doubling the access efficiency.

And the RAM and the CPU are controlled at the same clock frequency, so that the RAM and the CPU FSB are synchronized, and the waiting time is eliminated, so the transmission rate is 13% faster than EDO DRAM. SDRAM uses a multi-body (Bank) memory structure and burst mode, which can transmit a whole data instead of a segment of data.

DDR RAM (Double Data Rate): Double data speed. It is twice as fast as SDRAM and its core is built on SDRAM but with improvements in speed and capacity. Compared with SDRAM, it uses more and more advanced synchronous circuits. And a DLL (Delay Locked Loop: Delay Locked Loop) is used to provide a data filter signal (DataStrobe signal). When the data is valid, the storage controller can use this data filter signal to pinpoint the data and output it every 16 times. DDR essentially doubles the speed of SDRAM without increasing the clock frequency. It allows data to be read out on both the rising and falling edges of the clock pulse, making it twice as fast as standard SDRAM.

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM): It is a memory developed by the American RAMBUS company based on RAMBUSCHANNEL technology. The word length used for data storage is 16 bits, and the transmission rate speed indicator is 600MHz. The pipeline storage structure supports interleaved access to execute four instructions at the same time.

Direct RDRAM: It is an extension of RDRAM. It uses the same RSL, but the interface width reaches 16 bits, the frequency reaches 800MHz, and the efficiency is higher. The transfer rate of a single one can reach 1.6GB/s, and the transfer rate of two can reach 3.2GB/s.

ECC (Error Checking and Correcting): It is to check for errors and correct them.

PC133: Because Intel P III supports 133MHz FSB, it needs memory bandwidth suitable for it, so PC133 appeared. Its clock frequency reaches 133MHz and the data transfer rate is 1.066GB/S.

CACHE: It is cache, which is divided into first-level cache and second-level cache. It provides a buffer for memory and CPU to exchange data. The reason why most motherboards have a CACHE chip or slot is because the data exchange with the CPU is much faster than the data exchange between the memory and the CPU.

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics): A disk drive interface type, also called ATA interface. It is a controller interface jointly developed by Compag and Conner and produced by Western Digital. It is now widely used as an interface standard. It can connect up to two IDE interface devices, allowing a maximum hard disk capacity of 528 MB. The control line and data line are connected to the hard disk interface card using a 40-core flat cable. Data transfer rate is 3.3Mbps-8.33Mbps.

EIDE (Enhanced IDE): It is a standard interface necessary for Pentium and above motherboards. There are usually two EIDE interfaces available on the motherboard. In Pentium and above motherboards, EDIE is integrated into the motherboard.

RAID: Generally called a disk array, it has two main uses. One is data backup (Mirroring), or data preservation, and the other is speeding up access (Stripping). It is common to hear that RAID 1 refers to the backup function, RAID 0 refers to the acceleration function, and RAID 1 refers to both. In vernacular, it refers to the backup and acceleration functions.

ULTRA DMA/66: It is a hard disk interface specification. Its burst data transfer rate is 66MB/S, and it can reduce the CPU workload and help improve the overall system efficiency.

ATA100 interface: It is an interface standard that has an interface transmission rate of 100MB/sec and uses an 80-pin interface cable with 40 ground wires to avoid electromagnetic interference when sending and receiving data.

ATA 100 is fully backward compatible with traditional IDEs, including PIO, ATA/33, ATA/66, etc.

PCI bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect: Peripheral Component Interconnect): It is a local bus and is a bus structure introduced by the PCI Group. It has a data transfer rate of 133MB/S and strong load capacity, can support 10 peripherals, and is compatible with ISA and EISA buses.

AGP slot (Accelerated-Graphics-Port: Accelerated Graphics Port): It is a bus structure designed to increase video bandwidth. It directly connects the graphics card to the motherboard's chipset for point-to-point transmission. However, it is not a formal bus, because it can only be connected to AGP graphics cards, so it is not universal and scalable. Its operating frequency is 66MHz, which is twice that of the PCI bus, and can provide a data transfer rate of 528MB/S for video devices. So it is actually a superset of PCI.

AGP 1X/2X/4X: The bus transfer rate of AGP 1X is 266MB/s, the operating frequency is 66MHz, the bus transfer rate of AGP 2X is 532MB/s, the operating frequency is 133MHz, and the voltage is 3.3V , the bus transfer rate of AGP 4X is 1.06GB/s, the operating frequency is 266MHz, and the voltage is 1.5V.

AMR (Audio/Modem Riser sound/modem plug-in card): It is a set of open industry standards. The expansion card it defines can support both sound and Modem functions. Adopting such a design can effectively reduce costs and solve some of the current functional limitations of the sound and Modem subsystems.

