Pen is a widely used writing tool, which was invented in the early 19th century. The pen is made of metal, and it is smooth and elastic to write, which is quite smooth. At the mouth of the pen cap or the surface of the pen tip, there are obvious trademark numbers and models. It is also divided into dip pen, tap pen and ink bag pen.

Pen is a kind of pen-like writing tool with metal as the pen body. It contains

pen

ink (mostly black or blue) through a hollow pen tube, and then writes through a duckbill pen through gravity and capillary action, which is different in writing weight. It can be said that it is a writing tool of western calligraphy. Most pens can be refilled with ink. Generally, small bottles or straws such as eye drops are used to come to refill kit. The earliest historical record of water storage pens can be traced back to the 1th century, and this earliest water storage pen was used until the 18th century. The development process is very slow, but it was not until the early 19th century that a pen with stable and accelerated flow was invented in the production process. Only three key inventions have made the pen a widely popular writing tool. These inventions are: gold nib made of iridium, hard rubber and free-flowing ink.

nib

The nib of a pen can be said to be the most critical part of a pen, which varies from thin to thick. Generally, the most common pen nib sizes are "B(Broad), M(Medium medium), FM(Fine-Medium), F(Fine) and EF(Extra-Fine). M > F > EF, pen tip size Every pen factory will have some differences in specifications. Under the same size unit, the tip of Japanese pen will be thinner than that of European pen.

according to the usual writing habits, westerners usually use the m-tip as the main pen, and choose the b-tip when signing. Because of the complicated strokes in Chinese writing, F or thinner EF pen tip can generally be used.

grip position

The assembly formed by wrapping and fixing the nib and tongue with tubular material is called grip position. The grip position is closely related to the comfort of grip. Besides the common circular section, various ergonomic designs often contain the designer's ingenuity. In addition, the friction, hardness, size and shape of grip position are closely related to the feel of writing.

penholder

The tubular structure connected with the holding position and covering the ink storage device is called penholder. The material and shape of the pen holder are changeable. The design is divided into general size and short rod. When writing with short rod, the pen cover is sleeved at the end of the pen holder, and the increased length makes it more comfortable to hold and write.

inking/ink storage mechanism

inking/ink storage mechanism includes drip inking, cartridge inking tube, piston inking, ink absorber, pressure bag inking, pull rod inking and submarine inking.

Drip inking ink is directly stored in the pen tube behind the grip. When replenishing ink, loosen the grip and directly inject ink into the pen tube with the dropper, which has the advantage of large ink storage, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to leak ink and cause pollution.

Cartridge-type ink tube is to seal the ink in a sealed ink tube, and then install it behind the holding position when in use. Use the ink guide tube protruding behind the holding position to pierce the seal of the ink tube, or push open the bead that closes the ink tube to allow the ink to flow to the pen tip along the ink guide tube. The bead sealing the ink tube has another function: because the volume of the ink tube is not large, the weight of the stored ink may not be enough to overcome the adhesion between the ink and the ink tube wall (capillary phenomenon), resulting in the ink accumulated above the ink tube and unable to flow into the pen tip. At this time, the movement of the bead in the ink tube with the writing action is enough to destroy the adhesion of the ink to the ink tube wall.

ink is applied to the piston, and a section of hollow sleeve is connected behind the grip position. There is a knob in the sleeve which is linked with the pen tail and can be controlled by the knob to move back and forth in the sleeve. When the piston retreats, it is convenient for the negative pressure in the sleeve, so that the ink can be sucked and stored in the sleeve through the pen tip.

ink is applied to the pressure bag, and an ink bag made of rubber or silica gel is connected behind the holding position. The inside of the ink bag is the space for storing ink. Usually, there is a U-shaped reed outside the ink bag to protect the ink bag. When ink is applied, the reed squeezes the ink bag to exhaust air, and after the pressure is released, the ink bag is restored to its original shape to suck in ink.

inking with a pull rod is a variation of inking with a pressure bag. A pull rod is installed on the pen holder, and when inking, the pull rod is pulled to press the ink bag in the pen holder to ink.

crescent inking is also a variation of pressing the ink bag. An arc-shaped (crescent-shaped) button is installed on the pen holder, and the arc-shaped tenon which is usually attached to the pen holder passes through the gap between the pen holder and the arc-shaped button to prevent the ink-inking mechanism from being touched by mistake. When inking, the tenon is removed to make the crescent-shaped tenon press down and press the ink bag in the pen holder to ink.

Coin inking is also a variation of pressing the ink bag. When inking, a long hole is opened in the pen holder, and coins are inserted into the long hole to press the ink bag in the pen holder to ink.

The ink absorber can be regarded as a composite of cartridge ink tube and piston inking or pressing the ink bag, with the cartridge in front combined with the holding position and the pressing bag or piston inking mechanism at the rear. When the ink absorber is not used, the cartridge ink tube with the same specification can be removed and replaced.

there are many kinds and models of pens. According to the composition of the pen tip, it can be divided into three types: gold pen, iridium pen and ink bag pen.

gold pen

the nib is made of gold alloy, which is soft, elastic and comfortable. However, the gold pen is expensive, soft and difficult to master, so it is not suitable for beginners to use.

Iridium pen

The nib does not contain gold, and some of the nibs are gold-plated. The nib is hard, but inexpensive, so it is a suitable tool for beginners to write.

The reason why the gold nib and the iridium nib are more durable than the steel nib lies in the small round particles on the steel nib. This small round particle is made of iridium-ruthenium alloy, which is very hard and wear-resistant. According to the experiment of Shanghai Jinxing Gold Pen Factory, if the gold pen tip and the steel pen tip are put on the oilstone at the same time, after one hour, the gold pen tip will wear only .7 mm, while the steel pen tip will wear as much as 5 mm!

Although the prices are very different, the iridium particles in the nib are all alloys of special alloys "iridium, ruthenium"! The reason why the smoothness is so different is that the polishing method and fineness are different. So in a sense, the gold pen and the iridium pen are the same. But the materials and feel are different, which leads to the price gap!

ink contains a small amount of sulfuric acid, but this corrosive sulfuric acid will pose a serious threat to pens. If the pen tip is made of ordinary steel, it will not withstand the corrosion of sulfuric acid and will not last long. What metal can resist corrosion? Gold, iridium and stainless steel. Gold is a corrosion-resistant metal, and people think of using it to make pen tips. However, pure gold is too soft to be directly used to make pen tips. The golden pen we usually say, the nib is all alloy. The tip of a better gold pen is marked with the words 14K, indicating that it contains 58% gold, and there are also silver and copper: those marked with 12K indicate that it contains 5% gold. In this way, not only the hardness is improved, but also the elasticity is particularly good. The small silver-white round particle on the gold nib is called iridium particle. It is an alloy, mainly iridium, and other rare metals, which are particularly wear-resistant. Because when you write, you have to rely on it to draw across the paper, and it often has to "walk Wan Li Road" all its life. The tip of the iridium pen is made of stainless steel. Fortunately, the small round particles on the tip of the iridium pen are exactly the same as those on the gold pen. Therefore, the use effect of iridium pen is similar to that of gold pen, but the price is much cheaper. So cheap iridium pens are very popular. Ordinary dip pens and pens have a much shorter service life without embedded iridium particles on their tips.

Ink-bag pen

Ink-bag pen doesn't need to absorb ink, just plug in a special ink bag and you can use it.

I hope I can help you solve your doubts.