CNR (Commu-nicationNotwork Riser communication network card): It is an upgraded product of AMR. From the appearance, it is slightly longer than AMR, and the pins on the two are different, so the two are different. compatible. CNR can connect to a dedicated CNR-Modem and can also use a dedicated home phone network (Home PNA). It has PC 2000 plug-and-play function and has more support for 10/100MB LAN functions than AMR.

ACR (Advanced Communication Riser): It is an upgraded product of CNR. It can provide LAN, broadband network, wireless network and multi-channel sound processing functions, and is compatible with AMR.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface): means small computer system interface. It is an interface standard published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The original definition of SCSI was the universal parallel SCSI bus. The SCSI bus itself does not directly communicate with devices such as hard disks, but establishes contact with the devices through the controller. An independent SCSI bus can support up to 16 devices, controlled through SCSI II D.

USB (Universal Serial Bus): It is not a new bus standard, but an input/output interface standard for computer systems to connect peripheral devices (such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) . It is a new type of serial interface jointly developed by famous manufacturers such as IBM, INTEL, and NEC. It uses Daisy Chain to connect. It consists of two data lines, a 5V power line and a ground wire. The data transfer rate is 12MB/s.

FDD: slightly shorter than the IDE slot, specially used to insert floppy drives.

Parallel port: It is what is commonly called the printing port. In fact, it is not only capable of connecting printers and mice, it can also be connected to MODEM, scanners and other devices.

COM port: A motherboard usually has two COM serial ports. Usually used to connect mice and communication equipment (such as connecting external MODEM for data communication), etc.

PS/2 port: It is a mouse/keyboard interface. Generally speaking, a round-mouth mouse is connected to the PS/2 port.

IRQ (INTERRUPTREQUEST): Interrupt request. Peripherals are used to signal interrupt requests to the computer.

ACPI power interface: It is a new function unique to Pentium and above motherboards. Its function is to save energy as much as possible when managing various internal components of the computer.

AC'97 specification: As sound cards become more and more expensive and CPU processing capabilities become more and more powerful, Intel released the AC97 standard in 1996, which combined the most expensive DSP (digital signal processing) in sound cards. The driver) has been removed, and the CPU is responsible for signal processing by specially writing a driver, which requires a part of the CPU resources to work.

Temperature detection: Too high a CPU temperature will cause the system to work unstable or even crash, so it is very important to detect the CPU. It will issue a warning detection when the CPU temperature exceeds the safe range. There are two types of temperature probes: one is integrated into the processor and relies on BIOS support; the other is external and can be seen on the motherboard, usually a thermistor. They all change their own resistance values ??through changes in temperature, allowing the temperature detection circuit to detect changes in resistance, thereby changing the temperature display.

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PC: Personal Computer, personal computer, personal computer, also known as microcomputer or microcomputer.

NC: Network Computer, network computer.

MPC: Multimedia Personal Computer, multimedia personal computer.

MMX: is the abbreviation of MultiMedia eXtensions (Multimedia Extensions), which is an important feature of the sixth-generation CPU chip. MMX technology adds 57 instructions to the CPU specifically designed for video signal (Video Signal), audio signal (Audio Signal) and image processing (Graphical Manipulation). Therefore, MMX CPU greatly improves the computer's multimedia (such as Stereo, video, three-dimensional animation, etc.) processing functions.

Intel Pentium 166MHz MMXTM: Intel Pentium is a "Pentium" CPU produced by Intel Corporation. ?Means "Registered" (registered trademark). 166MHz refers to the CPU clock frequency, and MHz is the abbreviation of Mega Hertz. The TM in MMXTM is the abbreviation of "Trade Mark", which means "registered trademark".

OOP: Object Oriented Programming, object-oriented programming. The so-called "object" is a collection of one or a group of data and methods and processes for processing these data. Object-oriented programming has made software development difficult, making programming like Building blocks is as simple as building blocks. Is it an unstoppable trend in today's computer programming?

28VGA: 28 refers to the yellow light dot spacing (dot pitch) on the color monitor. The smaller the dot pitch of the monitor, the smaller the image. The more delicate, the better. This is because each image point on the color screen is composed of a set of red, green, and blue light. Technically, the three beams of light cannot converge 100% on one point, so There will be an interval of yellow light dots. The smaller the interval, the clearer the image displayed on the screen. VGA is the abbreviation of Video Graphics Array.

FAT: Allocation Table, file allocation table. Its function is to record information about how files in the hard disk are dispersedly stored in different sectors.

EPA: Abbreviation for Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA announced the "Energy Star" program in 1992 and received positive response from the international community. As long as you start your computer, you will see the "Energy Star" logo appear on the screen within a few seconds.

The goal of Energy Star is to automatically enter a low-power state when various components of the computer system are inactive, and automatically return to a fully awake state when the component's activity is restored (i.e., when the keyboard, mouse, etc. are used). For products that meet Energy Star specifications, the EPA will issue the Energy Star mark "EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER", which means "anti-pollution, energy-saving products recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."

IC card: Intelligent Card, smart card.

ATX: A new structural specification for computer cases, motherboards, and power supplies.

IDE: Integrated circuit device or intelligent disk device.

DLL: Dynamic Link Library, dynamic link library.

KB: Kilo Byte, KB means kilobytes. K=Kilo, word-forming component, meaning "thousand; kilometers; kilograms; kilometers". B=Byte, meaning "byte", is the smallest storage unit in a computer (one byte can store one English letter, and every two bytes can store one Chinese character).

MB: Mega Byte, MB means megabytes. M=Mega, word-forming component, meaning "mega; million".

GB: Giga Byte, GB means gigabytes. G=Giga, word-forming component, meaning giga; billion.

CAI: Computer-Asisted Instruction or Computer-Aided Instruction, computer-assisted instruction. It will be the most important and most important teaching method in the 21st century. Popular teaching method.

CAD: Computer-Aided Design, computer-aided design.

ISO: International Standard Organization, ISO launched in 1987 about quality management and The ISO 9000 series of international standards for quality assurance was revised in 1994. Among them, the main standards that constitute the ISO 9000 series of standards are: 1. ISO 9000-1:1994 "Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards-Part 1". Part: Guide to Selection and Use. 2. ISO 9001:1994 "Quality System - Quality Assurance Model for Design, Development, Production, Installation and Service" 3. ISO 9002:1994 "Quality System - Quality Assurance for Final Inspection and Testing". Mode".

3DS or 3D Studio: Three Dimension Studio is a set of multifunctional 3D animation software launched by the American Autodesk company, which integrates solid modeling, static coloring and animation creation. The earth has popularized three-dimensional modeling technology. It can exchange graphics information with AutoCAD, use a scanner to input graphics, and output animations to TV or video tapes through VGA and TV conversion interfaces.

VR: Virtual Reality, virtual reality. , also known as input 3D, evolved from the Air Force flight simulation device. Basically, it uses the principle of alternating left and right visual spaces to display images to produce a three-dimensional effect. In fact, it goes beyond the scope of image processing. It is a comprehensive integration of light, sound, and images. Computer-generated environment, people can interactively operate objects in the virtual environment as they do in real life, and the application prospects of virtual reality are extremely broad.

OCR: the abbreviation of Optical Character Recognition (optical character recognition). , refers to inputting text material through a scanner as a computer image file, identifying it as Chinese or English internal code through software, and then processing the text. Because handwriting is too random, OCR is currently limited to the recognition of printed text. The one with the highest OCR recognition accuracy is TH-OCR NT for Windows produced by Tsinghua Wentong Company.

SCSI: Small Computer System Interface, a small computer system interface, which is used to solve many external devices and computers. The problem occurs due to connection problems between .

OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer, original equipment manufacturer.

Microsoft OEM: Microsoft OEM products. It refers to the software operating system pre-installed on the computer, including Windows98, Windows NT, WorkStation, Windows3.X, and MS-DOS.

MIS: Management Information System, management information system. It is widely used in all walks of life. The most famous domestic management information systems include "Wangte MIS", "Yaqi MIS" and "Quick MIS".

PNP: Plug and Play, plug and play, it is an important technical feature of Window98. The so-called plug-and-play refers to a technology in which the operating system automatically sets the system structure when a PC plug-in card and other peripheral devices that comply with the PNP standard are installed into the computer. This means that when users install new hardware, they no longer have to set any jumper switches or configure interrupt requests (IRQs), memory addresses or direct memory access (DMA) channels in software. Windows 98 will notify the application. New changes in hardware devices and automatically reconcile conflicts between IRQs, memory addresses, and DMA channels.

OLE: Object Linking and Embedding, Object Linking and Embedding, referred to as OLE technology. OLE is not only desktop application integration, but also defines and implements a mechanism that allows applications to "connect" to each other as software "objects" (data collections and functions that manipulate data). This connection mechanism and protocol are called components Component Object Model, referred to as COM. OLE can be used to create compound documents. Compound documents contain different types of data created in different source applications, so it can combine text, sounds, images, tables, etc. together.

MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface, musical instrument digital interface. It is one of the basic terms of multimedia. MIDI files are played and recorded with electronic instruments such as electronic keyboards, guitars, saxophones, etc. It can be played on most multimedia computer sound cards, even without creating your own MIDI files. , you can also use existing MIDI files as background music for multimedia presentations. MIDI files only store descriptions of sounds, relying on the sound card's synthesizer (FM or waveform table) to produce the real sounds people want to hear.

MPEG: is the abbreviation of Motion Picture Experts Group, which means "Moving Picture Experts Group". It is a compression coding standard for moving images and their accompanying sounds in multimedia computers, which is commonly referred to as MPEG standard. It includes three parts: MPEG audio, MPEG video, and MPEG system.